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The origins of effortful control: How early development within arousal/regulatory systems influences attentional and affective control 努力控制的起源:唤醒/调节系统的早期发展如何影响注意力和情感控制
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100978
Samuel V. Wass

In this review, I consider the developmental interactions between two domains sometimes characterised as at opposite ends of the human spectrum: early-developing arousal/regulatory domains, that subserve basic mechanisms of survival and homeostasis; and the later-developing ‘higher-order’ cognitive domain of effortful control. First, I examine how short-term fluctuations within arousal/regulatory systems associate with fluctuations in effortful control during early childhood. I present evidence suggesting that both hyper- and hypo-arousal are associated with immediate reductions in attentional and affective control; but that hyper-aroused individuals can show cognitive strengths (faster learning speeds) as well as weaknesses (reduced attentional control). I also present evidence that, in infancy, both hyper- and hypo-aroused states may be dynamically amplified through interactions with the child’s social and physical environment. Second, I examine long-term interactions between arousal/regulatory systems and effortful control. I present evidence that atypical early arousal/regulatory development predicts poorer attentional and affective control during later development. And I consider moderating influences of the environment, such that elevated early arousal/regulatory system reactivity may confer both cognitive advantages in a supportive environment, and disadvantages in an unsupportive one. Finally, I discuss how future research can further our understanding of these close associations between attentional and affective domains during early development.

在这篇综述中,我考虑了两个领域之间的发展相互作用,有时被描述为人类光谱的两端:早期发展的觉醒/调节领域,服务于生存和体内平衡的基本机制;以及后来发展起来的“高阶”认知领域——努力控制。首先,我研究了唤醒/调节系统内的短期波动如何与儿童早期努力控制的波动相关联。我提出的证据表明,高觉醒和低觉醒都与注意力和情感控制的立即减少有关;但是,高度兴奋的人既可以表现出认知优势(更快的学习速度),也可以表现出弱点(注意力控制减弱)。我还提出证据表明,在婴儿期,高唤醒和低唤醒状态都可能通过与儿童的社会和物理环境的相互作用而动态放大。其次,我研究了唤醒/调节系统和努力控制之间的长期相互作用。我提出的证据表明,非典型的早期觉醒/调节发展预示着在以后的发展中较差的注意力和情感控制。我还考虑了环境的调节影响,例如,在支持的环境中,提高的早期唤醒/调节系统反应性可能赋予认知优势,而在不支持的环境中则赋予劣势。最后,我讨论了未来的研究如何进一步加深我们对早期发展中注意和情感领域之间密切联系的理解。
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引用次数: 6
Early childhood adversity and Women’s sexual behavior: The role of sensitivity to sexual reward 儿童早期的逆境与女性的性行为:对性奖励的敏感性作用
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100982
Jenna Alley, Lisa M. Diamond

About one eighth of people are exposed to adversities such as abuse and neglect. Life history theory suggests that early experiences of adversity are strongly associated with later engagement in risky sexual behaviors. Specifically, those exposed to early adversity tend to engage in sex at an earlier age, have casual sex, and have high numbers of partners. Interestingly, it is also known that individuals exposed to early adversity are more likely to engage in more same-gender behavior. Existing research clearly outlines the association between early adversity and sexual behaviors that are considered risky. However, we have yet to identify a potential mediating mechanism that explains the full range of sexual behaviors seen in those who experience early adversity including adult sexual risk taking and same gender behavior. Outlining the specific mechanisms that influence later sexual risk taking is critically important in understanding the unique developmental experiences of those who experience early adversity. Here we propose and support one mediator important in the association between early adversity and later sexual behavior. We hypothesize that an increased sensitivity to the potential for sexual rewards mediates the association between early experiences of adversity and later sexual behavior, both risk behavior and female same-gender behavior. In the present manuscript we review relevant theoretical and empirical research in support of our claims.

大约八分之一的人面临虐待和忽视等逆境。生活史理论认为,早期的逆境经历与后来的高风险性行为密切相关。具体来说,那些早年遭遇逆境的人倾向于在更早的年龄发生性行为,有随意性行为,并且有很多伴侣。有趣的是,人们也知道,早期遭遇逆境的个体更有可能从事更多的同性行为。现有的研究清楚地概述了早期逆境与被认为有风险的性行为之间的联系。然而,我们还没有找到一种潜在的调节机制来解释那些经历过早期逆境的人的性行为,包括成年后的性冒险和同性行为。概述影响后期性冒险行为的具体机制对于理解那些经历过早期逆境的人的独特发展经历至关重要。在这里,我们提出并支持一个重要的中介在早期逆境和后来的性行为之间的关联。我们假设,对潜在的性奖励的敏感性的增加调解了早期逆境经历和后来的性行为之间的联系,包括风险行为和女性同性行为。在目前的手稿中,我们回顾了相关的理论和实证研究,以支持我们的主张。
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引用次数: 13
A literature review of gratitude, parent–child relationships, and well-being in children 感恩、亲子关系和儿童幸福感的文献综述
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100948
Carli A. Obeldobel, Kathryn A. Kerns

Positive psychology has highlighted the importance of personal positive qualities such as gratitude for human thriving. Reviews of research on gratitude are predominantly based on work with adults. We address this gap by considering the familial roots and well-being implications of gratitude in children. We conducted two systematic reviews examining children’s gratitude as it relates to parent–child relationships (N = 10) and children’s gratitude and well-being (N = 38). Children’s gratitude was higher when parents modeled gratitude, there was a more secure parent–child attachment, and parents employed more supportive, autonomy granting, and warm parenting. These findings align with attachment theory, social learning and emotion socialization theories, and the find-remind-and-bind theory. Additionally, children’s gratitude was positively related to greater life satisfaction, positive affect, and mental well-being in cross-sectional and intervention studies. These findings provide some support for the broaden-and-build theory, the adaptive cycle model, and the schematic hypothesis. The reviewed theoretical frameworks and empirical findings formed the basis of our proposed model whereby children’s gratitude is posited to mediate the relation between parent–child relationship factors and children’s well-being. Further, we identified several testable mechanisms that might explain why gratitude is related to well-being. Our proposed model is an important contribution to the current literature because it provides a novel, overarching synthesis of existing work on children’s gratitude that is intended to be a framework for future research to test potential mechanisms relevant to children’s gratitude development and well-being outcomes.

积极心理学强调了个人积极品质的重要性,比如对人类繁荣的感激之情。关于感恩的研究综述主要是基于对成年人的研究。我们通过考虑孩子的家庭根源和感恩对幸福的影响来解决这一差距。我们对儿童感恩与亲子关系(N = 10)和儿童感恩与幸福(N = 38)的关系进行了两项系统综述。当父母以感恩为榜样,有更安全的亲子依恋,父母采用更多的支持,自主授予和温暖的养育方式时,孩子的感恩程度更高。这些发现与依恋理论、社会学习和情感社会化理论以及发现-提醒-约束理论相一致。此外,在横断面研究和干预研究中,儿童的感恩与更高的生活满意度、积极影响和心理健康呈正相关。这些发现为“扩大-构建”理论、适应周期模型和图式假说提供了一定的支持。本文的理论框架和实证研究结果构成了我们提出的亲子关系模型的基础,该模型假设儿童感恩在亲子关系因素和儿童幸福感之间起中介作用。此外,我们确定了几个可测试的机制,可以解释为什么感恩与幸福有关。我们提出的模型是对当前文献的重要贡献,因为它提供了一个新颖的,全面的综合现有的关于儿童感恩的工作,旨在成为未来研究的框架,以测试与儿童感恩发展和幸福结果相关的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 13
Society to cell: How child poverty gets “Under the Skin” to influence child development and lifelong health 社会细胞:儿童贫困如何在“皮肤下”影响儿童发展和终身健康
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100983
Kim L. Schmidt , Sarah M. Merrill , Randip Gill , Gregory E. Miller , Anne M. Gadermann , Michael S. Kobor

Almost one in three children globally live in households lacking basic necessities, and 356 million of these children were living in extreme poverty as of 2017. Disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic further increase rates of child poverty due to widespread job and income loss and economic insecurity among families. Poverty leads to unequal distribution of power and resources, which impacts the economic, material, environmental and psychosocial conditions in which children live. There is evidence that poverty is associated with adverse child health and developmental outcomes in the short term, as well as increased risk of chronic diseases and mental illnesses over the life course. Over the past decade, advances in genomic and epigenomic research have helped elucidate molecular mechanisms that could in part be responsible for these long-term effects. Here, we review evidence suggestive of biological embedding of early life poverty in three, interacting physiological systems that are potential contributors to the increased risk of disease: the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, the brain, and the immune system. We also review interventions that have been developed to both eliminate childhood poverty and alleviate its impact on pediatric development and health. Pertinently, studies estimate that the costs of child poverty, calculated by increased healthcare expenditures and loss of productivity, are immense. We argue that investing in child development by reducing child poverty has the potential to improve the health and well-being at the population level, which would go a long way towards benefiting the economy and promoting a more just society by helping all individuals reach their full potential.

截至2017年,全球近三分之一的儿童生活在缺乏基本必需品的家庭中,其中3.56亿儿童生活在极端贫困中。由于家庭普遍失去工作和收入以及经济不安全,COVID-19大流行等灾害进一步增加了儿童贫困率。贫困导致权力和资源的不平等分配,从而影响儿童生活的经济、物质、环境和社会心理条件。有证据表明,贫穷在短期内与儿童健康和发育方面的不利结果有关,并与一生中患慢性病和精神疾病的风险增加有关。在过去的十年中,基因组和表观基因组研究的进展已经帮助阐明了可能在一定程度上导致这些长期影响的分子机制。在这里,我们回顾了早期生活贫困在三个相互作用的生理系统中的生物学嵌入的证据,这些生理系统是增加疾病风险的潜在因素:下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、大脑和免疫系统。我们还审查了为消除儿童贫困和减轻其对儿童发育和健康的影响而制定的干预措施。相关研究估计,以增加的医疗支出和生产力损失来计算,儿童贫困的成本是巨大的。我们认为,通过减少儿童贫困来投资儿童发展,有可能改善人口一级的健康和福祉,这将大大有利于经济和促进一个更公正的社会,帮助所有个人充分发挥其潜力。
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引用次数: 15
Is adolescence a time of heightened risk taking? An overview of types of risk-taking behaviors across age groups 青春期是一个风险增加的时期吗?跨年龄组的冒险行为类型概述
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100980
Teena Willoughby , Taylor Heffer , Marie Good , Carly Magnacca

Adolescence often is thought to be the age period of heightened risk taking (e.g., substance use, reckless driving, sexual risks, delinquency) by both researchers and the general public. In the present article we challenge this assumption by examining the prevalence of a wide variety of real-world risk-taking behaviors across different age groups. Focusing on North American data, we first explore types of risk-taking behaviors across different age groups, both within and across different domains of risk taking. Second, we consider historical trends in risk taking, given that prevalence and types of risk-taking behaviors can change over time. Overall, our review highlights that emerging adulthood (i.e., 19–29 years of age) is the age period when risk taking is most prevalent across multiple domains. Risk taking in many domains, however, is common across the entire adult lifespan, sometimes with the appearance of minimal differences among emerging adults and adults. Moreover, while the majority of risk-taking behaviors have declined over time, this pattern is not consistent for all behaviors and all age groups. Thus, our understanding of whether adolescence is a heightened period of risk taking requires answering the questions: “For what type of risk taking” and “How does that type of risk-taking behavior change or not change across age and historical time periods?”

青少年时期通常被研究者和公众认为是高风险的时期(例如,药物使用、鲁莽驾驶、性风险、犯罪)。在本文中,我们通过研究不同年龄组中各种现实世界冒险行为的流行程度来挑战这一假设。着眼于北美的数据,我们首先探索了不同年龄组的冒险行为类型,包括不同冒险领域的内部和跨领域。其次,我们考虑了冒险行为的历史趋势,因为冒险行为的流行程度和类型会随着时间的推移而改变。总的来说,我们的回顾强调,成年初期(即19-29岁)是在多个领域冒险行为最普遍的年龄段。然而,在许多领域,冒险行为在整个成年人的生命周期中是普遍的,有时在初显期的成年人和成年人之间表现出微小的差异。此外,虽然大多数冒险行为随着时间的推移而减少,但这种模式并不适用于所有行为和所有年龄组。因此,我们对青春期是否是一个高风险时期的理解需要回答以下问题:“为了什么类型的风险”和“这种类型的风险行为是如何随着年龄和历史时期而改变或不改变的?”
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引用次数: 27
Emotion regulation and coping with racial stressors among African Americans across the lifespan 非裔美国人一生中对种族压力的情绪调节和应对
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100967
Tyia K. Wilson , Amy L. Gentzler

This critical review is one of the first to take a lifespan approach to examine the emotion regulation (ER) and coping strategies used by African Americans in response to racial-related adversities (e.g., discrimination, racism, prejudice) and to discuss why African Americans may engage in these specific strategies. The current review found that African Americans continue to experience racial discrimination throughout the lifespan. The most prominent coping and ER strategies among African American in response to racial discrimination appear to be negative emotion expression suppression, avoidant coping, social support, and religion/spirituality. The review discusses various factors that may underlie these patterns (e.g., power differentials, African Americans’ history and African culture) and also limitations of current ER and coping research. By examining stability and changes across the lifespan, time, and varying situations, more inferences about patterns of coping and ER and contributing factors can be made to better determine ways to help decrease or mitigate the effects of racial stress on African Americans’ lives.

这篇批判性的综述是第一个采用生命周期方法来研究非裔美国人在应对种族相关逆境(如歧视、种族主义、偏见)时使用的情绪调节(ER)和应对策略的综述之一,并讨论了为什么非裔美国人可能会采用这些特定的策略。目前的审查发现,非洲裔美国人在一生中继续遭受种族歧视。非裔美国人在应对种族歧视时最突出的应对策略是消极情绪表达抑制、回避型应对、社会支持和宗教/灵性。这篇综述讨论了可能构成这些模式的各种因素(例如,权力差异、非裔美国人的历史和非洲文化),以及当前急诊室和应对研究的局限性。通过检查整个生命周期、时间和不同情况下的稳定性和变化,可以得出更多关于应对模式和ER及其影响因素的推论,从而更好地确定帮助减少或减轻种族压力对非洲裔美国人生活影响的方法。
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引用次数: 14
How children’s social tendencies can shape their theory of mind development: Access and attention to social information 儿童的社会倾向如何影响他们的心理发展理论:对社会信息的获取和注意
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100977
Jonathan D. Lane , Lindsay C. Bowman

A wealth of research and theorizing has been dedicated to the idea that children’s theory of mind (ToM) development is contingent upon qualities of their social contexts (e.g., parents’ mental-state language use, the presence of siblings). We highlight the importance of considering the child as an active observer and participant in these social contexts, and thus an agent in their own ToM development. Drawing on research and theory that emphasizes the child’s active role in ToM development, we identify child-level social factors that may be critical in explaining individual differences in this development. Specifically, we focus on variability in children’s ‘social tendencies’—how they attend to social contexts, and how they interact within and shape those contexts. These tendencies may influence the social information that children garner from social contexts—information that they use to construct a ToM. We review and integrate a growing body of research that has established empirical links between individual differences in children’s ToM and their social tendencies—specifically, factors such as their social attentiveness, shyness, anxious-withdrawal, and aggressiveness. Taken together, these findings inform continued debates on whether and how social contexts and children’s participation in those contexts influence children’s ToM, particularly with regard to how children construct their ToM. We conclude with suggestions for continued research on these topics.

大量的研究和理论都致力于儿童心理理论(ToM)的发展取决于他们的社会环境的质量(例如,父母的心理状态语言使用,兄弟姐妹的存在)。我们强调将儿童视为这些社会环境中积极的观察者和参与者的重要性,因此是他们自己的ToM发展的代理人。根据强调儿童在ToM发展中的积极作用的研究和理论,我们确定了儿童层面的社会因素,这些因素可能是解释这种发展中的个体差异的关键。具体来说,我们关注的是儿童“社会倾向”的可变性——他们如何关注社会环境,以及他们如何在这些环境中互动和塑造这些环境。这些倾向可能会影响儿童从社会环境中获得的社会信息——他们用来构建ToM的信息。我们回顾并整合了越来越多的研究,这些研究已经建立了儿童ToM的个体差异与他们的社会倾向之间的经验联系,特别是他们的社会注意力、害羞、焦虑退缩和攻击性等因素。综上所述,这些发现为关于社会环境和儿童在这些环境中的参与是否以及如何影响儿童的认知能力,特别是儿童如何构建他们的认知能力的持续辩论提供了信息。最后,我们提出了对这些主题继续研究的建议。
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引用次数: 10
The importance of belonging and the avoidance of social risk taking in adolescence 青少年归属和避免社会风险的重要性
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100981
Livia Tomova , Jack L. Andrews , Sarah-Jayne Blakemore

Adolescents are commonly thought of as risk takers. However, adolescents often avoid social risk taking, that is, the risk of being socially excluded by their peers. Here, we review evidence showing that the negative effects of social exclusion and loneliness are particularly high during adolescence, and that adolescents actively seek peer approval and avoid being excluded by peers. Evidence suggests that social belonging is especially important during adolescence and, given that social exclusion and loneliness have negative effects on adolescents’ immediate and longer-term well-being, young people tend to be especially motivated to avoid social risk. We review evidence that suggests that the motivation to avoid social risk might lead to heightened peer influence in adolescence. Heightened peer influence can lead to a range of behaviours, from increased health risk taking to prosocial and healthy behaviour, depending on peer norms, that is, the types of behaviour endorsed by the peer group. The evidence reviewed suggests that adolescents are not always risk takers, but are often motivated to avoid social risk taking.

青少年通常被认为是爱冒险的人。然而,青少年往往避免承担社会风险,即被同龄人排斥的风险。在此,我们回顾了证据表明,社会排斥和孤独感的负面影响在青春期尤为严重,青少年积极寻求同伴的认可,避免被同伴排斥。有证据表明,社会归属感在青春期尤为重要,鉴于社会排斥和孤独对青少年的近期和长期福祉产生负面影响,年轻人往往特别有动机避免社会风险。我们回顾了一些证据,表明避免社会风险的动机可能会导致青少年同伴影响的增强。同伴影响的增强可导致一系列行为,从增加健康风险到亲社会和健康行为,这取决于同伴规范,即同伴群体认可的行为类型。经过审查的证据表明,青少年并不总是冒险者,但往往有动机避免承担社会风险。
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引用次数: 34
Learning from atypical development: A systematic review of executive functioning in children and adolescents with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome 从非典型发育中学习:22q11.2缺失综合征儿童和青少年执行功能的系统回顾
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100962
Emma Everaert , Tessel Boerma , Iris Selten , Jacob Vorstman , Frank Wijnen

In this systematic review, we investigate executive functioning (EF) in a selected population: children and adolescents with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS). Studying a selected subset of the population can inform our understanding of typical development by reducing the etiological variability associated with phenotypic expression of EF. In 22q11DS, EF deficits are, at least in part, the consequence of the deletion on chromosome 22. However, the expression of EF phenotype in 22q11DS varies and is possibly influenced by certain risk factors that occur at increased rates in this population. As such, 22q11DS allows us to study the impact of these factors on EF in the context of one underlying genetic etiology.

This review shows that inhibition and shifting are impaired in children with 22q11DS, while updating may be spared in childhood. Notably, EF deficits are found in this population after controlling for intellectual abilities, supporting the hypothesis that EF and intelligence do not reflect the same construct. Current evidence suggests that risk factors previously identified in the general population, such as congenital heart defects or low socioeconomic status, may not impact EF in a similar way in 22q11DS. In the process of demonstrating how studying the 22q11DS population can inform and advance our understanding of EF development, we identify gaps in the literature and highlight opportunities for future research.

在这篇系统综述中,我们调查了一个选定人群的执行功能(EF):患有22q11.2缺失综合征(22q11DS)的儿童和青少年。通过减少与EF表型表达相关的病因变异性,研究一个选定的人群子集可以告知我们对典型发育的理解。在22q11DS中,EF缺失至少部分是22号染色体缺失的结果。然而,22q11DS中EF表型的表达有所不同,可能受到某些危险因素的影响,这些危险因素在该人群中发生率较高。因此,22q11DS使我们能够在一种潜在遗传病因的背景下研究这些因素对EF的影响。这篇综述表明,22q11DS患儿的抑制和转移功能受损,而在儿童期可能不会更新。值得注意的是,在控制了智力能力后,在这一人群中发现了EF缺陷,这支持了EF和智力不反映相同结构的假设。目前的证据表明,以前在普通人群中确定的风险因素,如先天性心脏缺陷或低社会经济地位,可能不会以类似的方式影响22q11DS的EF。在展示研究22q11DS人群如何能够告知和促进我们对EF发展的理解的过程中,我们发现了文献中的空白,并强调了未来研究的机会。
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引用次数: 1
“How does the broader construct of self-regulation relate to emotion regulation in young children?” "自我调节的广义概念和幼儿的情绪调节有什么关系? "
IF 6.6 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100965
Jeffrey R. Gagne, Jeffrey Liew, Ogechi K. Nwadinobi

In this paper, we address how the concept of self-regulation relates to emotion regulation in young children. We define self-regulation as the ability to regulate one’s emotions, attention, behavior, and cognition, and emotion regulation as the intrinsic processes used to manage and change one’s experience of emotions, emotion-related states, and the behavioral expression of emotions. “Hot” and “cool” processes of self-regulation, and the two primary theoretical perspectives on self-regulation, executive functioning and effortful control are then discussed, delineating the primary dimensions of each, and how both intersect with emotion regulation. Although theory and research on emotion regulation and self-regulation is not typically integrated, conceptually, we view self-regulation as a broader construct within which the intrinsic aspects of emotion regulation are included. Our attempt to integrate both self-regulation perspectives with emotion regulation includes explaining how inhibitory control (a primary executive functioning and effortful control skill) relates to the regulation of emotion, the relative emphasis of emotion and cognition in each theory, and the distinction between automatic (often described as “hot”) and conscious (“cool”) regulation processes. We then recommend an integration of the theoretical perspectives and employment of multi-method assessment regulation strategies. In addition to using both parent-rated and lab-based observational methods, ongoing and future work in this area will incorporate both executive functioning and effortful control assessments, and neurophysiological measures. One final future research direction will be to focus on emotion regulation and emotional reactivity in the same longitudinal investigations during early childhood, examining optimal regulation for best moderating emotional reactions.

在本文中,我们讨论了自我调节的概念与幼儿情绪调节的关系。我们将自我调节定义为调节一个人的情绪、注意力、行为和认知的能力,将情绪调节定义为用于管理和改变一个人的情绪体验、情绪相关状态和情绪行为表达的内在过程。然后讨论了自我调节的“热”和“冷”过程,以及关于自我调节的两个主要理论观点,执行功能和努力控制,描述了每个的主要维度,以及它们如何与情绪调节相交。虽然情绪调节和自我调节的理论和研究通常不整合,但从概念上讲,我们认为自我调节是一个更广泛的结构,其中包括情绪调节的内在方面。我们试图将自我调节观点与情绪调节结合起来,包括解释抑制控制(一种主要的执行功能和努力控制技能)与情绪调节的关系,每种理论中对情绪和认知的相对强调,以及自动(通常被描述为“热”)和有意识(“冷”)调节过程之间的区别。然后,我们建议整合理论观点并采用多方法评估监管策略。除了使用父母评价和实验室观察方法外,该领域正在进行的和未来的工作将包括执行功能和努力控制评估以及神经生理学测量。最后一个未来的研究方向将是在儿童早期的同一纵向调查中关注情绪调节和情绪反应,研究最佳调节情绪反应的最佳调节。
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引用次数: 20
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