Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268976
Shujaat Farooq, G. M. Arif
ABSTRACT The present study investigates the adverse impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on overseas migration of Pakistani workers - both outflows and return flows. The key objective is to propose a policy framework for successful reintegration of return migrants in their origin communities. The findings reveal that around 2 million overseas Pakistanis have been affected due to COVID pandemic; 1.6 million could not go abroad and another 0.3 to 0.4 million had to return back only from the Middle East. The reintegration measures by the Government of Pakistan were mainly made on a smaller scale and most of the returnees lack information on governmental support and follow-up mechanisms. Our proposed reintegration policy framework suggests that intending or potential migrants and their families need to be educated about their reintegration or resettlement in home communities when they plan for overseas employment. The prudent use of remittances by directing them to productive investment will not only ensure successful reintegration of returning workers but will also promote entrepreneurship in the country, creating more job opportunities. The support by the government and enabling factors (district-level opportunities) will ensure various aspects of reintegration, including economic self-sufficiency, social stability, and psychosocial well-being of return migrations.
{"title":"The facts of return migration in the wake of COVID-19: a policy framework for reintegration of Pakistani workers","authors":"Shujaat Farooq, G. M. Arif","doi":"10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268976","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study investigates the adverse impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on overseas migration of Pakistani workers - both outflows and return flows. The key objective is to propose a policy framework for successful reintegration of return migrants in their origin communities. The findings reveal that around 2 million overseas Pakistanis have been affected due to COVID pandemic; 1.6 million could not go abroad and another 0.3 to 0.4 million had to return back only from the Middle East. The reintegration measures by the Government of Pakistan were mainly made on a smaller scale and most of the returnees lack information on governmental support and follow-up mechanisms. Our proposed reintegration policy framework suggests that intending or potential migrants and their families need to be educated about their reintegration or resettlement in home communities when they plan for overseas employment. The prudent use of remittances by directing them to productive investment will not only ensure successful reintegration of returning workers but will also promote entrepreneurship in the country, creating more job opportunities. The support by the government and enabling factors (district-level opportunities) will ensure various aspects of reintegration, including economic self-sufficiency, social stability, and psychosocial well-being of return migrations.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"5190 - 5218"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139245656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268987
Md Mizanur Rahman, Sabnam Sarmin Luna, P. Raj
ABSTRACT Several Asian countries that encourage international migration of labour call their emigrants ‘national heroes and heroines’ because of their contributions to foreign currency reserves and subsequent national development. However, the massive involuntary return amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the health risk associated with returning from virus-affected regions, such as the Gulf states, call the development narratives of migrants and migrant remittances into question. This study examines the experiences of Gulf return migrants in Bangladesh, focusing on their arrivals at the airport, their travels home, their receptions at the origin communities, their financial hardship upon return and the shifting development narratives in the origin country. The paper draws on primary data, collected through interviews of Gulf returnees in Bangladesh between 2020 and 2021. This study finds that the image of migrants as ‘national heroes’ is not only challenged during the pandemic but replaced almost overnight by a new one, such as ‘COVID-19 super-spreaders’. This research reports that migrants confront with unpleasant circumstances during their return migration process that render their return to their country of origin disgraceful. The paper stresses developing policy measures to protect involuntary returnees from victimisation and disgraceful circumstances.
{"title":"Disgraceful return: Gulf migration and shifting national narratives amid COVID-19","authors":"Md Mizanur Rahman, Sabnam Sarmin Luna, P. Raj","doi":"10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268987","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Several Asian countries that encourage international migration of labour call their emigrants ‘national heroes and heroines’ because of their contributions to foreign currency reserves and subsequent national development. However, the massive involuntary return amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the health risk associated with returning from virus-affected regions, such as the Gulf states, call the development narratives of migrants and migrant remittances into question. This study examines the experiences of Gulf return migrants in Bangladesh, focusing on their arrivals at the airport, their travels home, their receptions at the origin communities, their financial hardship upon return and the shifting development narratives in the origin country. The paper draws on primary data, collected through interviews of Gulf returnees in Bangladesh between 2020 and 2021. This study finds that the image of migrants as ‘national heroes’ is not only challenged during the pandemic but replaced almost overnight by a new one, such as ‘COVID-19 super-spreaders’. This research reports that migrants confront with unpleasant circumstances during their return migration process that render their return to their country of origin disgraceful. The paper stresses developing policy measures to protect involuntary returnees from victimisation and disgraceful circumstances.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"58 2","pages":"5238 - 5258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139246242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268965
Sajid Ghani, Nestor A. Morgandi
ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of return migration on labour market outcomes, more specifically, wage, consumption and welfare outcomes for workers in South Asia. The unprecedented changes brought about by the pandemic have led to mass upheaval and the return migration of millions of workers over the past two years. This return migration is likely to lead to an expansion of the labour force and employment in South Asia. The impact of this labour force supply shock is evaluated using the GMig2 version of the GTAP model. We find heterogeneous results in terms of labour returns by levels of skill and industry. The sectoral demand composition changes with manufacturing and services gaining demand over agriculture and primary industries.
{"title":"Return migration and labour market outcomes in South Asia: a CGE exploration","authors":"Sajid Ghani, Nestor A. Morgandi","doi":"10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268965","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores the impact of return migration on labour market outcomes, more specifically, wage, consumption and welfare outcomes for workers in South Asia. The unprecedented changes brought about by the pandemic have led to mass upheaval and the return migration of millions of workers over the past two years. This return migration is likely to lead to an expansion of the labour force and employment in South Asia. The impact of this labour force supply shock is evaluated using the GMig2 version of the GTAP model. We find heterogeneous results in terms of labour returns by levels of skill and industry. The sectoral demand composition changes with manufacturing and services gaining demand over agriculture and primary industries.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"5153 - 5168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139243288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268989
Bilesha Weeraratne
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic-related labour market issues and the rapid departure from countries of destination have heightened wage theft issues faced by migrant workers. This article provides scientific evidence on pandemic-induced wage theft experienced by migrant workers with the aim of minimising migrant workers’ exposure to similar cases of injustice in the future. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of data on migrant workers who returned to Sri Lanka during the pandemic provides evidence of the dimensions of wage theft. These dimensions include non-negotiable wage reductions and delays in payment of dues, non-payment of salary dues, non-provision of other dues and benefits, unconsented setting off of benefits, non-transparent calculation of benefits and their setting off against other goods and services provided by employer and holding migrant workers in situations of bonded labour. The findings also highlight that non-payment of due wages is more common among vulnerable migrant workers. The article suggests strategies to remedy wage theft issues faced by migrant workers by changing the behaviour of the migrant workers as well as by changing the behaviour the employers. Moreover, the punitive measures to offending employers need to be combined with remedial financial compensation measures to victimised migrant workers.
{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic induced wage theft: evidence from Sri Lankan migrant workers","authors":"Bilesha Weeraratne","doi":"10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268989","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic-related labour market issues and the rapid departure from countries of destination have heightened wage theft issues faced by migrant workers. This article provides scientific evidence on pandemic-induced wage theft experienced by migrant workers with the aim of minimising migrant workers’ exposure to similar cases of injustice in the future. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of data on migrant workers who returned to Sri Lanka during the pandemic provides evidence of the dimensions of wage theft. These dimensions include non-negotiable wage reductions and delays in payment of dues, non-payment of salary dues, non-provision of other dues and benefits, unconsented setting off of benefits, non-transparent calculation of benefits and their setting off against other goods and services provided by employer and holding migrant workers in situations of bonded labour. The findings also highlight that non-payment of due wages is more common among vulnerable migrant workers. The article suggests strategies to remedy wage theft issues faced by migrant workers by changing the behaviour of the migrant workers as well as by changing the behaviour the employers. Moreover, the punitive measures to offending employers need to be combined with remedial financial compensation measures to victimised migrant workers.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"15 ","pages":"5259 - 5280"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268970
S. Irudaya Rajan, Balasubramanyam Pattath, Hossein Tohidimehr
ABSTRACT In this article, we explore how precise information about migrants' working conditions in their destination countries impacts their decision to migrate again upon returning home. Using household data from Kerala and Tamil Nadu from 2020–21, we study return emigrants (REM) who returned during the first COVID-19 lockdowns in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Through a binary choice model, we discover that negative experiences in the destination country significantly influence the decision to re-migrate. Specifically, issues with salary payment and reduced working hours make re-migration less likely. We then apply a two-stage multinomial regression to identify the causes of these negative experiences and how they shape a migrant's future decisions. We conclude that such experiences discourage re-migration and increase the preference to work in the country of origin. Our research offers insights for shaping future migration policies in the region.
{"title":"The last straw? Experiences and future plans of returned migrants in the India-GCC corridor","authors":"S. Irudaya Rajan, Balasubramanyam Pattath, Hossein Tohidimehr","doi":"10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2268970","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this article, we explore how precise information about migrants' working conditions in their destination countries impacts their decision to migrate again upon returning home. Using household data from Kerala and Tamil Nadu from 2020–21, we study return emigrants (REM) who returned during the first COVID-19 lockdowns in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Through a binary choice model, we discover that negative experiences in the destination country significantly influence the decision to re-migrate. Specifically, issues with salary payment and reduced working hours make re-migration less likely. We then apply a two-stage multinomial regression to identify the causes of these negative experiences and how they shape a migrant's future decisions. We conclude that such experiences discourage re-migration and increase the preference to work in the country of origin. Our research offers insights for shaping future migration policies in the region.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"23 6","pages":"5169 - 5189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139244434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282389
A. Pisarevskaya, Ilona van Breugel, Peter Scholten
{"title":"Understanding the diversity of local diversities: an analysis of the (mis)match between policies and diversity configurations in Dutch municipalities","authors":"A. Pisarevskaya, Ilona van Breugel, Peter Scholten","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282389","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"650 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282388
Victoria Donnaloja, Maarten Vink
{"title":"Like parent, like child: how attitudes towards immigrants spill over to the political inclusion of their children","authors":"Victoria Donnaloja, Maarten Vink","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"189 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139256496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2281873
Ana P. Gutiérrez Garza
{"title":"Performing race, class, and status: identity strategies among Latin American women migrants in London","authors":"Ana P. Gutiérrez Garza","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2281873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2281873","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139257469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2263830
Frank Kalter, Naika Foroutan
{"title":"Outgroup mobility threat – how much intergenerational integration is wanted?","authors":"Frank Kalter, Naika Foroutan","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2263830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2263830","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139265248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282385
L. Blommaert, Marcel Coenders
{"title":"The effects of and support for anonymous job application procedures: evidence from a large-scale, multi-faceted study in the Netherlands","authors":"L. Blommaert, Marcel Coenders","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139267536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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