Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09996-5
Kei Kuratomi, Laura Johnsen, Shinji Kitagami, Aya Hatano, Kou Murayama
Research has shown that we are endowed with a remarkable capacity to motivate ourselves in the absence of extrinsic incentives (i.e. intrinsic motivation). However, little research has been conducted to investigate whether we accurately appreciate the power of intrinsic motivation. The current research aimed to examine the metacognitive accuracy of the extent to which people can motivate themselves without performance-based extrinsic incentives. Participants were presented with a relatively long and repetitive task without extrinsic incentives, and before doing the task, they were asked to predict their motivation on completion of the task. Across seven experiments using a variety of tasks with different populations from different countries, participants were consistently engaged in the task more actively than they predicted. When participants were provided with performance-based monetary rewards, however, this bias was diminished. These results indicate that we tend to underappreciate our capability to sustain our motivation without extrinsic incentives.
Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11031-022-09996-5.
{"title":"People underestimate their capability to motivate themselves without performance-based extrinsic incentives.","authors":"Kei Kuratomi, Laura Johnsen, Shinji Kitagami, Aya Hatano, Kou Murayama","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09996-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11031-022-09996-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research has shown that we are endowed with a remarkable capacity to motivate ourselves in the absence of extrinsic incentives (i.e. intrinsic motivation). However, little research has been conducted to investigate whether we accurately appreciate the power of intrinsic motivation. The current research aimed to examine the metacognitive accuracy of the extent to which people can motivate themselves without performance-based extrinsic incentives. Participants were presented with a relatively long and repetitive task without extrinsic incentives, and before doing the task, they were asked to predict their motivation on completion of the task. Across seven experiments using a variety of tasks with different populations from different countries, participants were consistently engaged in the task more actively than they predicted. When participants were provided with performance-based monetary rewards, however, this bias was diminished. These results indicate that we tend to underappreciate our capability to sustain our motivation without extrinsic incentives.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11031-022-09996-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 4","pages":"509-523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10328886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9814669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09979-6
Kevin Winter, Kai Epstude
Motivational states are important determinants of human behavior. Regulatory focus theory suggests that a promotion focus stimulates risky behavior, whereas a prevention focus fosters conservative tactics. Previous research linked counterfactual structure with regulatory focus. Extending this work, we predicted that additive counterfactual mindsets ("If only I had…") instigate risky tactics in subsequent situations, whereas subtractive counterfactual mindsets ("If only I had NOT…") lead to conservative tactics. We tested this prediction and the underlying assumptions in four preregistered studies (total N = 803) and obtained consistent null results. Additive and subtractive counterfactual mindsets did not elicit different tactics - neither on behavioral nor on self-report measures - and they did not influence participants' motivation compared to a neutral control condition. Likewise, our results put doubts on previous findings on counterfactuals and regulatory focus as well as regulatory focus and conservative or risky behavior. More general implications for research on counterfactuals and motivation are discussed.
{"title":"Motivational consequences of counterfactual mindsets: Does counterfactual structure influence the use of conservative or risky tactics?","authors":"Kevin Winter, Kai Epstude","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09979-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09979-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motivational states are important determinants of human behavior. Regulatory focus theory suggests that a promotion focus stimulates risky behavior, whereas a prevention focus fosters conservative tactics. Previous research linked counterfactual structure with regulatory focus. Extending this work, we predicted that additive counterfactual mindsets (\"If only I had…\") instigate risky tactics in subsequent situations, whereas subtractive counterfactual mindsets (\"If only I had NOT…\") lead to conservative tactics. We tested this prediction and the underlying assumptions in four preregistered studies (total <i>N</i> = 803) and obtained consistent null results. Additive and subtractive counterfactual mindsets did not elicit different tactics - neither on behavioral nor on self-report measures - and they did not influence participants' motivation compared to a neutral control condition. Likewise, our results put doubts on previous findings on counterfactuals and regulatory focus as well as regulatory focus and conservative or risky behavior. More general implications for research on counterfactuals and motivation are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"100-114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10580559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09998-3
Kinga Szymaniak, Sylvia K Harmon-Jones, Eddie Harmon-Jones
The present research aimed to better understand individual differences in attitudes towards emotions with a focus on anger. We report findings of four studies conducted with American and Polish individuals. Results showed that individuals who have more positive attitudes toward anger are higher in trait anger (Studies 1-4), are more likely to think about getting revenge (Study 1), and expect that getting revenge will make them feel good (Studies 1-2). In addition, these individuals are lower in agreeableness and lower in the tendency to engage in avoidance when angered (Studies 1-4). They score lower in humility (Studies 3-4), lower in secure romantic attachment but higher in anxious and avoidance attachment (Study 3). Finally, they are more likely to believe a wide range of conspiracies (Studies 2-4). Discussion focuses on the implications of these results.
{"title":"Further examinations of attitudes toward discrete emotions, with a focus on attitudes toward anger.","authors":"Kinga Szymaniak, Sylvia K Harmon-Jones, Eddie Harmon-Jones","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09998-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11031-022-09998-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present research aimed to better understand individual differences in attitudes towards emotions with a focus on anger. We report findings of four studies conducted with American and Polish individuals. Results showed that individuals who have more positive attitudes toward anger are higher in trait anger (Studies 1-4), are more likely to think about getting revenge (Study 1), and expect that getting revenge will make them feel good (Studies 1-2). In addition, these individuals are lower in agreeableness and lower in the tendency to engage in avoidance when angered (Studies 1-4). They score lower in humility (Studies 3-4), lower in secure romantic attachment but higher in anxious and avoidance attachment (Study 3). Finally, they are more likely to believe a wide range of conspiracies (Studies 2-4). Discussion focuses on the implications of these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 3","pages":"476-493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9805910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9524541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-26DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-10002-1
Philip I. Chow, H. Berenbaum, M. Boden, Luis E Flores
{"title":"All for one or one for all? Examining a parsing of emotion that is informed by lay people’s values","authors":"Philip I. Chow, H. Berenbaum, M. Boden, Luis E Flores","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-10002-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-10002-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"333 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47356177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-10001-2
Matteo De Tommaso, M. Turatto
{"title":"Control over reward gain unlocks the reward cue motivational salience","authors":"Matteo De Tommaso, M. Turatto","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-10001-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-10001-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"495 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47982348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09997-4
Minyoung Choi, Melissa M Karnaze, Heather C. Lench, L. Levine
{"title":"Do liberals value emotion more than conservatives? Political partisanship and Lay beliefs about the functionality of emotion","authors":"Minyoung Choi, Melissa M Karnaze, Heather C. Lench, L. Levine","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09997-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09997-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"364 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45534430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-13DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-10000-3
E. Edwards, R. Leahy, Shayne Snyder
{"title":"Patterns of emotional schema endorsement and personality disorder symptoms among outpatient psychotherapy clients","authors":"E. Edwards, R. Leahy, Shayne Snyder","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-10000-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-10000-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"412 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45905844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09994-7
Yael Ecker, Michael Gilead, R. Imhoff
{"title":"The phenomenology of maintenance goals: lower threat and greater satisfaction with the current state","authors":"Yael Ecker, Michael Gilead, R. Imhoff","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09994-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09994-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"246-256"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44975185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09995-6
Kayleigh-Ann Clegg, S. Levine, D. Zuroff, A. Holding, G. Shahar, R. Koestner
{"title":"A multilevel perspective on self-determination theory: Predictors and correlates of autonomous and controlled motivation","authors":"Kayleigh-Ann Clegg, S. Levine, D. Zuroff, A. Holding, G. Shahar, R. Koestner","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09995-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09995-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"229-245"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47427170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09993-8
Samuel J. West, N. Thomson
{"title":"Identifying the emotions behind apologies for severe transgressions","authors":"Samuel J. West, N. Thomson","doi":"10.1007/s11031-022-09993-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09993-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48282,"journal":{"name":"Motivation and Emotion","volume":"47 1","pages":"257-269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49325699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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