Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01635-w
Giulia Valsecchi, Vincenzo Iacoviello, Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor
{"title":"Evolving Masculinity Norms Shape Men’s Willingness to Intervene in Workplace Sexual Harassment","authors":"Giulia Valsecchi, Vincenzo Iacoviello, Juan Manuel Falomir-Pichastor","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01635-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01635-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01636-9
R. Baumler, Nicholas A. Palomares
{"title":"Using Gender-Inclusive Restrooms Promotes Positive Attitudes Toward Trans and Non-Binary People: Explanations from Gender Salience and Intergroup Contact","authors":"R. Baumler, Nicholas A. Palomares","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01636-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01636-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender essentialism refers to commonly held cultural beliefs that men and women are innately different, comprising mutually exclusive gender groups that each have natural interests, preferences, and skills which differentiate them from one another. Utilizing cross-sectional data from an online survey collected from a nationwide sample of women college engineers in the United States ( N = 332), this study finds that gender essentialist beliefs among women who have entered a gender non-normative domain are quite low, yet there is variation by racial identity and social class background. Specifically, Black women with lower levels of parental education report significantly stronger essentialist beliefs than other groups. Further, analyses revealed that gender essentialist beliefs among women college engineers significantly predicted both a) higher levels of endorsement of the notion that their field is highly meritocratic and b) lower levels of awareness of the structural nature of gender inequality in engineering. Overall, the study makes a new contribution by examining how beliefs held among the next generation of women engineers could ultimately serve to reinforce gender inequality.
{"title":"Gender Essentialist Beliefs Among Women Engineers in College: Variation by Race and Social Class and Implications for Inequality","authors":"Catherine Riegle-Crumb, Ursula Nguyen, Franchesca Lyra, Tatiane Russo-Tait","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01632-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01632-z","url":null,"abstract":"Gender essentialism refers to commonly held cultural beliefs that men and women are innately different, comprising mutually exclusive gender groups that each have natural interests, preferences, and skills which differentiate them from one another. Utilizing cross-sectional data from an online survey collected from a nationwide sample of women college engineers in the United States ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 332), this study finds that gender essentialist beliefs among women who have entered a gender non-normative domain are quite low, yet there is variation by racial identity and social class background. Specifically, Black women with lower levels of parental education report significantly stronger essentialist beliefs than other groups. Further, analyses revealed that gender essentialist beliefs among women college engineers significantly predicted both a) higher levels of endorsement of the notion that their field is highly meritocratic and b) lower levels of awareness of the structural nature of gender inequality in engineering. Overall, the study makes a new contribution by examining how beliefs held among the next generation of women engineers could ultimately serve to reinforce gender inequality.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145703894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-Binary Lives in Europe: Identity, Subjective Well-Being, and Democratic Satisfaction in a Changing Social Landscape","authors":"Cosima Rughiniș, Simona-Nicoleta Vulpe, Ștefania Matei","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01633-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01633-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01631-0
Maryam Ware, Brianna A. Ladd, Lauren Hall, Jioni A. Lewis, Yara Mekawi
{"title":"Effects of Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Racial Private Regard on Cognitive Inhibition in Black Women","authors":"Maryam Ware, Brianna A. Ladd, Lauren Hall, Jioni A. Lewis, Yara Mekawi","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01631-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01631-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01624-z
Kine Bjørneby Olsen, Marte Olsen, Elizabeth J. Parks-Stamm, Kjærsti Thorsteinsen, Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Artur Sawicki, Göksu Celikkol, Jurand Sobiecki, Tomasz Besta, Sarah E. Martiny
As deviating from ingroup norms can have negative consequences, we predicted that failing to meet perceived masculine norms would be associated with lower well-being and satisfaction with life for young men. We chose two countries that differed in the rigidity of gender norms (i.e., Norway and Poland) and conducted two cross-sectional, cross-national studies to test these hypotheses: an exploratory pilot study (Study 1) and a main study with preregistered hypotheses (Study 2). In Study 1, 238 young men (aged 16–25), 82 from Norway ( Mage = 20.8 years, SD = 2.7) and 156 from Poland ( Mage = 20.8, SD = 2.0), completed an online questionnaire about perceived gender norms and self-ratings of agentic and communal traits, well-being, and satisfaction with life. In Study 2, teenage boys (aged 16–19) in their 1st and 2nd year of high school participated (213 Norwegian boys: Mage = 17.0, SD = 0.3; 507 Polish boys: Mage = 16.4, SD = 0.6). The more the young men negatively deviated from the perceived masculine norms within their society, the lower their well-being and satisfaction with life, regardless of nationality. The negative relationship between norm deviation and well-being remained significant when controlling for self-ratings in agency. Our findings suggest that helping young men navigate masculinity more flexibly, by addressing the psychological toll of not meeting agentic norms and promoting acceptance of a broader range of traits, could support their well-being and guide effective interventions for educators and policymakers.
{"title":"Deviating From Agentic Norms is Negatively Related to Young Men’s Well-Being and Satisfaction With Life","authors":"Kine Bjørneby Olsen, Marte Olsen, Elizabeth J. Parks-Stamm, Kjærsti Thorsteinsen, Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Artur Sawicki, Göksu Celikkol, Jurand Sobiecki, Tomasz Besta, Sarah E. Martiny","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01624-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01624-z","url":null,"abstract":"As deviating from ingroup norms can have negative consequences, we predicted that failing to meet perceived masculine norms would be associated with lower well-being and satisfaction with life for young men. We chose two countries that differed in the rigidity of gender norms (i.e., Norway and Poland) and conducted two cross-sectional, cross-national studies to test these hypotheses: an exploratory pilot study (Study 1) and a main study with preregistered hypotheses (Study 2). In Study 1, 238 young men (aged 16–25), 82 from Norway ( <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> <jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 20.8 years, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic> = 2.7) and 156 from Poland ( <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> <jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 20.8, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic> = 2.0), completed an online questionnaire about perceived gender norms and self-ratings of agentic and communal traits, well-being, and satisfaction with life. In Study 2, teenage boys (aged 16–19) in their 1st and 2nd year of high school participated (213 Norwegian boys: <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> <jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 17.0, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic> = 0.3; 507 Polish boys: <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> <jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 16.4, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic> = 0.6). The more the young men negatively deviated from the perceived masculine norms within their society, the lower their well-being and satisfaction with life, regardless of nationality. The negative relationship between norm deviation and well-being remained significant when controlling for self-ratings in agency. Our findings suggest that helping young men navigate masculinity more flexibly, by addressing the psychological toll of not meeting agentic norms and promoting acceptance of a broader range of traits, could support their well-being and guide effective interventions for educators and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01630-1
Nazlı Ceren Çağlar, Binaz Bozkur
{"title":"How Maternal Gatekeeping Relates to Parenting Stress: A Serial Mediation Model via Self‑Efficacy and Life Satisfaction","authors":"Nazlı Ceren Çağlar, Binaz Bozkur","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01630-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01630-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01629-8
Cindy Faith Miller
Given the essential role that gender stereotypes play in children’s perceptions and behaviors, it is important to investigate the stereotypes that are most accessible to them. The present research investigated kindergarten and fifth grade children’s ( N = 171; 56% girls; 36% White) accessible gender stereotypes by asking them three sets of open-ended questions. Children were asked to describe girls and boys (approach questions), the things that girls and boys do not do (avoidance questions), and how girls and boys are alike and different (comparison questions). Responses were coded according to gender role (i.e., feminine, masculine, or neutral) and domain (e.g., activity, appearance, trait). Comparing the responses for girl and boy targets, findings revealed that feminine appearance stereotypes were more prevalent in the descriptions of what girls approach and what boys avoid, and masculine activity stereotypes were more prevalent in the descriptions of what boys approach and what girls avoid. Results also revealed that children relied on biological neutral statements (e.g., girls and boys both have legs) when considering gender similarities and feminine appearance stereotypes when describing gender differences. Regarding grade differences, fifth graders were more likely to offer trait responses than kindergarteners across all question prompts, and more appearance stereotypes for the avoidance questions. In contrast, kindergarteners provided more appearance statements than fifth graders when making gender comparisons. Findings demonstrate that the accessibility of domain-specific stereotypes depend on the target’s gender, participant’s age, and question prompt. The present study highlights the multidimensional nature of stereotypes (e.g., domain and gender role) and the value of using open-ended methodology to measure the content of stereotypes.
{"title":"Children’s Accessible Gender Stereotypes About What Girls and Boys Approach, Avoid, and How They Are Similar and Different","authors":"Cindy Faith Miller","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01629-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01629-8","url":null,"abstract":"Given the essential role that gender stereotypes play in children’s perceptions and behaviors, it is important to investigate the stereotypes that are most accessible to them. The present research investigated kindergarten and fifth grade children’s ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 171; 56% girls; 36% White) accessible gender stereotypes by asking them three sets of open-ended questions. Children were asked to describe girls and boys (approach questions), the things that girls and boys do not do (avoidance questions), and how girls and boys are alike and different (comparison questions). Responses were coded according to gender role (i.e., feminine, masculine, or neutral) and domain (e.g., activity, appearance, trait). Comparing the responses for girl and boy targets, findings revealed that feminine appearance stereotypes were more prevalent in the descriptions of what girls approach and what boys avoid, and masculine activity stereotypes were more prevalent in the descriptions of what boys approach and what girls avoid. Results also revealed that children relied on biological neutral statements (e.g., girls and boys both have legs) when considering gender similarities and feminine appearance stereotypes when describing gender differences. Regarding grade differences, fifth graders were more likely to offer trait responses than kindergarteners across all question prompts, and more appearance stereotypes for the avoidance questions. In contrast, kindergarteners provided more appearance statements than fifth graders when making gender comparisons. Findings demonstrate that the accessibility of domain-specific stereotypes depend on the target’s gender, participant’s age, and question prompt. The present study highlights the multidimensional nature of stereotypes (e.g., domain and gender role) and the value of using open-ended methodology to measure the content of stereotypes.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01627-w
Elizabeth C. Aviv, Gabriella Vavala, Matthew Pilgrim, Yael H. Waizman, Darby E. Saxbe
Prior research has found that mothers report greater relationship satisfaction when couples divide infant care more equally, but less is known about how parents arrive at their division of infant care. The present study examines the expectations for infant care that first-time coparents formulate together during pregnancy, how these expectations compare to their reported division of infant care at six months postpartum, how these expectations differ by the gender of the parent, and how they influence the couple’s postpartum wellbeing. A sample of 93 heterosexual, cohabitating couples expecting their first child participated in two discussion tasks—one during pregnancy and another at approximately six months postpartum—focused on the division of infant care. Couples completed an adapted version of the Who Does What scale (Cowan & Cowan, 1988) together. Couples on average predicted a more egalitarian division of infant care during pregnancy than they achieved after birth. Fathers both expected and reported a more equal division of labor than did mothers. A more equal division of postpartum infant care was associated with lower parenting stress for both parents and higher relationship satisfaction for mothers, but not for fathers. Couples who more accurately predicted their division of infant care reported higher relationship satisfaction at postpartum. Exploratory analyses revealed a curvilinear relationship between prenatal discussion specificity and expectation accuracy, such that parents who were moderately specific were most accurate. Understanding how prenatal expectations differentially shape parenting stress and relationship functioning for mothers and fathers has important implications for both practice and policy.
{"title":"Prenatal Expectations and Postpartum Reality: How Gender Egalitarianism in Infant Care Division Shapes Parenting Stress and Relationship Functioning","authors":"Elizabeth C. Aviv, Gabriella Vavala, Matthew Pilgrim, Yael H. Waizman, Darby E. Saxbe","doi":"10.1007/s11199-025-01627-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-025-01627-w","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has found that mothers report greater relationship satisfaction when couples divide infant care more equally, but less is known about how parents arrive at their division of infant care. The present study examines the expectations for infant care that first-time coparents formulate together during pregnancy, how these expectations compare to their reported division of infant care at six months postpartum, how these expectations differ by the gender of the parent, and how they influence the couple’s postpartum wellbeing. A sample of 93 heterosexual, cohabitating couples expecting their first child participated in two discussion tasks—one during pregnancy and another at approximately six months postpartum—focused on the division of infant care. Couples completed an adapted version of the Who Does What scale (Cowan & Cowan, 1988) together. Couples on average predicted a more egalitarian division of infant care during pregnancy than they achieved after birth. Fathers both expected and reported a more equal division of labor than did mothers. A more equal division of postpartum infant care was associated with lower parenting stress for both parents and higher relationship satisfaction for mothers, but not for fathers. Couples who more accurately predicted their division of infant care reported higher relationship satisfaction at postpartum. Exploratory analyses revealed a curvilinear relationship between prenatal discussion specificity and expectation accuracy, such that parents who were moderately specific were most accurate. Understanding how prenatal expectations differentially shape parenting stress and relationship functioning for mothers and fathers has important implications for both practice and policy.","PeriodicalId":48425,"journal":{"name":"Sex Roles","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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