Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278398
Stephanie L. Canizales
Relying on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with undocumented Latinx young adults (18–31) who arrived in Los Angeles, California, as unaccompanied minors (11–17), this study examines immigrant youth workers’ migration motives, their transnational ties and transnationalism’s effect on their imagined futures. Findings show that, in the context of structural and community violence and poverty, Central American and Mexican youth migrate alone at young ages, in part to fulfill moral obligations to provide financial and emotional support within networks of care for the families they eventually leave behind. For many, left-behind family’s needs increase as parents and siblings age into new life stages. Unmarried transnational youth workers are especially likely to shoulder moral obligations. This is while they transition into young adulthood in the US and weigh their own prospects for education and occupational mobility in Los Angeles or their home communities. Maintaining moral obligations established in adolescence throughout the transition into young adulthood can cause youth to reimagine futures to include the possibility of staying and other alternatives. This research offers important insights into the changing nature of transnational families, unaccompanied minors’ coming of age, and the lives of migrant youth workers in the US.
{"title":"Between obligations and aspirations: unaccompanied immigrant teen workers’ transnational lives and imagined futures","authors":"Stephanie L. Canizales","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278398","url":null,"abstract":"Relying on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with undocumented Latinx young adults (18–31) who arrived in Los Angeles, California, as unaccompanied minors (11–17), this study examines immigrant youth workers’ migration motives, their transnational ties and transnationalism’s effect on their imagined futures. Findings show that, in the context of structural and community violence and poverty, Central American and Mexican youth migrate alone at young ages, in part to fulfill moral obligations to provide financial and emotional support within networks of care for the families they eventually leave behind. For many, left-behind family’s needs increase as parents and siblings age into new life stages. Unmarried transnational youth workers are especially likely to shoulder moral obligations. This is while they transition into young adulthood in the US and weigh their own prospects for education and occupational mobility in Los Angeles or their home communities. Maintaining moral obligations established in adolescence throughout the transition into young adulthood can cause youth to reimagine futures to include the possibility of staying and other alternatives. This research offers important insights into the changing nature of transnational families, unaccompanied minors’ coming of age, and the lives of migrant youth workers in the US.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"131 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136351304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-11DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278400
Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik
Why do some migration policies cause controversial debates while others are barely noticed? And why do migration policies consistently fail to meet their stated objectives? This paper argues that identifying the underlying perspective that informs migration policy-making can be a productive tool to answer these questions. I start by reviewing notions of ‘migration’ and ‘mobility’ used in political and scholarly discourse and argue that the ways of differentiating between the two entail not only biases related to norms of sedentariness or social hierarchies, but also blind spots for how states and individuals perceive cross-border movements. As an alternative, I propose to conceptualise ‘migration’ and ‘mobility’ as categories reflecting perspectives that either normalise sedentariness and fixed borders or movement and fluidity. In a second step, I combine the two perspectives with the perceptions of the state as the main regulator of movement and the individual on the move, leading to four ideal-typical situations of aligned and non-aligned perspectives on human movement. This notion of intersecting perspectives can help us explain both policy-making processes and the impact of migration policies. This is illustrated through two examples of EU-level policies on intra-corporate transferees on the one hand and family reunification on the other.
{"title":"Perspectives of flow and place: rethinking notions of migration and mobility in policy-making","authors":"Paula Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278400","url":null,"abstract":"Why do some migration policies cause controversial debates while others are barely noticed? And why do migration policies consistently fail to meet their stated objectives? This paper argues that identifying the underlying perspective that informs migration policy-making can be a productive tool to answer these questions. I start by reviewing notions of ‘migration’ and ‘mobility’ used in political and scholarly discourse and argue that the ways of differentiating between the two entail not only biases related to norms of sedentariness or social hierarchies, but also blind spots for how states and individuals perceive cross-border movements. As an alternative, I propose to conceptualise ‘migration’ and ‘mobility’ as categories reflecting perspectives that either normalise sedentariness and fixed borders or movement and fluidity. In a second step, I combine the two perspectives with the perceptions of the state as the main regulator of movement and the individual on the move, leading to four ideal-typical situations of aligned and non-aligned perspectives on human movement. This notion of intersecting perspectives can help us explain both policy-making processes and the impact of migration policies. This is illustrated through two examples of EU-level policies on intra-corporate transferees on the one hand and family reunification on the other.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"18 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135043214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278401
Hewan Girma, Alpha Abebe
ABSTRACTThe term ‘diaspora’ continues to have purchase, as public and scholarly communities grapple with a world increasingly characterized by transnational flows of people, ideas, and capital. The concept has played a critical role in making these messy constellations of social, political, and economic ties both visible and legible. However, transnational adoptees are often positioned just outside this analytical purview, and their migrations, identity processes, and political projects are rarely examined through a ‘diasporic’ conceptual lens. Based on 20 in-depth interviews with adult Ethiopian adoptees residing in the US, this paper discusses the points of dis/connection between Ethiopian adoptees and the larger Ethiopian diaspora. We focus on how Ethiopian adoptees navigate their inclusion/exclusion as peripheral actors across social groups, as well as the active work they engage in to negotiate their diasporic identities, belongings and personal politic. This analysis draws our attention to new actors at the edges of diasporic communities, which complicates and enriches mainstream conceptions of diaspora.KEYWORDS: BelongingdiasporaEthiopiaidentitytransnational adoption Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 It is not uncommon that transnational adoptees have at least one living birth parent. UNICEF (Citation2014) defines an orphan as a child with one deceased parent, distinguishing between maternal, paternal, and double orphans. Moreover, children can be erroneously categorized as orphans to fraudulently create a constant supply of ‘adoptable’ children to prospective adoptive parents (Hailu Citation2017; Steenrod Citation2022). To illustrate, Hannah Pool (Citation2009), an Ethiopian/Eritrean adoptee, writes about how she discovered that her father is well and alive in her thirties. Similarly, in our sample alone, 14 out of the 20 adoptees have at least one living birth parent and have maintained or re-established contact with their families in Ethiopia.2 Zahara Marley Jolie-Pitt (b. 2005) is the adopted daughter of the celebrity couple Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. Zahara was born in Hawassa, Ethiopia and known as Yemeserach before being adopted at six month old.3 Tsehay Hawkins (b. 2005), was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and adopted by a white Australia couple at five months old. She is an actor, dancer and singer, best known as a member of the Australia children's music group The Wiggles.4 See https://www.uscis.gov/adoption/country-information/adoption-information-ethiopia (last accessed 9/23/2023).5 According to Peter Selman (Citation2022) between 2003 and 2016, 32,000 Ethiopian children were adopted to eight Global North countries, namely the U.S. Canada, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, and Belgium. This does not include adoptions that took place prior to 2003 and between 2016 and 2018, when the practice was banned by the Ethiopian government. Moreover, other significant destinatio
{"title":"Outsiders within: examining Ethiopian adoptee experiences through a diasporic lens","authors":"Hewan Girma, Alpha Abebe","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278401","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe term ‘diaspora’ continues to have purchase, as public and scholarly communities grapple with a world increasingly characterized by transnational flows of people, ideas, and capital. The concept has played a critical role in making these messy constellations of social, political, and economic ties both visible and legible. However, transnational adoptees are often positioned just outside this analytical purview, and their migrations, identity processes, and political projects are rarely examined through a ‘diasporic’ conceptual lens. Based on 20 in-depth interviews with adult Ethiopian adoptees residing in the US, this paper discusses the points of dis/connection between Ethiopian adoptees and the larger Ethiopian diaspora. We focus on how Ethiopian adoptees navigate their inclusion/exclusion as peripheral actors across social groups, as well as the active work they engage in to negotiate their diasporic identities, belongings and personal politic. This analysis draws our attention to new actors at the edges of diasporic communities, which complicates and enriches mainstream conceptions of diaspora.KEYWORDS: BelongingdiasporaEthiopiaidentitytransnational adoption Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 It is not uncommon that transnational adoptees have at least one living birth parent. UNICEF (Citation2014) defines an orphan as a child with one deceased parent, distinguishing between maternal, paternal, and double orphans. Moreover, children can be erroneously categorized as orphans to fraudulently create a constant supply of ‘adoptable’ children to prospective adoptive parents (Hailu Citation2017; Steenrod Citation2022). To illustrate, Hannah Pool (Citation2009), an Ethiopian/Eritrean adoptee, writes about how she discovered that her father is well and alive in her thirties. Similarly, in our sample alone, 14 out of the 20 adoptees have at least one living birth parent and have maintained or re-established contact with their families in Ethiopia.2 Zahara Marley Jolie-Pitt (b. 2005) is the adopted daughter of the celebrity couple Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. Zahara was born in Hawassa, Ethiopia and known as Yemeserach before being adopted at six month old.3 Tsehay Hawkins (b. 2005), was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and adopted by a white Australia couple at five months old. She is an actor, dancer and singer, best known as a member of the Australia children's music group The Wiggles.4 See https://www.uscis.gov/adoption/country-information/adoption-information-ethiopia (last accessed 9/23/2023).5 According to Peter Selman (Citation2022) between 2003 and 2016, 32,000 Ethiopian children were adopted to eight Global North countries, namely the U.S. Canada, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, and Belgium. This does not include adoptions that took place prior to 2003 and between 2016 and 2018, when the practice was banned by the Ethiopian government. Moreover, other significant destinatio","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":" 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278397
Ayan Yasin Abdi
ABSTRACTThis article explores the moralities behind some diasporic Somalis’ high mobility. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork among diasporic Somalis who have migrated from western countries and relocated to Turkey. Drawing on mobility studies, the analysis shows that the reasons behind their mobility relate to the protection of their second-generation children from ‘bad moral behaviour’ by exposing them to stronger traditional cultural values. The study applies the notion of ‘moral geography’, which is mobility motivated by moral considerations, and the choice of geographical location that is aligned with migrants’ moral values. In this article, I argue that the (hyper)mobility of diasporic Somalis creates particular moral geographies that cannot be reduced to a question of either nomadism or sedentarism. I look at the first-generation diasporic Somalis’ mobility patterns and the meanings they attribute to it.KEYWORDS: Mobilitymigrationmoral geographiesnomadismsedentarism AcknowledgmentI sincerely appreciate Dr. Nasir Warfa and Professor Cawo Abdi for their invaluable insights and expertise. My deep gratitude to my supervisors, Associate Professor Lise Galal and Senior Researcher Nauja Kleist, for their unwavering support and feedback. Thanks to the reviewers for their constructive feedback and suggestions. Lastly, I thank the editors for their timely handling of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
{"title":"Moral geographies and their application among diasporic Somalis’","authors":"Ayan Yasin Abdi","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278397","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article explores the moralities behind some diasporic Somalis’ high mobility. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork among diasporic Somalis who have migrated from western countries and relocated to Turkey. Drawing on mobility studies, the analysis shows that the reasons behind their mobility relate to the protection of their second-generation children from ‘bad moral behaviour’ by exposing them to stronger traditional cultural values. The study applies the notion of ‘moral geography’, which is mobility motivated by moral considerations, and the choice of geographical location that is aligned with migrants’ moral values. In this article, I argue that the (hyper)mobility of diasporic Somalis creates particular moral geographies that cannot be reduced to a question of either nomadism or sedentarism. I look at the first-generation diasporic Somalis’ mobility patterns and the meanings they attribute to it.KEYWORDS: Mobilitymigrationmoral geographiesnomadismsedentarism AcknowledgmentI sincerely appreciate Dr. Nasir Warfa and Professor Cawo Abdi for their invaluable insights and expertise. My deep gratitude to my supervisors, Associate Professor Lise Galal and Senior Researcher Nauja Kleist, for their unwavering support and feedback. Thanks to the reviewers for their constructive feedback and suggestions. Lastly, I thank the editors for their timely handling of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"9 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278413
Jörg Rössel, Patrick Schenk, Ilona Pap
The importance of remittances for economic development and the maintenance of transnational social relationships have been widely discussed. Based on data from Switzerland, we analyze the roles of transnational social relations and moral obligations for the likelihood of sending remittances among intra-European migrants from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Our data shows high levels of remitting among these groups, with migrants from South-East European countries sending remittances primarily to family and friends and migrants from Portugal and Great Britain sending remittances primarily to their own bank account. Furthermore, by using differentiated and direct measures for social relations and moral obligations, we show that strong social ties as well as moral family obligations are relevant predictors of sending remittances, beyond measures of various desires and capacities to remit usually discussed in the literature. However, these effects also vary according to social relation and remittance type. Together, the results make a strong case for the social embeddedness of remittances and the importance of including migrants from western and southern Europe in empirical research.
{"title":"Patterns of remittances of intra-European migrants: social relations and moral obligations","authors":"Jörg Rössel, Patrick Schenk, Ilona Pap","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278413","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of remittances for economic development and the maintenance of transnational social relationships have been widely discussed. Based on data from Switzerland, we analyze the roles of transnational social relations and moral obligations for the likelihood of sending remittances among intra-European migrants from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Our data shows high levels of remitting among these groups, with migrants from South-East European countries sending remittances primarily to family and friends and migrants from Portugal and Great Britain sending remittances primarily to their own bank account. Furthermore, by using differentiated and direct measures for social relations and moral obligations, we show that strong social ties as well as moral family obligations are relevant predictors of sending remittances, beyond measures of various desires and capacities to remit usually discussed in the literature. However, these effects also vary according to social relation and remittance type. Together, the results make a strong case for the social embeddedness of remittances and the importance of including migrants from western and southern Europe in empirical research.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"323 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135475173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278403
Miriam Magaña Lopez, Johan Fredrik Rye
This paper analyzes how agents such as agricultural migrants, agricultural employers and local community representatives apply the dual frame of reference (DFR) to naturalize, rationalize and justify the presence of exploitative labor practices for agricultural migrants. The paper gives a qualitative account of social dynamics in two agricultural-dependent communities located in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway. Qualitative one-on-one interviews with agricultural migrant workers (n = 11), employers (n = 10) and community representatives (n = 12) were conducted in English and Spanish. Our findings demonstrate how DFR is utilized by employers to justify labor strategies that rely on migrant workers, employees to rationalize their participation in exploitive work, and by local community representatives to naturalize the exploitative labor practices of migrant workers in their community. Our research findings further add to the analysis by suggesting that the frames of reference are dynamic based on changes of material conditions in the home country. Lastly, we find a third frame of reference focused on the future of the agricultural worker and the hopes for future generations. Combined, these perspectives add to the understanding of the disempowerment of workers, lack of successful changes and overall, upkeeping of exploitative migrant labor systems in the agricultural industries and beyond.
{"title":"Dual frames of reference: naturalization, rationalization and justification of poor working conditions. A comparative study of migrant agricultural work in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway","authors":"Miriam Magaña Lopez, Johan Fredrik Rye","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278403","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes how agents such as agricultural migrants, agricultural employers and local community representatives apply the dual frame of reference (DFR) to naturalize, rationalize and justify the presence of exploitative labor practices for agricultural migrants. The paper gives a qualitative account of social dynamics in two agricultural-dependent communities located in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway. Qualitative one-on-one interviews with agricultural migrant workers (n = 11), employers (n = 10) and community representatives (n = 12) were conducted in English and Spanish. Our findings demonstrate how DFR is utilized by employers to justify labor strategies that rely on migrant workers, employees to rationalize their participation in exploitive work, and by local community representatives to naturalize the exploitative labor practices of migrant workers in their community. Our research findings further add to the analysis by suggesting that the frames of reference are dynamic based on changes of material conditions in the home country. Lastly, we find a third frame of reference focused on the future of the agricultural worker and the hopes for future generations. Combined, these perspectives add to the understanding of the disempowerment of workers, lack of successful changes and overall, upkeeping of exploitative migrant labor systems in the agricultural industries and beyond.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"317 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135474912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278407
Irene Schöfberger, Wilfried Coly
ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how policies on migration in West Africa and from the region to Europe address and frame migrants’ deaths and right to life in general and actions recommended in objective 8 of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) in particular. The paper is based on an analysis of West African national, as well as African and (West) African-European transnational policy and strategy documents. It finds that while the adoption of GCM objective 8 has contributed to slightly increase policy attention to migrants’ deaths and right to life, narrative frames have been key for the justification of how the six actions recommended in the objective have been addressed and implemented at the national, regional, and transregional levels. African policy documents supporting human right-oriented narrative frames have tended to include more comprehensive provisions, and European Union-(West) African policy documents supporting deterrence-oriented frames have tended to include less provisions.KEYWORDS: Narrative framesright to lifedeathsWest AfricaEurope AcknowledgementsAuthors wish to thank Andrea García Borja, Marta Sanchez Dionis and Julia Black for insightful discussions and advice. They would also like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Wilfried Coly works on IOM’s Missing Migrants Project.Notes1 https://missingmigrants.iom.int/ (Accessed 25 July 2023). The MMP gathers information from different sources, including official records, reports by the media and non-governmental organisations, and interviews with migrants. However, several challenges hinder collection of data on migrant deaths, including difficulties of finding bodies in remote areas and inconsistent reporting. In addition, the MMP only records data on migrants dying during international migration journeys; it does not record data on deaths in detention facilities or refugee camps, after deportation, within countries of origin and at destination. Consequently, actual numbers of migrant deaths are likely to be much higher.2 West African states considered in this paper are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. These states are all ECOWAS member states.3 See for example: Europe’s Deadly Border Policies | Human Rights Watch (hrw.org); Over 100 deaths at sea in one week as European States look away (Accessed 28 January 2023)
摘要本文研究了西非和从该地区到欧洲的移民政策如何处理和框架移民的死亡和生命权，特别是安全、有序和正常移民全球契约(GCM)目标8中建议的行动。本文基于对西非国家，以及非洲和(西非)非洲-欧洲跨国政策和战略文件的分析。它认为，虽然通过《全球移民契约》目标8有助于略微增加政策对移民死亡和生命权的关注，但叙述框架是说明如何在国家、区域和跨区域各级处理和执行目标中建议的六项行动的关键。支持以人权为导向的叙述框架的非洲政策文件往往包括更全面的规定，而支持以威慑为导向的框架的欧洲联盟(西非)政策文件往往包括较少的规定。作者要感谢Andrea García Borja, Marta Sanchez Dionis和Julia Black提供的深刻的讨论和建议。他们还想感谢三位匿名评论者提出的宝贵建议。披露声明作者声明，他们没有已知的竞争经济利益或个人关系，可能会影响本文所报道的工作。Wilfried Coly就职于国际移民组织的失踪移民项目。注1 https://missingmigrants.iom.int/(2023年7月25日访问)。MMP从不同来源收集信息，包括官方记录、媒体和非政府组织的报道以及对移民的采访。然而，一些挑战阻碍了收集关于移徙者死亡的数据，包括难以在偏远地区找到尸体和报告不一致。此外，MMP只记录移民在国际移民途中死亡的数据;它没有记录拘留设施或难民营中、驱逐出境后、原籍国境内和目的地国的死亡数据。因此，移徙者的实际死亡人数可能要高得多本文考虑的西非国家包括:贝宁、布基纳法索、佛得角、Côte科特迪瓦、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥。这些国家都是西非经共体成员国参见:欧洲致命的边境政策|人权观察;欧洲国家置若罔闻，一周内海上死亡人数超过100人(获取时间为2023年1月28日)
{"title":"Rights to life during migration in and from West Africa: the role of policies and narrative frames","authors":"Irene Schöfberger, Wilfried Coly","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how policies on migration in West Africa and from the region to Europe address and frame migrants’ deaths and right to life in general and actions recommended in objective 8 of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) in particular. The paper is based on an analysis of West African national, as well as African and (West) African-European transnational policy and strategy documents. It finds that while the adoption of GCM objective 8 has contributed to slightly increase policy attention to migrants’ deaths and right to life, narrative frames have been key for the justification of how the six actions recommended in the objective have been addressed and implemented at the national, regional, and transregional levels. African policy documents supporting human right-oriented narrative frames have tended to include more comprehensive provisions, and European Union-(West) African policy documents supporting deterrence-oriented frames have tended to include less provisions.KEYWORDS: Narrative framesright to lifedeathsWest AfricaEurope AcknowledgementsAuthors wish to thank Andrea García Borja, Marta Sanchez Dionis and Julia Black for insightful discussions and advice. They would also like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Wilfried Coly works on IOM’s Missing Migrants Project.Notes1 https://missingmigrants.iom.int/ (Accessed 25 July 2023). The MMP gathers information from different sources, including official records, reports by the media and non-governmental organisations, and interviews with migrants. However, several challenges hinder collection of data on migrant deaths, including difficulties of finding bodies in remote areas and inconsistent reporting. In addition, the MMP only records data on migrants dying during international migration journeys; it does not record data on deaths in detention facilities or refugee camps, after deportation, within countries of origin and at destination. Consequently, actual numbers of migrant deaths are likely to be much higher.2 West African states considered in this paper are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. These states are all ECOWAS member states.3 See for example: Europe’s Deadly Border Policies | Human Rights Watch (hrw.org); Over 100 deaths at sea in one week as European States look away (Accessed 28 January 2023)","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"2016 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268894
Paul Statham
This study critiques the use of ‘Muslim’ as an analytic category and overfocus on religiosity as an explanatory variable in studies on conflicts between Muslims and national majorities over ‘liberal democratic values’. We call this tendency the Muslimification of Muslims. We demonstrate how this research reproduces and reinforces stereotypes drawn from dominant resonant public debates. To challenge these assumptions, we turn the research inquiry around so that ‘Muslim’ and religiosity become objects not tools for analysis. Revisiting the EurIslam survey data-set, explicitly designed for studying socio-cultural distances between Muslims and majorities, we examine boundary construction over ‘liberal democratic values’. For Muslims, first, we test for differences between four ethnonational family origin groups – Ex-Yugoslavians, Moroccans, Turks, Pakistanis- and second, for the explanatory power of religiosity compared to non-religious cultural variables. Findings are clear-cut: family ethnonational origin matters and there are different group trajectories of acculturation; religiosity has a very modest impact and much less than self-identification with settlement-country which pushes in the opposite acculturative direction. Simply put, regarding the construction of differences over ‘liberal democratic values’, not all Muslims are the same, and it is not all about practicing Islam. It is time for a re-think and a de-Muslimification of academic research.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270343
Yining Tan, Wei Li
ABSTRACTThe increasing globalization and rising knowledge-based economy have created a higher-than-ever demand for skilled workers. China, among some Global South countries, is joining the race for talent to alleviate the brain drain. Using the conceptual framework of ‘intellectual migration’, this study examines how the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China is increasingly becoming an ‘intellectual gateway’ that attracts and retains skilled international migrants. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews with skilled US migrants in this region, this article addresses the following research questions: (1) Why do skilled US migrants choose the region as their migration destination; and (2) As a rising intellectual gateway, how does the PRD region shape the integration of skilled US migrants?Our findings suggest that the PRD region’s knowledge-based economy and socio-cultural environment serve as strong magnets that attract skilled US migrants. These factors are critical to the structural and socio-cultural integration of skilled international migrants. The research advances the intellectual migration framework by providing empirical evidence on the geography of intellectual migration in a fast-growing megalopolis in the Global South, demonstrating the diversity of intellectual migrants and intellectual gateways. Policy implications include supporting the synergy of structural and socio-cultural integration of global talent.KEYWORDS: Intellectual gatewayskilled migrationlocational choiceintegrationChina AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) partially funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies. We thank American Association of Geographer’s Dissertation Grant and Arizona State University’s Melvin G. Marcus Memorial Fellowship and Matthew G. Bailey Scholarship for supporting the fieldwork. We are thankful for the insightful comments from the anonymous reviewers. We thank Dr. Elizabeth Chacko for her feedback on an earlier draft of the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Siqiao Xie for introducing key literature to us. We appreciate all the participants for sharing their migration and life experiences.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
摘要随着全球化的发展和知识经济的兴起，对技术工人的需求比以往任何时候都高。中国和一些全球南方国家正在加入人才争夺战，以缓解人才流失。本研究利用“智力移民”的概念框架，探讨了中国珠江三角洲(PRD)地区如何日益成为吸引和留住技术移民的“智力门户”。通过对该地区58位美国技术移民的半结构化访谈，本文解决了以下研究问题:(1)为什么美国技术移民选择该地区作为他们的移民目的地;(2)作为新兴的知识门户，珠三角地区如何塑造美国技术移民的融合?我们的研究结果表明，珠三角地区的知识经济和社会文化环境是吸引美国技术移民的强大磁石。这些因素对于熟练国际移徙者的结构和社会文化融合至关重要。本研究通过对全球南方快速发展的特大城市的知识移民地理提供实证证据，展示了知识移民和知识门户的多样性，从而推进了知识移民框架。政策影响包括支持全球人才的结构和社会文化融合的协同作用。关键字:智力门户技术移民区位选择整合中国鸣谢人:美国国家科学基金项目(BCS-1660526)为本文所依据的研究项目提供部分资助。本文仅代表作者个人观点，并不一定反映资助机构的观点。我们感谢美国地理学家协会的论文资助和亚利桑那州立大学的Melvin G. Marcus纪念奖学金和Matthew G. Bailey奖学金对实地工作的支持。我们非常感谢来自匿名评论者的富有洞察力的评论。我们感谢Elizabeth Chacko博士对初稿的反馈。我们也感谢谢思乔先生为我们介绍的关键文献。我们感谢所有与会者分享他们的移民和生活经验。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。
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Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270331
Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Yining Tan
ABSTRACTInternational student mobility, taking place within the framework of globalisation, internationalisation and transnationalism, has attained much attention. This paper adopts the Intellectual Migration framework to further our understanding of mobility regarding international higher education. It simultaneously studies China-born students in both China and North America to empirically examine the propensity for student mobility across national borders and the determining factors behind the realisation of such mobility under the same set of geopolitical and international circumstances. The analysis is based on a set of cross-sectional surveys conducted in the 2017–2019 period that yields over 1600 data points. We compare the ‘who’, ‘why’ and ‘where’ aspects of migration between domestic students in China and Chinese international students in North America to delineate the factors underlying international student mobility. By highlighting aspirations and capabilities on mobility outcomes, this paper contributes to differentiating mobility between undergraduate and graduate students and the implications for social inequality. Our analysis also reveals the unequal spatial distributions of educational resources between intellectual gateways and peripheries, and by extension between the Global North and the Global South. The findings of this paper have policy implications on improving the quality, accessibility, and equity of higher education.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationundergraduate student mobilitygraduate student mobilityChinaNorth America AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526), a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168), and a National Science Foundation of China grant (71742004) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We are aware that there are possibilities for Chinese undergraduate students to transfer credits to another undergraduate program abroad, or for Chinese students with undergraduate degrees to pursue another undergraduate degree overseas. But in most cases, most Chinese students would choose for program progression when studying abroad, which is the focus of this paper.
{"title":"Students on the move? Intellectual migration and international student mobility","authors":"Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Yining Tan","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270331","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTInternational student mobility, taking place within the framework of globalisation, internationalisation and transnationalism, has attained much attention. This paper adopts the Intellectual Migration framework to further our understanding of mobility regarding international higher education. It simultaneously studies China-born students in both China and North America to empirically examine the propensity for student mobility across national borders and the determining factors behind the realisation of such mobility under the same set of geopolitical and international circumstances. The analysis is based on a set of cross-sectional surveys conducted in the 2017–2019 period that yields over 1600 data points. We compare the ‘who’, ‘why’ and ‘where’ aspects of migration between domestic students in China and Chinese international students in North America to delineate the factors underlying international student mobility. By highlighting aspirations and capabilities on mobility outcomes, this paper contributes to differentiating mobility between undergraduate and graduate students and the implications for social inequality. Our analysis also reveals the unequal spatial distributions of educational resources between intellectual gateways and peripheries, and by extension between the Global North and the Global South. The findings of this paper have policy implications on improving the quality, accessibility, and equity of higher education.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationundergraduate student mobilitygraduate student mobilityChinaNorth America AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526), a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168), and a National Science Foundation of China grant (71742004) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We are aware that there are possibilities for Chinese undergraduate students to transfer credits to another undergraduate program abroad, or for Chinese students with undergraduate degrees to pursue another undergraduate degree overseas. But in most cases, most Chinese students would choose for program progression when studying abroad, which is the focus of this paper.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"241 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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