Pub Date : 2023-01-11DOI: 10.1177/01902725221141059
Christin L. Munsch, L. O'Connor, Susan R. Fisk
This article presents results from an experimental study of workers tasked with evaluating professionals with identical workplace performances who differed with respect to hours worked and gender, isolating two mechanisms through which overwork leads to workplace inequality. Evaluators allocated greater organizational rewards to overworkers and perceived overworkers more favorably compared to full-time workers who performed similarly in less time, a practice that disproportionately rewards men over equivalently performing, more efficient women. Additionally, the magnitude of the overwork premium is greater for men than for women. We then use path analyses to explore the processes by which evaluators make assumptions about worker characteristics. We find overwork leads to greater organizational rewards primarily because employees who overwork are perceived as more committed—and, to a lesser extent, more competent—than full-time workers, although women’s overwork does not signal commitment or competence to the same extent as men’s overwork.
{"title":"Gender and the Disparate Payoffs of Overwork","authors":"Christin L. Munsch, L. O'Connor, Susan R. Fisk","doi":"10.1177/01902725221141059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221141059","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents results from an experimental study of workers tasked with evaluating professionals with identical workplace performances who differed with respect to hours worked and gender, isolating two mechanisms through which overwork leads to workplace inequality. Evaluators allocated greater organizational rewards to overworkers and perceived overworkers more favorably compared to full-time workers who performed similarly in less time, a practice that disproportionately rewards men over equivalently performing, more efficient women. Additionally, the magnitude of the overwork premium is greater for men than for women. We then use path analyses to explore the processes by which evaluators make assumptions about worker characteristics. We find overwork leads to greater organizational rewards primarily because employees who overwork are perceived as more committed—and, to a lesser extent, more competent—than full-time workers, although women’s overwork does not signal commitment or competence to the same extent as men’s overwork.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42984263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1177/01902725221132517
Ashley Harrell, T. Wolff
Norms, typically enforced via sanctions, are key to resolving collective-action problems. But it is often impossible to know what each individual member is contributing to group efforts and enforce cooperation accordingly. Especially as group size increases, people commonly have access to the behaviors of—and can sanction—only those to whom they are tied in a broader network. Here we integrate two streams of research: one conceptualizing ties in networked collective-action groups as access to information about what others are doing and a second where ties represent information plus opportunities to enforce cooperation via punishment. While both have pointed to the cooperation benefits of more ties in the network, we argue that these benefits will depend on group size and whether ties provide access to information about what others are doing or whether they also entail opportunities for norm enforcement. Our experiment demonstrates that densely tied information networks facilitate cooperation but only when the group size is small. When people can also enforce their ties’ cooperation, however, densely tied networks particularly benefit larger groups. The results demonstrate how network-level properties and individual-level tie patterns intersect to promote contributions in small and large collective-action groups.
{"title":"Cooperation in Networked Collective-Action Groups: Information Access and Norm Enforcement in Groups of Different Sizes","authors":"Ashley Harrell, T. Wolff","doi":"10.1177/01902725221132517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221132517","url":null,"abstract":"Norms, typically enforced via sanctions, are key to resolving collective-action problems. But it is often impossible to know what each individual member is contributing to group efforts and enforce cooperation accordingly. Especially as group size increases, people commonly have access to the behaviors of—and can sanction—only those to whom they are tied in a broader network. Here we integrate two streams of research: one conceptualizing ties in networked collective-action groups as access to information about what others are doing and a second where ties represent information plus opportunities to enforce cooperation via punishment. While both have pointed to the cooperation benefits of more ties in the network, we argue that these benefits will depend on group size and whether ties provide access to information about what others are doing or whether they also entail opportunities for norm enforcement. Our experiment demonstrates that densely tied information networks facilitate cooperation but only when the group size is small. When people can also enforce their ties’ cooperation, however, densely tied networks particularly benefit larger groups. The results demonstrate how network-level properties and individual-level tie patterns intersect to promote contributions in small and large collective-action groups.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65341183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1177/01902725221134266
Catherine E. Harnois
Discrimination is one of the most important concepts for understanding, analyzing, and addressing social inequality. It is a term with many meanings, however, and existing research tells us little about how people understand and use the term. This study analyzes data from interviews with 38 English-speaking adults in the southeastern United States to examine how people use and make sense of the term discrimination. In structured interviews, participants described their experiences of mistreatment, reflected on whether their experiences were instances of discrimination, and explained their reasoning. Many participants expressed uncertainty about the meaning of discrimination and were unsure if it applied to particular situations. When asked to explain why they thought particular situations were or were not instances of discrimination, some participants relied on a legalistic framework, drawing from knowledge they had gained in their formal educational and training. Others foregrounded issues of inequality and social justice, explicitly invoking racism, sexism, and social class when explaining why something was or was not discrimination. A third group of participants, disproportionately but not exclusively White and non-Latinx, considered discrimination to be synonymous with “differential treatment” and unrelated to social inequality. Analyses suggest that these interpretive frameworks reflect participants’ legal consciousness, political consciousness, and their ability to read particular situations as connected to specific systems of inequality—that is, their literacies of particular inequalities.
{"title":"The Multiple Meanings of Discrimination","authors":"Catherine E. Harnois","doi":"10.1177/01902725221134266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221134266","url":null,"abstract":"Discrimination is one of the most important concepts for understanding, analyzing, and addressing social inequality. It is a term with many meanings, however, and existing research tells us little about how people understand and use the term. This study analyzes data from interviews with 38 English-speaking adults in the southeastern United States to examine how people use and make sense of the term discrimination. In structured interviews, participants described their experiences of mistreatment, reflected on whether their experiences were instances of discrimination, and explained their reasoning. Many participants expressed uncertainty about the meaning of discrimination and were unsure if it applied to particular situations. When asked to explain why they thought particular situations were or were not instances of discrimination, some participants relied on a legalistic framework, drawing from knowledge they had gained in their formal educational and training. Others foregrounded issues of inequality and social justice, explicitly invoking racism, sexism, and social class when explaining why something was or was not discrimination. A third group of participants, disproportionately but not exclusively White and non-Latinx, considered discrimination to be synonymous with “differential treatment” and unrelated to social inequality. Analyses suggest that these interpretive frameworks reflect participants’ legal consciousness, political consciousness, and their ability to read particular situations as connected to specific systems of inequality—that is, their literacies of particular inequalities.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46581299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1177/01902725221132508
Victoria Money
When people visualize a potential for deflection in future interactions, will they lie to prevent it? Affect control theory emphasizes the salience of deflection management in everyday life, otherwise known as an attempted realignment of experiences and expectations in the face of situational incongruency. Traditionally, deflection management is measured post hoc in an individual who, often disconnected from and unassociated with the situation, reconfigures the experience. This does not, however, speak to deflection management during an active interaction or how an individual might change things in anticipation of deflection. Prior to, or during, an active interaction, individuals have a unique opportunity to preemptively alter the definition of the situation based on anticipated sentiments. In essence, they can foresee oncoming deflection and act to avoid it. Using a vignette experiment, I extend affect control theory by highlighting deflection that is anticipated but not yet experienced. I also show that participants have higher odds of lying in interactions where an honest retelling would incur high deflection. To further inform this cognitive process, I present qualitative explanations from participants on why they chose their responses and how the dynamics of their relationship mattered.
{"title":"Demonstrating Anticipatory Deflection and a Preemptive Measure to Manage It: An Extension of Affect Control Theory","authors":"Victoria Money","doi":"10.1177/01902725221132508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221132508","url":null,"abstract":"When people visualize a potential for deflection in future interactions, will they lie to prevent it? Affect control theory emphasizes the salience of deflection management in everyday life, otherwise known as an attempted realignment of experiences and expectations in the face of situational incongruency. Traditionally, deflection management is measured post hoc in an individual who, often disconnected from and unassociated with the situation, reconfigures the experience. This does not, however, speak to deflection management during an active interaction or how an individual might change things in anticipation of deflection. Prior to, or during, an active interaction, individuals have a unique opportunity to preemptively alter the definition of the situation based on anticipated sentiments. In essence, they can foresee oncoming deflection and act to avoid it. Using a vignette experiment, I extend affect control theory by highlighting deflection that is anticipated but not yet experienced. I also show that participants have higher odds of lying in interactions where an honest retelling would incur high deflection. To further inform this cognitive process, I present qualitative explanations from participants on why they chose their responses and how the dynamics of their relationship mattered.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"86 1","pages":"151 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46559292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-13DOI: 10.1177/01902725221130751
Ruey-Ying Liu
While people are generally considered as having primary rights to know and describe themselves, in parent–child interaction, young children are not always treated as having primary access to and sole authority over matters within their own domain. Drawing on naturally occurring parent–child interactional data, this conversation analytic study shows how parents claim epistemic primacy over young children with respect to matters that, based on norms of adult interaction, should be unequivocally presupposed within children's primary epistemic domain. Two forms of evidence are provided: (1) parents confirm or disconfirm children's asserted claims about their own sensations, thoughts, or experiences; and (2) parents use test questions to request information within children's domain and then evaluate their answers as correct or incorrect. These practices indicate an orientation to young children's reduced rights to claim epistemic autonomy. I argue that this is one way through which childhood is constructed in social interaction.
{"title":"Constructing Childhood in Social Interaction: How Parents Assert Epistemic Primacy over Their Children","authors":"Ruey-Ying Liu","doi":"10.1177/01902725221130751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221130751","url":null,"abstract":"While people are generally considered as having primary rights to know and describe themselves, in parent–child interaction, young children are not always treated as having primary access to and sole authority over matters within their own domain. Drawing on naturally occurring parent–child interactional data, this conversation analytic study shows how parents claim epistemic primacy over young children with respect to matters that, based on norms of adult interaction, should be unequivocally presupposed within children's primary epistemic domain. Two forms of evidence are provided: (1) parents confirm or disconfirm children's asserted claims about their own sensations, thoughts, or experiences; and (2) parents use test questions to request information within children's domain and then evaluate their answers as correct or incorrect. These practices indicate an orientation to young children's reduced rights to claim epistemic autonomy. I argue that this is one way through which childhood is constructed in social interaction.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"86 1","pages":"74 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45631939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725221128387
Helen B. Marrow, Dina G. Okamoto, Melissa J. García, Muna Adem, Linda R. Tropp
Colorism literature examines how skin tone—alongside prototypical group features and hairstyles—correlates with socioeconomic, health, and political outcomes. Yet few studies have explicitly operationalized how skin tone shapes Latinos’ experiences of racialization in “new” U.S. destinations. Here, we draw on a large, representative sample of Mexican immigrants (N = 500) living in two large metropolitan areas (Atlanta and Philadelphia) to investigate how skin tone shapes their perceptions about the frequency and sources of discrimination. Even after controlling for demographic, economic, and immigration–specific factors, including ethnoracial self–identification, we show darker skin tone is significantly associated with higher reports of racial discrimination, discrimination specifically from U.S.-born Whites, and a stronger tendency to struggle internally in response. Together, these results support colorism literature’s argument that skin tone is distinct from race and offer new insights into how skin tone shapes the lived experiences of Mexican immigrants outside the U.S. Southwest.
{"title":"Skin Tone and Mexicans’ Perceptions of Discrimination in New Immigrant Destinations","authors":"Helen B. Marrow, Dina G. Okamoto, Melissa J. García, Muna Adem, Linda R. Tropp","doi":"10.1177/01902725221128387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221128387","url":null,"abstract":"Colorism literature examines how skin tone—alongside prototypical group features and hairstyles—correlates with socioeconomic, health, and political outcomes. Yet few studies have explicitly operationalized how skin tone shapes Latinos’ experiences of racialization in “new” U.S. destinations. Here, we draw on a large, representative sample of Mexican immigrants (N = 500) living in two large metropolitan areas (Atlanta and Philadelphia) to investigate how skin tone shapes their perceptions about the frequency and sources of discrimination. Even after controlling for demographic, economic, and immigration–specific factors, including ethnoracial self–identification, we show darker skin tone is significantly associated with higher reports of racial discrimination, discrimination specifically from U.S.-born Whites, and a stronger tendency to struggle internally in response. Together, these results support colorism literature’s argument that skin tone is distinct from race and offer new insights into how skin tone shapes the lived experiences of Mexican immigrants outside the U.S. Southwest.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"374 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48592281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725221128392
Anne Groggel, Jenny L. Davis, Tony P. Love
The experience of “burnout” is characterized by emotional fatigue and detachment associated with intensive stress. Burnout is prevalent across personal and professional spheres, with increasing cultural salience. Multiple factors can contribute to burnout. Here, we focus on one: exposure to others’ trauma. This circumstance spans domains from social service professions to social media newsfeeds, with potentially deleterious effects on the self. To understand the conditions under which trauma exposure results in burnout, we propose and test a role–taking model. We do so by presenting study participants (N = 723) with a first–person account of intimate partner violence, stimulating an acute instance of trauma exposure. Findings show that higher levels of role–taking increase burnout, with antecedents and outcomes tied to role-taking’s cognitive and affective components. This study clarifies how burnout occurs within the scope of trauma exposure while expanding role–taking research beyond the interpersonal benefits that have monopolized scholarly attention to date.
{"title":"Facing Others’ Trauma: A Role-Taking Theory of Burnout","authors":"Anne Groggel, Jenny L. Davis, Tony P. Love","doi":"10.1177/01902725221128392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221128392","url":null,"abstract":"The experience of “burnout” is characterized by emotional fatigue and detachment associated with intensive stress. Burnout is prevalent across personal and professional spheres, with increasing cultural salience. Multiple factors can contribute to burnout. Here, we focus on one: exposure to others’ trauma. This circumstance spans domains from social service professions to social media newsfeeds, with potentially deleterious effects on the self. To understand the conditions under which trauma exposure results in burnout, we propose and test a role–taking model. We do so by presenting study participants (N = 723) with a first–person account of intimate partner violence, stimulating an acute instance of trauma exposure. Findings show that higher levels of role–taking increase burnout, with antecedents and outcomes tied to role-taking’s cognitive and affective components. This study clarifies how burnout occurs within the scope of trauma exposure while expanding role–taking research beyond the interpersonal benefits that have monopolized scholarly attention to date.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"386 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45107550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1177/01902725221129624
Amelia R. Branigan, M. Hall
Although sociological research on colorism has affirmed an association between lighter skin and socioeconomic advantage, causal estimates of discrimination are challenging to generate outside of experimental contexts. Using data from an audit study conducted by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, we present field experimental evidence of colorism in the rental housing market for Black and Hispanic Americans, demonstrating variation in discrimination by the race of the agent, race of the renter, and the outcome in question. Our findings suggest that a macrosocial preference for lighter skin has the potential to translate into microsocial interactions in more complicated ways than a consistent light-skin privilege, emphasizing the need to better understand how color-based discrimination operates in the lived contexts where interventions might be possible. Results also suggest that discrimination by skin color may reflect varied processes by race and ethnicity, necessitating an understanding of colorism as inherently intersectional.
{"title":"Colorism in the Rental Housing Market: Field Experimental Evidence of Discrimination by Skin Color","authors":"Amelia R. Branigan, M. Hall","doi":"10.1177/01902725221129624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221129624","url":null,"abstract":"Although sociological research on colorism has affirmed an association between lighter skin and socioeconomic advantage, causal estimates of discrimination are challenging to generate outside of experimental contexts. Using data from an audit study conducted by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, we present field experimental evidence of colorism in the rental housing market for Black and Hispanic Americans, demonstrating variation in discrimination by the race of the agent, race of the renter, and the outcome in question. Our findings suggest that a macrosocial preference for lighter skin has the potential to translate into microsocial interactions in more complicated ways than a consistent light-skin privilege, emphasizing the need to better understand how color-based discrimination operates in the lived contexts where interventions might be possible. Results also suggest that discrimination by skin color may reflect varied processes by race and ethnicity, necessitating an understanding of colorism as inherently intersectional.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"86 1","pages":"275 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48834495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-15DOI: 10.1177/01902725221123577
Faith M. Deckard, Andrew Messamore, Bridget J. Goosby, Jacob E. Cheadle
Discrimination-health research has been critiqued for neglecting the endogeneity of reports of discrimination to negative affect and the multidimensionality of mental health. To address these challenges, we model discrimination’s relationship to multiple psychological variables without directional constraints. Using time-dense data to identify associational network structures allows for joint testing of the social stress hypothesis, prominent in discrimination-health literature, and the negativity bias hypothesis, an endogeneity critique rooted in social psychology. Our results show discrimination predicts negative emotions from day-to-day but not vice versa, indicating that racial discrimination is a risk factor and not symptom of negative emotion. Furthermore, we identify sadness, guilt, hostility, and fear as a locus of interrelated emotions sensitive to racism-related stressors that emerges over time. Thus, we find support for what race scholars have argued for 120+ years in a model without a priori directional restrictions and then build on this work by empirically identifying cascading mental health consequences of discrimination.
{"title":"A Network Approach to Assessing the Relationship between Discrimination and Daily Emotion Dynamics","authors":"Faith M. Deckard, Andrew Messamore, Bridget J. Goosby, Jacob E. Cheadle","doi":"10.1177/01902725221123577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221123577","url":null,"abstract":"Discrimination-health research has been critiqued for neglecting the endogeneity of reports of discrimination to negative affect and the multidimensionality of mental health. To address these challenges, we model discrimination’s relationship to multiple psychological variables without directional constraints. Using time-dense data to identify associational network structures allows for joint testing of the social stress hypothesis, prominent in discrimination-health literature, and the negativity bias hypothesis, an endogeneity critique rooted in social psychology. Our results show discrimination predicts negative emotions from day-to-day but not vice versa, indicating that racial discrimination is a risk factor and not symptom of negative emotion. Furthermore, we identify sadness, guilt, hostility, and fear as a locus of interrelated emotions sensitive to racism-related stressors that emerges over time. Thus, we find support for what race scholars have argued for 120+ years in a model without a priori directional restrictions and then build on this work by empirically identifying cascading mental health consequences of discrimination.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"86 1","pages":"334 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44705240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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