Psychology of Addictive Behaviors最新文献

Objective: How people define recovery may affect their recovery goals, service use, and ultimately their outcomes. We examined recovery definitions among adults in recovery from an alcohol use disorder (AUD) who had different service use histories.

Method: We analyzed online survey data from 1,492 adults with resolved lifetime AUD in "treated recovery" (any use of specialty services, such as inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation; n = 375), "assisted recovery" (any use of lay services, such as mutual-help groups, and no use of specialty services; n = 174), or "independent recovery" (no use of specialty or lay services; n = 943). Surveys assessed recovery definitions using the 39-item What Is Recovery? (WIR) scale. We compared endorsement of WIR domains and individual recovery elements across groups using survey-weighted chi-square tests and logistic regression.

Results: Endorsement of WIR scale domains was significantly lower among the independent than treated and assisted groups, but few differences emerged between the treated and assisted groups. Two recovery elements were endorsed by approximately equivalent majorities of all groups: "being honest with myself" (92.7%-94.8%) and "taking care of my physical health" (87.4%-90.9%). Five additional elements were similarly endorsed by large majorities (≥ 85%) in each group, albeit at lower levels in the independent group.

Conclusions: People who have experienced AUD and have not obtained alcohol services may have a narrower definition of recovery compared to those accessing treatment or attending mutual-help groups. This suggests a need to broaden alcohol services to better match varied recovery definitions; however, some highly endorsed elements suggest commonalities across recovery pathways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Recovery capital (RC) is a framework for conceptualizing the resources individuals use to support alcohol and other drug recovery across social, physical, human, and cultural domains. The goal of this study was to identify subgroups of individuals in recovery with distinct combinations of RC across domains and characteristics of individuals with unique RC patterns.

Method: Latent profile analyses investigated patterns in both within-domain amount and variability of RC across each of the four domains using the Multidimensional Inventory of Recovery Capital, a theoretically and psychometrically sound RC measure. The sample included U.S. participants closely reflecting 2020 Census demographics (n = 482, 49% female, 38% racial/ethnic minority, M_age = 42.57) identifying as having resolved a prior problem with alcohol (alone or with other drugs).

Results: Latent profile analyses distinguished four RC profiles: Low/Inconsistent (23%), Moderate/Consistent (43%), Moderate/Inconsistent (12%), and High/Consistent (22%). Females and individuals who were unemployed, nonabstinent, and had greater alcohol problem severity were more likely to belong to the Low/Inconsistent profile. Individuals in unassisted recovery were more likely to belong to the Moderate/Inconsistent profile. Older age and more time in recovery were associated with High/Consistent profile membership. Race/ethnicity was not associated with profile membership.

Conclusions: These person-oriented analyses elucidate complex patterns of resources that individuals utilize during recovery and individual characteristics underpinning differences across RC patterns. The empirically derived subgroups in this heterogeneous sample highlight multiple combinations of resources that individuals leverage to achieve recovery and indicate characteristics of individuals who may need greater amounts and/or consistency of RC to continue sustaining recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Exercise is increasingly used as adjunct treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Evidence suggests that moderate-to-high-intensity exercise can ameliorate cravings. We explored the potential mediating effects of changes in mood states in the relationship between exercise intensity and alcohol cravings.

Method: Secondary analyses of a nested single-arm trial within a randomized controlled trial (FitForChange). In total, 117 sedentary adults (68.4% female, M = 52 ± 12 years) with clinician diagnosed (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition) AUD and indications of craving (Desire for Alcohol Questionnaire) completed a 12-min submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test on a cycle ergometer. Assessments of craving, mood states (POMS), and state anxiety (STAI-Y1) were taken immediately before, after, and 30 min after exercise. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were included as indirect measures of exercise intensity. The med4way command in Stata was used to explore mediating and interaction effects of improvements in total mood disturbance (TMD) and state anxiety.

Results: Improvements in mood and anxiety did not mediate the effect of higher exercise intensity on reductions in alcohol craving. A significant reference interaction was found between "hard" (or greater) exertion and anxiety improvements (β = -1.06, 95% CI [-1.50, -0.61]). Participants whose anxiety reduced during exercise had two times higher odds of reduced cravings when exercising at a higher intensity than participants whose anxiety worsened (OR = 2.04, 95% CI [1.12, 3.72]).

Conclusions: Reductions in anxiety may partly explain the positive effect of higher exercise intensity on alcohol cravings. The findings are preliminary and require replication in future studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Growing recognition of the importance of addressing substance use among emerging adults has led to a rapid expansion of recovery services on college campuses. However, existing estimates on collegiate recovery programs or communities (CRPs/Cs) and other services are outdated or lack rigor, leaving the extent of these resources unclear. This study aimed to fill this gap in our understanding by providing current estimates of recovery-related resources.

Method: Utilizing the Python web scraping library BeautifulSoup, we gathered a large sample of ".edu"-hosted webpages (N = 995) with references to recovery services (e.g., "collegiate recovery", "peer support"). Eligible webpages (n = 552) were screened by a team of 11 reviewers to extract information on these services.

Results: During extraction, we identified 270 institutions that advertised on-campus recovery services for students. Of these institutions, 176 advertised formal CRPs/Cs. A majority of CRPs/Cs (n = 164) advertised mutual aid meetings and sober/drug-free social activities (n = 138), while only 83 advertised drop-in centers. Relatively few historically Black colleges or universities (n = 5), Hispanic-serving institutions (n = 21), or native-serving institutions (n = 0) hosted recovery services.

Conclusions: On-campus services to support recovery have greatly expanded since previous estimates, but gaps may exist in the services provided by these programs. By providing an updated estimate and examining service uniformity, this study can aid in future expansion and standardization efforts to support students in recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The "illusion of control" is a dominant cognitive illusion in disordered gambling, but its role in shaping irrational gambling beliefs has been questioned by recent null experimental findings. Here, we aimed to test this recent work, in a preregistered Bayesian framework, by additionally correlating the dependent variable (nonuniform probabilistic beliefs) with self-reported gambling behavior and by exploring "passive superstition" as an alternative driver of these irrational gambling beliefs.

Method: A between-participants online experiment involving three boxes, one of which a $1 prize was randomly assigned to (N = 3,064; 49.1% males, 49.5% females, 1.4% other; M_age = 42.5 years). Participants estimated the likelihood of each box winning, with any estimates outside the 33%-34% interval categorized as irrational "nonuniform" probabilistic beliefs. "Preselection" participants gave estimates prior to box selection, "post-no-choice" participants had their box randomly selected, and participants in the treatment "postchoice" condition selected their own box. Whether participants gambled within the past 12 months (gambling status), Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) score, and passive superstition scores were used as additional predictors.

Results: Comparing postchoice participants with post-no-choice participants (95% CI [0.80, 1.22]) and comparing postchoice with preselection participants (95% CI [0.88, 1.34]) yielded substantial support for a null effect. Gambling status supported substantial evidence for a null effect (95% CI [0.92, 1.30]), whereas higher PGSI (95% CI [1.08, 1.13]) and higher passive superstition scores (95% CI [1.08, 1.10]) overwhelmingly predicted our outcome.

Conclusions: Active choice elements in illusions of control may have been overemphasized in irrational gambling beliefs compared to passive superstitions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Egocentric social network analyses show that drinking habits of college students' friends predict personal alcohol consumption. To date, most of this research focused on between-person, cross-sectional, or long-term longitudinal designs to evaluate these effects. This study used intensive longitudinal methods to examine episode-specific effects of social networks (network drinking, network composition) on college students' drinking, comparing within-person and between-person effects on individual episodic drinking, and highlighted social network characteristics that might be targeted for intervention.

Method: College students (N = 1,151, 54% female, M_age = 19.26, 81% White) identified their ego network: five close alters (e.g., friends, family) whom they met frequently. For 30 days using an internet-based diary, participants reported their daily drinking levels, indicated whether they met with each alter the previous night, and reported how many drinks each alter consumed.

Results: Two-part multilevel models were used to examine participant drinking. At the within-person level, when a higher proportion of a participant's ego network drank and when network total drinks were higher than average, the odds that a participant drank were significantly increased, and if they did drink, they consumed more alcoholic drinks than usual. Participants were more likely to drink on days when their network was comprised of more friends and more opposite-gender alters.

Conclusions: Findings provide preliminary evidence that daily network drinking appears to influence drinking patterns and quantities among students. Such information could be used within ecological momentary interventions to prevent harmful drinking patterns such as heavy drinking episodes and incapacitation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Cannabis use is prevalent and increasing among adults in the United States. Individuals who use cannabis commonly endorse using cannabis to enhance positive affect (PA) or cope with negative affect (NA). Importantly, enhancement motives are associated with greater frequency of use, and coping motives are associated with cannabis-related problems. We used ecological momentary assessment to test whether daily-life reports of enhancement- and coping-motivated use are associated with improved affective states.

Method: Participants (N = 48, M_age = 24.15, 81.3% White, 50.0% female, 45.8% male, 4.2% nonbinary) who reported using cannabis 3+ times per week completed 14 days of ecological momentary assessment, which included random and self-initiated cannabis use surveys. Participants reported PA and NA at every survey and cannabis use motives any time they reported using cannabis. Multilevel models adjusted for last-prompt PA/NA, person-level motives, alcohol use, social context, weekend, time of day, age, and gender.

Results: Higher momentary enhancement motives predicted increased PA from the last survey (b = 0.28, SE = 0.07, p < .001), and higher momentary coping motives predicted increased NA from the last survey (b = 0.07, SE = 0.02, p = .003).

Conclusions: Findings highlight positive reinforcement purposes of cannabis use and suggest that endorsement of coping motives for cannabis use may be accompanied by exacerbated NA rather than improved NA. Future work should examine the generalizability of these findings in samples with greater representation of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds and among individuals who are in or seeking treatment for cannabis-related problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Sexual and gender minority individuals are more likely to use tobacco and cannabis and have lower cigarette cessation. This study examined cannabis use associations with daily cigarettes smoked in sexual and gender minority individuals before and during a quit attempt.

Method: Participants included dual smoking same-sex/gender couples from California that were willing to make a quit attempt (individual n = 205, 68.3% female sex). Participants reported baseline past 30-day cannabis use and number of cigarettes smoked and cannabis use (yes/no) during 35 nightly surveys. Individuals with current cannabis use reported baseline cannabis use and/or nightly survey cannabis use. Multilevel linear models predicted number of cigarettes smoked by cannabis use.

Results: Number of cigarettes decreased from before to during a quit attempt, but this decrease was smaller in individuals with current cannabis use compared to no current cannabis use (p < .001). In individuals with current cannabis use, number of cigarettes smoked was greater on days with cannabis use (p < .001). Furthermore, cannabis use that day increased overall number of cigarettes in those with relatively high overall cannabis use but only during a quit attempt in those with relatively low cannabis use (Within-Subject Cannabis Use × Between-Subject Cannabis Use × Quit Attempt interaction; p < .001).

Conclusions: Sexual and gender minority individuals with cannabis and cigarette use may have a harder time quitting smoking than those who do not use cannabis. For those with cannabis use, guidance on not using cannabis during a quit attempt may improve cigarette cessation outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Past research has highlighted that sexual minority youth (SMY) are at particular risk for heightened substance use compared to their heterosexual peers; however, few studies have investigated the associations between resilience factors and substance use among SMY. In the present preregistered study, we examined the associations among three different forms of resilience factors (i.e., general social support, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)-identity affirmation, LGBTQ community involvement) and alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use, as well as on positive and negative affect.

Method: SMY (n = 82, ages 15-19, 56.1% cisgender women, 84.4% White) completed a baseline assessment then a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study. Multilevel regression models evaluated within-day and between-person associations between resilience factors and odds of substance use (alcohol, nicotine, cannabis), substance use quantity on use days (alcohol, cannabis), positive affect, and negative affect.

Results: On the day level, general social support was associated with greater positive affect, lesser negative affect, and greater drinks on drinking days. LGBTQ-identity affirmation was associated with greater positive affect, lesser negative affect, and greater odds of nicotine use. LGBTQ community involvement was associated with greater positive affect.

Conclusions: These results highlight the nuanced ways that resilience may engender more positive affect and reduce negative affect while simultaneously promoting substance use. Future research disentangling the mechanisms connecting resilience and substance use among SMY is necessary. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Alcohol and cannabis are often perceived as pain-relieving. However, minimal work has examined whether people use and co-use these substances following pain in daily life.

Method: Forty-six adults reporting weekly use of alcohol and/or cannabis completed a 60-day ecological momentary assessment protocol, answering at least four daily reports on their alcohol and cannabis use and pain (n_assessments = 10,769 over 2,656 days). We examined whether self-reported pain so far that day (cumulative-average pain) was associated with subsequent alcohol and cannabis use and same-occasion co-use. Models also addressed whether associations differed for initiating versus continuing a use episode. Hypotheses were preregistered.

Results: A multinomial multilevel model found that cumulative-average pain was associated with a greater likelihood of same-occasion co-use in the continuation phase but not the initiation phase, compared to no use (OR = 1.48,95% CI [1.06, 2.06], p = .023) and alcohol use (OR = 1.52, CI [1.03, 2.26], p = .037). Cumulative-average pain was largely not associated with alcohol-only and cannabis-only use. After alcohol use, greater pain was associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.37, CI [1.11, 1.70], p = .004), but not the reverse. Secondary analyses found greater previous-occasion (not cumulative) pain was associated with initiation of alcohol use and number of drinks, and initiation and continuation of cannabis use, but not number of cannabis hits.

Conclusions: Although not all hypotheses were supported, pain was associated with subsequent substance use in this sample engaged in regular substance use and not recruited for chronic pain. Cumulative pain may be particularly related to alcohol-cannabis same-occasion co-use, which may increase the risk of substance use-related problems over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).