Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278413
Jörg Rössel, Patrick Schenk, Ilona Pap
The importance of remittances for economic development and the maintenance of transnational social relationships have been widely discussed. Based on data from Switzerland, we analyze the roles of transnational social relations and moral obligations for the likelihood of sending remittances among intra-European migrants from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Our data shows high levels of remitting among these groups, with migrants from South-East European countries sending remittances primarily to family and friends and migrants from Portugal and Great Britain sending remittances primarily to their own bank account. Furthermore, by using differentiated and direct measures for social relations and moral obligations, we show that strong social ties as well as moral family obligations are relevant predictors of sending remittances, beyond measures of various desires and capacities to remit usually discussed in the literature. However, these effects also vary according to social relation and remittance type. Together, the results make a strong case for the social embeddedness of remittances and the importance of including migrants from western and southern Europe in empirical research.
{"title":"Patterns of remittances of intra-European migrants: social relations and moral obligations","authors":"Jörg Rössel, Patrick Schenk, Ilona Pap","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278413","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of remittances for economic development and the maintenance of transnational social relationships have been widely discussed. Based on data from Switzerland, we analyze the roles of transnational social relations and moral obligations for the likelihood of sending remittances among intra-European migrants from Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Our data shows high levels of remitting among these groups, with migrants from South-East European countries sending remittances primarily to family and friends and migrants from Portugal and Great Britain sending remittances primarily to their own bank account. Furthermore, by using differentiated and direct measures for social relations and moral obligations, we show that strong social ties as well as moral family obligations are relevant predictors of sending remittances, beyond measures of various desires and capacities to remit usually discussed in the literature. However, these effects also vary according to social relation and remittance type. Together, the results make a strong case for the social embeddedness of remittances and the importance of including migrants from western and southern Europe in empirical research.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"323 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135475173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278403
Miriam Magaña Lopez, Johan Fredrik Rye
This paper analyzes how agents such as agricultural migrants, agricultural employers and local community representatives apply the dual frame of reference (DFR) to naturalize, rationalize and justify the presence of exploitative labor practices for agricultural migrants. The paper gives a qualitative account of social dynamics in two agricultural-dependent communities located in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway. Qualitative one-on-one interviews with agricultural migrant workers (n = 11), employers (n = 10) and community representatives (n = 12) were conducted in English and Spanish. Our findings demonstrate how DFR is utilized by employers to justify labor strategies that rely on migrant workers, employees to rationalize their participation in exploitive work, and by local community representatives to naturalize the exploitative labor practices of migrant workers in their community. Our research findings further add to the analysis by suggesting that the frames of reference are dynamic based on changes of material conditions in the home country. Lastly, we find a third frame of reference focused on the future of the agricultural worker and the hopes for future generations. Combined, these perspectives add to the understanding of the disempowerment of workers, lack of successful changes and overall, upkeeping of exploitative migrant labor systems in the agricultural industries and beyond.
{"title":"Dual frames of reference: naturalization, rationalization and justification of poor working conditions. A comparative study of migrant agricultural work in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway","authors":"Miriam Magaña Lopez, Johan Fredrik Rye","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278403","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes how agents such as agricultural migrants, agricultural employers and local community representatives apply the dual frame of reference (DFR) to naturalize, rationalize and justify the presence of exploitative labor practices for agricultural migrants. The paper gives a qualitative account of social dynamics in two agricultural-dependent communities located in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway. Qualitative one-on-one interviews with agricultural migrant workers (n = 11), employers (n = 10) and community representatives (n = 12) were conducted in English and Spanish. Our findings demonstrate how DFR is utilized by employers to justify labor strategies that rely on migrant workers, employees to rationalize their participation in exploitive work, and by local community representatives to naturalize the exploitative labor practices of migrant workers in their community. Our research findings further add to the analysis by suggesting that the frames of reference are dynamic based on changes of material conditions in the home country. Lastly, we find a third frame of reference focused on the future of the agricultural worker and the hopes for future generations. Combined, these perspectives add to the understanding of the disempowerment of workers, lack of successful changes and overall, upkeeping of exploitative migrant labor systems in the agricultural industries and beyond.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"317 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135474912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278407
Irene Schöfberger, Wilfried Coly
ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how policies on migration in West Africa and from the region to Europe address and frame migrants’ deaths and right to life in general and actions recommended in objective 8 of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) in particular. The paper is based on an analysis of West African national, as well as African and (West) African-European transnational policy and strategy documents. It finds that while the adoption of GCM objective 8 has contributed to slightly increase policy attention to migrants’ deaths and right to life, narrative frames have been key for the justification of how the six actions recommended in the objective have been addressed and implemented at the national, regional, and transregional levels. African policy documents supporting human right-oriented narrative frames have tended to include more comprehensive provisions, and European Union-(West) African policy documents supporting deterrence-oriented frames have tended to include less provisions.KEYWORDS: Narrative framesright to lifedeathsWest AfricaEurope AcknowledgementsAuthors wish to thank Andrea García Borja, Marta Sanchez Dionis and Julia Black for insightful discussions and advice. They would also like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Wilfried Coly works on IOM’s Missing Migrants Project.Notes1 https://missingmigrants.iom.int/ (Accessed 25 July 2023). The MMP gathers information from different sources, including official records, reports by the media and non-governmental organisations, and interviews with migrants. However, several challenges hinder collection of data on migrant deaths, including difficulties of finding bodies in remote areas and inconsistent reporting. In addition, the MMP only records data on migrants dying during international migration journeys; it does not record data on deaths in detention facilities or refugee camps, after deportation, within countries of origin and at destination. Consequently, actual numbers of migrant deaths are likely to be much higher.2 West African states considered in this paper are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. These states are all ECOWAS member states.3 See for example: Europe’s Deadly Border Policies | Human Rights Watch (hrw.org); Over 100 deaths at sea in one week as European States look away (Accessed 28 January 2023)
摘要本文研究了西非和从该地区到欧洲的移民政策如何处理和框架移民的死亡和生命权，特别是安全、有序和正常移民全球契约(GCM)目标8中建议的行动。本文基于对西非国家，以及非洲和(西非)非洲-欧洲跨国政策和战略文件的分析。它认为，虽然通过《全球移民契约》目标8有助于略微增加政策对移民死亡和生命权的关注，但叙述框架是说明如何在国家、区域和跨区域各级处理和执行目标中建议的六项行动的关键。支持以人权为导向的叙述框架的非洲政策文件往往包括更全面的规定，而支持以威慑为导向的框架的欧洲联盟(西非)政策文件往往包括较少的规定。作者要感谢Andrea García Borja, Marta Sanchez Dionis和Julia Black提供的深刻的讨论和建议。他们还想感谢三位匿名评论者提出的宝贵建议。披露声明作者声明，他们没有已知的竞争经济利益或个人关系，可能会影响本文所报道的工作。Wilfried Coly就职于国际移民组织的失踪移民项目。注1 https://missingmigrants.iom.int/(2023年7月25日访问)。MMP从不同来源收集信息，包括官方记录、媒体和非政府组织的报道以及对移民的采访。然而，一些挑战阻碍了收集关于移徙者死亡的数据，包括难以在偏远地区找到尸体和报告不一致。此外，MMP只记录移民在国际移民途中死亡的数据;它没有记录拘留设施或难民营中、驱逐出境后、原籍国境内和目的地国的死亡数据。因此，移徙者的实际死亡人数可能要高得多本文考虑的西非国家包括:贝宁、布基纳法索、佛得角、Côte科特迪瓦、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥。这些国家都是西非经共体成员国参见:欧洲致命的边境政策|人权观察;欧洲国家置若罔闻，一周内海上死亡人数超过100人(获取时间为2023年1月28日)
{"title":"Rights to life during migration in and from West Africa: the role of policies and narrative frames","authors":"Irene Schöfberger, Wilfried Coly","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2278407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how policies on migration in West Africa and from the region to Europe address and frame migrants’ deaths and right to life in general and actions recommended in objective 8 of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) in particular. The paper is based on an analysis of West African national, as well as African and (West) African-European transnational policy and strategy documents. It finds that while the adoption of GCM objective 8 has contributed to slightly increase policy attention to migrants’ deaths and right to life, narrative frames have been key for the justification of how the six actions recommended in the objective have been addressed and implemented at the national, regional, and transregional levels. African policy documents supporting human right-oriented narrative frames have tended to include more comprehensive provisions, and European Union-(West) African policy documents supporting deterrence-oriented frames have tended to include less provisions.KEYWORDS: Narrative framesright to lifedeathsWest AfricaEurope AcknowledgementsAuthors wish to thank Andrea García Borja, Marta Sanchez Dionis and Julia Black for insightful discussions and advice. They would also like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Wilfried Coly works on IOM’s Missing Migrants Project.Notes1 https://missingmigrants.iom.int/ (Accessed 25 July 2023). The MMP gathers information from different sources, including official records, reports by the media and non-governmental organisations, and interviews with migrants. However, several challenges hinder collection of data on migrant deaths, including difficulties of finding bodies in remote areas and inconsistent reporting. In addition, the MMP only records data on migrants dying during international migration journeys; it does not record data on deaths in detention facilities or refugee camps, after deportation, within countries of origin and at destination. Consequently, actual numbers of migrant deaths are likely to be much higher.2 West African states considered in this paper are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. These states are all ECOWAS member states.3 See for example: Europe’s Deadly Border Policies | Human Rights Watch (hrw.org); Over 100 deaths at sea in one week as European States look away (Accessed 28 January 2023)","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"2016 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268894
Paul Statham
This study critiques the use of ‘Muslim’ as an analytic category and overfocus on religiosity as an explanatory variable in studies on conflicts between Muslims and national majorities over ‘liberal democratic values’. We call this tendency the Muslimification of Muslims. We demonstrate how this research reproduces and reinforces stereotypes drawn from dominant resonant public debates. To challenge these assumptions, we turn the research inquiry around so that ‘Muslim’ and religiosity become objects not tools for analysis. Revisiting the EurIslam survey data-set, explicitly designed for studying socio-cultural distances between Muslims and majorities, we examine boundary construction over ‘liberal democratic values’. For Muslims, first, we test for differences between four ethnonational family origin groups – Ex-Yugoslavians, Moroccans, Turks, Pakistanis- and second, for the explanatory power of religiosity compared to non-religious cultural variables. Findings are clear-cut: family ethnonational origin matters and there are different group trajectories of acculturation; religiosity has a very modest impact and much less than self-identification with settlement-country which pushes in the opposite acculturative direction. Simply put, regarding the construction of differences over ‘liberal democratic values’, not all Muslims are the same, and it is not all about practicing Islam. It is time for a re-think and a de-Muslimification of academic research.
{"title":"Challenging the <i>Muslimification</i> of Muslims in research on ‘liberal democratic values’: why culture matters beyond religion","authors":"Paul Statham","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268894","url":null,"abstract":"This study critiques the use of ‘Muslim’ as an analytic category and overfocus on religiosity as an explanatory variable in studies on conflicts between Muslims and national majorities over ‘liberal democratic values’. We call this tendency the Muslimification of Muslims. We demonstrate how this research reproduces and reinforces stereotypes drawn from dominant resonant public debates. To challenge these assumptions, we turn the research inquiry around so that ‘Muslim’ and religiosity become objects not tools for analysis. Revisiting the EurIslam survey data-set, explicitly designed for studying socio-cultural distances between Muslims and majorities, we examine boundary construction over ‘liberal democratic values’. For Muslims, first, we test for differences between four ethnonational family origin groups – Ex-Yugoslavians, Moroccans, Turks, Pakistanis- and second, for the explanatory power of religiosity compared to non-religious cultural variables. Findings are clear-cut: family ethnonational origin matters and there are different group trajectories of acculturation; religiosity has a very modest impact and much less than self-identification with settlement-country which pushes in the opposite acculturative direction. Simply put, regarding the construction of differences over ‘liberal democratic values’, not all Muslims are the same, and it is not all about practicing Islam. It is time for a re-think and a de-Muslimification of academic research.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"45 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270343
Yining Tan, Wei Li
ABSTRACTThe increasing globalization and rising knowledge-based economy have created a higher-than-ever demand for skilled workers. China, among some Global South countries, is joining the race for talent to alleviate the brain drain. Using the conceptual framework of ‘intellectual migration’, this study examines how the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China is increasingly becoming an ‘intellectual gateway’ that attracts and retains skilled international migrants. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews with skilled US migrants in this region, this article addresses the following research questions: (1) Why do skilled US migrants choose the region as their migration destination; and (2) As a rising intellectual gateway, how does the PRD region shape the integration of skilled US migrants?Our findings suggest that the PRD region’s knowledge-based economy and socio-cultural environment serve as strong magnets that attract skilled US migrants. These factors are critical to the structural and socio-cultural integration of skilled international migrants. The research advances the intellectual migration framework by providing empirical evidence on the geography of intellectual migration in a fast-growing megalopolis in the Global South, demonstrating the diversity of intellectual migrants and intellectual gateways. Policy implications include supporting the synergy of structural and socio-cultural integration of global talent.KEYWORDS: Intellectual gatewayskilled migrationlocational choiceintegrationChina AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) partially funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies. We thank American Association of Geographer’s Dissertation Grant and Arizona State University’s Melvin G. Marcus Memorial Fellowship and Matthew G. Bailey Scholarship for supporting the fieldwork. We are thankful for the insightful comments from the anonymous reviewers. We thank Dr. Elizabeth Chacko for her feedback on an earlier draft of the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Siqiao Xie for introducing key literature to us. We appreciate all the participants for sharing their migration and life experiences.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
摘要随着全球化的发展和知识经济的兴起，对技术工人的需求比以往任何时候都高。中国和一些全球南方国家正在加入人才争夺战，以缓解人才流失。本研究利用“智力移民”的概念框架，探讨了中国珠江三角洲(PRD)地区如何日益成为吸引和留住技术移民的“智力门户”。通过对该地区58位美国技术移民的半结构化访谈，本文解决了以下研究问题:(1)为什么美国技术移民选择该地区作为他们的移民目的地;(2)作为新兴的知识门户，珠三角地区如何塑造美国技术移民的融合?我们的研究结果表明，珠三角地区的知识经济和社会文化环境是吸引美国技术移民的强大磁石。这些因素对于熟练国际移徙者的结构和社会文化融合至关重要。本研究通过对全球南方快速发展的特大城市的知识移民地理提供实证证据，展示了知识移民和知识门户的多样性，从而推进了知识移民框架。政策影响包括支持全球人才的结构和社会文化融合的协同作用。关键字:智力门户技术移民区位选择整合中国鸣谢人:美国国家科学基金项目(BCS-1660526)为本文所依据的研究项目提供部分资助。本文仅代表作者个人观点，并不一定反映资助机构的观点。我们感谢美国地理学家协会的论文资助和亚利桑那州立大学的Melvin G. Marcus纪念奖学金和Matthew G. Bailey奖学金对实地工作的支持。我们非常感谢来自匿名评论者的富有洞察力的评论。我们感谢Elizabeth Chacko博士对初稿的反馈。我们也感谢谢思乔先生为我们介绍的关键文献。我们感谢所有与会者分享他们的移民和生活经验。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。
{"title":"Skilled US migrants in the Pearl River Delta region: the rise of an intellectual gateway in China","authors":"Yining Tan, Wei Li","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270343","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe increasing globalization and rising knowledge-based economy have created a higher-than-ever demand for skilled workers. China, among some Global South countries, is joining the race for talent to alleviate the brain drain. Using the conceptual framework of ‘intellectual migration’, this study examines how the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China is increasingly becoming an ‘intellectual gateway’ that attracts and retains skilled international migrants. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews with skilled US migrants in this region, this article addresses the following research questions: (1) Why do skilled US migrants choose the region as their migration destination; and (2) As a rising intellectual gateway, how does the PRD region shape the integration of skilled US migrants?Our findings suggest that the PRD region’s knowledge-based economy and socio-cultural environment serve as strong magnets that attract skilled US migrants. These factors are critical to the structural and socio-cultural integration of skilled international migrants. The research advances the intellectual migration framework by providing empirical evidence on the geography of intellectual migration in a fast-growing megalopolis in the Global South, demonstrating the diversity of intellectual migrants and intellectual gateways. Policy implications include supporting the synergy of structural and socio-cultural integration of global talent.KEYWORDS: Intellectual gatewayskilled migrationlocational choiceintegrationChina AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) partially funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies. We thank American Association of Geographer’s Dissertation Grant and Arizona State University’s Melvin G. Marcus Memorial Fellowship and Matthew G. Bailey Scholarship for supporting the fieldwork. We are thankful for the insightful comments from the anonymous reviewers. We thank Dr. Elizabeth Chacko for her feedback on an earlier draft of the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Siqiao Xie for introducing key literature to us. We appreciate all the participants for sharing their migration and life experiences.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"684 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270331
Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Yining Tan
ABSTRACTInternational student mobility, taking place within the framework of globalisation, internationalisation and transnationalism, has attained much attention. This paper adopts the Intellectual Migration framework to further our understanding of mobility regarding international higher education. It simultaneously studies China-born students in both China and North America to empirically examine the propensity for student mobility across national borders and the determining factors behind the realisation of such mobility under the same set of geopolitical and international circumstances. The analysis is based on a set of cross-sectional surveys conducted in the 2017–2019 period that yields over 1600 data points. We compare the ‘who’, ‘why’ and ‘where’ aspects of migration between domestic students in China and Chinese international students in North America to delineate the factors underlying international student mobility. By highlighting aspirations and capabilities on mobility outcomes, this paper contributes to differentiating mobility between undergraduate and graduate students and the implications for social inequality. Our analysis also reveals the unequal spatial distributions of educational resources between intellectual gateways and peripheries, and by extension between the Global North and the Global South. The findings of this paper have policy implications on improving the quality, accessibility, and equity of higher education.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationundergraduate student mobilitygraduate student mobilityChinaNorth America AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526), a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168), and a National Science Foundation of China grant (71742004) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We are aware that there are possibilities for Chinese undergraduate students to transfer credits to another undergraduate program abroad, or for Chinese students with undergraduate degrees to pursue another undergraduate degree overseas. But in most cases, most Chinese students would choose for program progression when studying abroad, which is the focus of this paper.
{"title":"Students on the move? Intellectual migration and international student mobility","authors":"Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Yining Tan","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270331","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTInternational student mobility, taking place within the framework of globalisation, internationalisation and transnationalism, has attained much attention. This paper adopts the Intellectual Migration framework to further our understanding of mobility regarding international higher education. It simultaneously studies China-born students in both China and North America to empirically examine the propensity for student mobility across national borders and the determining factors behind the realisation of such mobility under the same set of geopolitical and international circumstances. The analysis is based on a set of cross-sectional surveys conducted in the 2017–2019 period that yields over 1600 data points. We compare the ‘who’, ‘why’ and ‘where’ aspects of migration between domestic students in China and Chinese international students in North America to delineate the factors underlying international student mobility. By highlighting aspirations and capabilities on mobility outcomes, this paper contributes to differentiating mobility between undergraduate and graduate students and the implications for social inequality. Our analysis also reveals the unequal spatial distributions of educational resources between intellectual gateways and peripheries, and by extension between the Global North and the Global South. The findings of this paper have policy implications on improving the quality, accessibility, and equity of higher education.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationundergraduate student mobilitygraduate student mobilityChinaNorth America AcknowledgementA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526), a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168), and a National Science Foundation of China grant (71742004) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We are aware that there are possibilities for Chinese undergraduate students to transfer credits to another undergraduate program abroad, or for Chinese students with undergraduate degrees to pursue another undergraduate degree overseas. But in most cases, most Chinese students would choose for program progression when studying abroad, which is the focus of this paper.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"241 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270337
Xiaojie Li
ABSTRACTForeign-born scholars can accumulate and/or utilise their intellectual capital (IC) through intellectual migration. IC is a combination of transferrable human, cultural, and social capital. While IC has been conceptualised, no known studies have measured it. As foreign-born scholars often develop academic networks that transcend geographical and ethnic boundaries, their IC should not be simplified as a single scale. Adopting the ego-centric network analysis method, this study proposes an approach to quantify foreign-born scholars’ IC based on their co-author network. This approach includes a group of measures to capture IC within and between different geographic and ethnic contexts. Based on the co-authorship data collected among China-born scholars at a public research university in the U.S., this study examines how their IC levels evolve over time, differ between younger- and older-generation scholars, and whether they are influenced by where one receives a PhD degree.KEYWORDS: China-born scholarsintellectual capitaltransnational research collaborationsocial network analysisco-authorship networks Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270342
Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Ling Ma
ABSTRACTThis is a comparative study on Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou, China. Adopting the concepts of intellectual gateway (IG), intellectual node (IN) and intellectual capital (IC) from the intellectual migration (IM) framework, as well as the amenities perspective in migration studies, this article conceptualises Chengdu as an emerging IG and Guangzhou as a typical IG. Through analysing macro-level public data and first-hand interviews and survey data at the micro level, it explores academic returnees’destination choice and if urban amenities and individual preferences influence their onward migration intention. It concludes that academic returnees’choice of destination is not only highly related to their pursuit of IC development and economic capital, but is also influenced by their preferences of different types of cultural amenities. Chengdu’s cultural amenities tend to attract and retain more personal-life-oriented academic returnees, while Guangzhou is favoured by professional-life-oriented returnees. Furthermore, compared to returnees in Guangzhou, those in Chengdu are more likely to stay for longer terms. It is suggested that building rich cultural amenities and intellectual networks can be potential advantages for emerging IGs in attracting and retaining intellectual migrants.KEYWORDS: Academic returneesdestinationreturn migrationonward migrationamenity AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to extend their sincere appreciation to the editors and reviewers, for their careful reading as well as detailed and insightful comments. This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971183; 42371229;41971184).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 YTTP is a sub-program of TTP launched in 2011 to attract overseas top-tier scientists under the age of 40.2 Sichuan area refers to the geographic area of Sichuan, thus it includes Chongqing.
{"title":"Comparing Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou: reasons for return, choice of destination and onward migration intention","authors":"Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Ling Ma","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270342","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis is a comparative study on Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou, China. Adopting the concepts of intellectual gateway (IG), intellectual node (IN) and intellectual capital (IC) from the intellectual migration (IM) framework, as well as the amenities perspective in migration studies, this article conceptualises Chengdu as an emerging IG and Guangzhou as a typical IG. Through analysing macro-level public data and first-hand interviews and survey data at the micro level, it explores academic returnees’destination choice and if urban amenities and individual preferences influence their onward migration intention. It concludes that academic returnees’choice of destination is not only highly related to their pursuit of IC development and economic capital, but is also influenced by their preferences of different types of cultural amenities. Chengdu’s cultural amenities tend to attract and retain more personal-life-oriented academic returnees, while Guangzhou is favoured by professional-life-oriented returnees. Furthermore, compared to returnees in Guangzhou, those in Chengdu are more likely to stay for longer terms. It is suggested that building rich cultural amenities and intellectual networks can be potential advantages for emerging IGs in attracting and retaining intellectual migrants.KEYWORDS: Academic returneesdestinationreturn migrationonward migrationamenity AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to extend their sincere appreciation to the editors and reviewers, for their careful reading as well as detailed and insightful comments. This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971183; 42371229;41971184).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 YTTP is a sub-program of TTP launched in 2011 to attract overseas top-tier scientists under the age of 40.2 Sichuan area refers to the geographic area of Sichuan, thus it includes Chongqing.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"55 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270332
Yining Tan, Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Guanglong Pang
ABSTRACTThis paper advances the conceptualisation and application of intellectual capital, a key concept in the intellectual migration framework, to understand international student mobility. The intellectual migration framework contends that higher-education and highly-skilled migrants acquire, upgrade and utilise intellectual capital for upward career and social mobility. This paper argues that intellectual capital is not the sum of different forms of capitals, but a complete package with human, cultural and social capitals working in synergy through the agency of migrants. Focusing on higher-education students at the beginning of the intellectual migration continuum, it analyzes how intellectual capital is differentially accumulated at various stages of the educational process. Drawing on 51 semi-structured interviews with Chinese international students in North America, we learn that pre-migration intellectual capital, due largely to parents and family, reflects social inequality in contemporary societies whereas that obtained while studying abroad reveals more on individual agency. As such, intellectual capital accumulation abroad serves as a mediating process, especially for those with less privileged backgrounds. Supportive international higher education sectors in both sending and receiving countries can also assist students in their intellectual capital cultivation process and contribute to alleviating educational inequality.KEYWORDS: Intellectual capitalmobilityintellectual migrationChinese international studentsNorth America AcknowledgementWe appreciate all research participants for sharing their stories. We are grateful of the reviews and comments from the editor and the anonymous reviews. We also thank Dr. Elaine Ho of National University of Singapore for the feedback to the early draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). A US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Additional informationFundingA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.
{"title":"Intellectual capital and student mobility","authors":"Yining Tan, Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Guanglong Pang","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270332","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper advances the conceptualisation and application of intellectual capital, a key concept in the intellectual migration framework, to understand international student mobility. The intellectual migration framework contends that higher-education and highly-skilled migrants acquire, upgrade and utilise intellectual capital for upward career and social mobility. This paper argues that intellectual capital is not the sum of different forms of capitals, but a complete package with human, cultural and social capitals working in synergy through the agency of migrants. Focusing on higher-education students at the beginning of the intellectual migration continuum, it analyzes how intellectual capital is differentially accumulated at various stages of the educational process. Drawing on 51 semi-structured interviews with Chinese international students in North America, we learn that pre-migration intellectual capital, due largely to parents and family, reflects social inequality in contemporary societies whereas that obtained while studying abroad reveals more on individual agency. As such, intellectual capital accumulation abroad serves as a mediating process, especially for those with less privileged backgrounds. Supportive international higher education sectors in both sending and receiving countries can also assist students in their intellectual capital cultivation process and contribute to alleviating educational inequality.KEYWORDS: Intellectual capitalmobilityintellectual migrationChinese international studentsNorth America AcknowledgementWe appreciate all research participants for sharing their stories. We are grateful of the reviews and comments from the editor and the anonymous reviews. We also thank Dr. Elaine Ho of National University of Singapore for the feedback to the early draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). A US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Additional informationFundingA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"200 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270340
Zheng Lu, Yixi Lu, Lucia Lo, Haihua Zhu, Jason Jean
ABSTRACTAs a key player in intellectual migration, international students are affected by various micro-, meso- and macro-level factors when making their study destination choice. Existing literature on this topic mostly adopts a qualitative approach and limits to investigations of country choice. By applying exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometric modelling on a set of panel data, this study instead focuses on macro-level analyses of international students’ regional destination choice in China. First, we found that the spatial distribution of international students in China have changed over the course of our 1999–2018 study period. International students primarily concentrate in and/or around economic hubs or intellectual gateways although increase in semi-intellectual gateways are also observed. Second, international students in China has spatial effects and their study area choice is significantly affected by the number of international students studying there in the past, the quality of higher education, the availability of public infrastructure, touristic attractiveness, and the presence of policy incentives. These factors exercise greater influence on degree-seeking than non-degree-seeking students. Together, they represent persistence effect, learning and living environment effect, and spatial diffusion effect.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationinternational student mobilityspatial distributionChina Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The study area of this paper includes 31 provincial-level administrative regions in Mainland China. Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan are not included in the analysis.2 Chinese government scholarship (中国政府奖学金) refers to the scholarship to foreign students provided by Ministry of Education. MoE entrusts China Scholarship Council (CSC) to be responsible for the recruitment of Chinese government scholarship students and the management of daily affairs. In other words, Chinese government scholarship is a national-level scholarship provided by central government, and the data do not include scholarships provided by local governments and educational institutions.3 This Yearbook only provides monitoring data of key cities, and most of them are capital city of a province.4 Cluster maps for degree-seeking and non-degree-seeking students show similar features.5 CV=σ/X¯, of which σ is the standard deviation of dataset X and X¯ is the mean. A higher CV indicates a larger regional disparity of international students’ distribution.Additional informationFundingA grant from the National Social Science Fund of China (21BJL097) funded the research project that this article is based upon.
{"title":"International students in China: regional distribution and macro-influencing factors","authors":"Zheng Lu, Yixi Lu, Lucia Lo, Haihua Zhu, Jason Jean","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270340","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAs a key player in intellectual migration, international students are affected by various micro-, meso- and macro-level factors when making their study destination choice. Existing literature on this topic mostly adopts a qualitative approach and limits to investigations of country choice. By applying exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometric modelling on a set of panel data, this study instead focuses on macro-level analyses of international students’ regional destination choice in China. First, we found that the spatial distribution of international students in China have changed over the course of our 1999–2018 study period. International students primarily concentrate in and/or around economic hubs or intellectual gateways although increase in semi-intellectual gateways are also observed. Second, international students in China has spatial effects and their study area choice is significantly affected by the number of international students studying there in the past, the quality of higher education, the availability of public infrastructure, touristic attractiveness, and the presence of policy incentives. These factors exercise greater influence on degree-seeking than non-degree-seeking students. Together, they represent persistence effect, learning and living environment effect, and spatial diffusion effect.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationinternational student mobilityspatial distributionChina Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The study area of this paper includes 31 provincial-level administrative regions in Mainland China. Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan are not included in the analysis.2 Chinese government scholarship (中国政府奖学金) refers to the scholarship to foreign students provided by Ministry of Education. MoE entrusts China Scholarship Council (CSC) to be responsible for the recruitment of Chinese government scholarship students and the management of daily affairs. In other words, Chinese government scholarship is a national-level scholarship provided by central government, and the data do not include scholarships provided by local governments and educational institutions.3 This Yearbook only provides monitoring data of key cities, and most of them are capital city of a province.4 Cluster maps for degree-seeking and non-degree-seeking students show similar features.5 CV=σ/X¯, of which σ is the standard deviation of dataset X and X¯ is the mean. A higher CV indicates a larger regional disparity of international students’ distribution.Additional informationFundingA grant from the National Social Science Fund of China (21BJL097) funded the research project that this article is based upon.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"247 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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