Marine Policy最新文献

Are there sufficient incentives to decarbonize the trawl fleet in the EU? 欧盟是否有足够的激励措施使拖网船队脱碳？

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107062

Miguel J. Nunez-Sanchez , Juan A. Pérez Pérez , Luis Pérez Rojas

This study analyzes the challenges and opportunities for the decarbonization of the European Union’s trawl fleet from 12 m length, considering regulatory frameworks, subsidies, tax exemptions, energy efficiency, emissions and safety. A model that categorizes trawlers in groups was developed to assign catches and days at sea and to analyze the possibility of internalizing external costs. Based on catches for 2023, the analysis indicates that the fleet cannot internalize excise duties on fuels and social costs at its current level of operation while, once efficiency is improved, the fleet would be able to take part of them. To test these, external costs of greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric pollutants and the social cost of fatalities designed for the EU transport sector were incorporated. The fleet could internalize greenhouse gas emissions depending on the level of energy efficiency achieved and easily internalize the social costs of fatalities to lower them below acceptable values, but not the full cost of emission pollution so policy decisions need to be made. The cost to adapt the trawler fleet to improve efficiency shows that capacity enhancing subsidies would be needed, since net benefit margins are low. For the sampled fleet the additional gross tonnage required to use new fuels and the extra cost due to the price gap in zero or near zero fuels were also assessed, indicating very limited room for transition without prior efficiency improvements and capacity subsidies.

本研究分析了欧盟12 米以上拖网船队脱碳的挑战和机遇，考虑了监管框架、补贴、免税、能源效率、排放和安全。开发了一个将拖网渔船分组分类的模型，以分配海上的渔获量和天数，并分析将外部成本内部化的可能性。根据2023年的渔获量，分析表明，以目前的运营水平，船队无法将燃料和社会成本的消费税内部化，而一旦效率提高，船队将能够承担其中的一部分。为了验证这些，温室气体排放的外部成本、大气污染物和为欧盟运输部门设计的死亡社会成本被纳入其中。船队可以将温室气体排放内部化，这取决于所达到的能源效率水平，并且很容易内部化死亡的社会成本，将其降低到可接受的值以下，但不是排放污染的全部成本，因此需要做出政策决定。调整拖网渔船船队以提高效率的成本表明，由于净利润边际很低，因此需要提高能力的补贴。对于抽样的船队，还评估了使用新燃料所需的额外总吨位以及由于零燃料或接近零燃料的价格差距而产生的额外费用，表明在没有事先提高效率和补贴能力的情况下，过渡的空间非常有限。

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引用次数: 0

Ballast water management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) of the Caribbean 加勒比小岛屿发展中国家压载水管理

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107064

Richmond Santani Basant , Dayne Buddo , Azad Mohammed , Hamish Asmath , Judith Gobin , La Daana K. Kanhai

The Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem is a highly biodiverse region in the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean and provides important habitats for resident and migratory organisms. Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are heavily dependent on shipping. Ballast water operations increase the risk of biological invasions and establishment of marine invasive alien species. This study assessed the status of Ballast Water Management in Caribbean SIDS. The specific objectives were to assess (i) the policy, legal and institutional governance framework for Ballast Water Management in Caribbean SIDS, and (ii) the status of ballast water research in the Caribbean. Many Caribbean SIDS have acceded to the International Ballast Water Management Convention, but the minority have enabled domestic legislation to implement Convention provisions. Caribbean SIDS have not enabled a robust policy and institutional framework but have adopted a piecemeal approach such as publishing technical notices for instructing local vessels. Challenges include lack of legislation, enforcement difficulties, shortage of legal drafters, political expediency, insufficient staffing/budgetary allocations and lack of technical capacity. Ballast water and marine invasive research in the Caribbean remains sparse and regionally fragmented, with gaps in sampling and analysis, port biological baselines, risk assessments and species potentially transported by ballast water. Caribbean SIDS must improve policy and governance frameworks to address marine bioinvasions and protect marine ecosystems. This must be complemented by scientific research, baseline monitoring and risk assessments to support evidence-based decision making to promote marine surveillance and early detection. These findings can inform national, regional and international policy discussions to strengthen implementation.

加勒比大型海洋生态系统是西热带大西洋生物多样性高度丰富的区域，为常驻和迁徙生物提供了重要的栖息地。加勒比小岛屿发展中国家严重依赖航运。压载水作业增加了生物入侵和海洋外来入侵物种建立的风险。本研究评估了加勒比小岛屿发展中国家压载水管理的状况。具体目标是评估(i)加勒比小岛屿发展中国家压载水管理的政策、法律和体制治理框架，以及（ii）加勒比地区压载水研究的现状。许多加勒比小岛屿发展中国家加入了《国际压载水管理公约》，但少数国家使国内立法能够执行《公约》的规定。加勒比小岛屿发展中国家没有建立强有力的政策和体制框架，而是采取了零敲碎打的办法，例如发布技术通知以指导当地船只。挑战包括缺乏立法、执行困难、缺乏法律起草者、政治权宜之计、工作人员/预算拨款不足和缺乏技术能力。加勒比地区的压载水和海洋入侵研究仍然稀少且区域分散，在采样和分析、港口生物基线、风险评估和可能由压载水运输的物种方面存在差距。加勒比小岛屿发展中国家必须改进政策和治理框架，以应对海洋生物入侵和保护海洋生态系统。这必须得到科学研究、基线监测和风险评估的补充，以支持基于证据的决策，促进海洋监测和早期发现。这些调查结果可以为国家、区域和国际政策讨论提供信息，以加强执行。

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引用次数: 0

Economics of the Swedish small-scale Baltic fishery 瑞典波罗的海小规模渔业的经济学

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107063

Sara Andersson , Jessica Lidberg , Jesper Stage , Staffan Waldo

Swedish small-scale fishing has undergone significant changes over time. There are examples of small-scale fishers who have diversified their activities by developing new sales channels or by processing a large part of their products themselves. However, this type of activity is significantly less well-documented than the fishing itself. In this paper, we examine how the catches of the Swedish small-scale Baltic fishery are used after landing, what economic values the sector generates, and what challenges the fishery sees to further develop its activities. The study is based on a survey of 379 small-scale commercial fishers along the Swedish Baltic Sea coast. We find that around 30 % of the fishers have income from sources other than fisheries or fisheries-related activities, and that approximately 70 % process at least part of their own catches. These activities also generate economic activity in other sectors, with regional multipliers ranging from 1.21 to 2.05. Regarding obstacles to company development, most small-scale fishers identify government management, including management of predator populations as well as the fishery itself, as the main obstacles rather than market access or the availability of labor and capital.

随着时间的推移，瑞典的小规模渔业经历了重大变化。有一些例子表明，小规模渔民通过开发新的销售渠道或自己加工大部分产品，使其活动多样化。然而，这类活动的记录远不如捕鱼本身。在本文中，我们研究了瑞典波罗的海小规模渔业在登陆后如何利用渔获，该部门产生了什么经济价值，以及渔业看到了进一步发展其活动的挑战。这项研究基于对瑞典波罗的海沿岸379名小规模商业渔民的调查。我们发现，大约30%的渔民的收入来源不是渔业或与渔业有关的活动，大约70%的渔民至少加工了部分自己的渔获量。这些活动也带动其他部门的经济活动，区域乘数从1.21到2.05不等。关于公司发展的障碍，大多数小规模渔民认为主要障碍是政府管理，包括对捕食者种群的管理以及渔业本身，而不是市场准入或劳动力和资本的可得性。

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引用次数: 0

Mussel culture carrying capacity: Learning from the past to face the future 贻贝文化承载能力：以史为鉴，面向未来

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107061

Uxio Labarta , Diana Zúñiga

At the northern boundary of the NE Atlantic upwelling system, seasonal wind patterns that facilitate the influx of nutrient-rich waters, combined with the presence of protected embayments known as the Galician Rías, have established this region as the third largest producer of mussels in the planet. Since the early 1970s, the need to ensure sustainable exploitation of this natural resource has prompted scientific and administrative efforts to identify environmental conditions that optimize mussel farming and to clarify the impacts of mussel cultivation on marine food web dynamics. This article synthesizes scientific advances from recent decades, including research on turnover times in the Galician Rías and diverse methodologies for defining ecosystem carrying capacity. Recent in situ analyses have revealed intense turbulent flows in and around mussel cultivation units, thereby challenging earlier carrying capacity models that assumed linear water flow through rafts and cultivation polygons. This finding highlights the importance of incorporating seasonal fluctuations in food availability, both within and beyond the turbulent zone, when evaluating the future sustainability of mussel aquaculture. Additionally, the strong dependence of regional productivity on wind regime seasonality requires that any modeling of mussel farming in the Galician Rías should consider potential hydrographic and hydrodynamic changes within the embayments, whether due to interannual ocean-atmosphere variability or global climate change. Such an integrated approach is essential for developing an action plan that ensures the long-term sustainability of mussel farming in the Galician Rías.

在东北大西洋上升流系统的北部边界，季节性的风模式促进了营养丰富的水的涌入，再加上被称为加利西亚Rías的受保护海湾的存在，使该地区成为地球上第三大贻贝产地。自20世纪70年代初以来，为了确保这种自然资源的可持续开发，科学和行政部门努力确定优化贻贝养殖的环境条件，并阐明贻贝养殖对海洋食物网动态的影响。本文综合了近几十年来的科学进展，包括对加利西亚的周转时间Rías和定义生态系统承载能力的各种方法的研究。最近的现场分析显示，在贻贝养殖单元内部和周围有强烈的湍流，从而挑战了早期的承载能力模型，该模型假设水流通过木筏和养殖多边形呈线性流动。这一发现突出表明，在评估贻贝水产养殖未来的可持续性时，必须考虑动荡区内外粮食供应的季节性波动。此外，区域生产力对风态季节性的强烈依赖要求加利西亚Rías贻贝养殖的任何建模都应考虑海湾内潜在的水文和水动力变化，无论是由于年际海洋-大气变率还是全球气候变化。这种综合方法对于制定确保加利西亚贻贝养殖长期可持续性的行动计划至关重要Rías。

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引用次数: 0

The non-evolution of cooperation: The influence of economic interests in the exclusion of the bioprospecting agenda from the International Antarctic Regime 合作的不演变：将生物勘探议程排除在国际南极制度之外的经济利益的影响

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107055

Bruno Andrade Teixeira , Iara Leite , Marcos André Braz Vaz

This paper’s title paraphrases Robert Axelrod’s best seller “The Evolution of Cooperation”. Instead of concentrating on the development of international cooperation, we aim at understanding why cooperation does not evolve. We focus on the case of bioprospecting in Antarctica. We believe governmental decisions to keep that topic out of the Antarctic regulatory regime are influenced by firms that are well positioned as global players. We also believe that cooperation can be promoted by players that aim at improving their global relative economic position. We adopt the number of Antarctic patents as a proxy for global competitiveness, and the number of bioprospecting-related working, information, and background papers submitted by governments to consultative meetings (which we call 'position papers') as a proxy for cooperativeness. Though we found a correlation between both variables, it is not statistically significant if the US is excluded from the dataset. Still, our hypothesis on the relationship between economic competitiveness and non cooperation seems to hold in the case of Antarctic patent leaders that did not submit any position papers. Also, we found that other Antarctic patent leaders, mainly claiming countries, have adopted a low cooperative position. Higher cooperative positions were found among lower Antarctic innovators. We conclude by stressing that both cooperation and non cooperation, as political economy phenomena, have distributional consequences. Therefore, we ask whether laggard Antarctic innovators with low absorptive capacities will be able to improve their global relative economic position in case bioprospecting is finally included in the Antarctic regime.

本文的标题改写了罗伯特•阿克塞尔罗德的畅销书《合作的进化》。我们的目标不是集中精力发展国际合作，而是理解为什么合作没有发展。我们集中讨论在南极洲进行生物勘探的情况。我们认为，政府决定将这一问题排除在南极监管制度之外，是受到那些处于全球参与者地位的公司的影响。我们还认为，旨在改善其全球相对经济地位的参与者可以促进合作。我们将南极专利的数量作为全球竞争力的代表，将各国政府向协商会议提交的与生物勘探相关的工作、信息和背景文件（我们称之为“立场文件”）的数量作为合作的代表。虽然我们发现这两个变量之间存在相关性，但如果将美国排除在数据集之外，则不具有统计学意义。尽管如此，我们关于经济竞争力和不合作之间关系的假设似乎在南极专利领导者没有提交任何立场文件的情况下成立。此外，我们发现其他南极专利领导者，主要是索赔国，采取了较低的合作立场。在地位较低的南极创新者中发现了较高的合作地位。最后，我们强调合作和不合作作为政治经济现象，都具有分配后果。因此，我们要问，如果生物勘探最终被纳入南极制度，吸收能力低、落后的南极创新者是否能够改善其全球相对经济地位。

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引用次数: 0

Human rights obligations in rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea – Comments on the state of play 地中海救援行动中的人权义务-对现状的评论

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107057

Åsa Gustafsson

The paper comments on the state of play regarding the European Court of Human Rights’ extraterritorial application of human rights in the context of rescue at sea. The Court’s recent inadmissibility decision in the case of S.S. v Italy has been seen as halting progress in the development of human rights for vulnerable migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. The latest cases from the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Committee concerning shipwrecks and search and rescue on the high seas have put the spotlight on divergences between the Court’s and the Committee’s stances. The Court’s interpretation of extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction in S.S. v Italy may be interpreted as accepting that States orchestrate maritime operations through third countries. Thereby, obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights can be circumvented, and States shielded from accountability. However, the reasoning in S.S. has not been solely criticised in all aspects. Had the S.S. been declared admissible along the lines argued by the applicants, this could be seen as conflating search and rescue law with human rights law and leading to greater reluctance to coordinate rescue operations in the Mediterranean Sea.

本文对欧洲人权法院在海上救助中域外适用人权的现状进行了评述。法院最近在S.S.诉意大利一案中作出的不予受理决定被视为阻碍了地中海弱势移民人权发展的进展。欧洲人权法院和联合国人权事务委员会关于公海沉船和搜救的最新案件使人们注意到法院和委员会立场的分歧。法院在S.S.诉意大利案中对域外人权管辖权的解释可被解释为接受国家通过第三国协调海上行动。这样就可以规避《欧洲人权公约》规定的义务，并使各国免于承担责任。然而，S.S.的推理并没有在各个方面受到单独的批评。如果按照申请人所主张的方式宣布S.S.可以接受，这可能被视为将搜救法与人权法混为一谈，并导致更不愿意协调地中海的救援行动。

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引用次数: 0

Towards a temporal approach of the law of the sea: Addressing slow violence through legal longtermism 走向海洋法的时间方法：通过法律的长期主义解决缓慢的暴力

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107049

César Soares de Oliveira , Vonintsoa Rafaly

The interests of future generations are among the main concerns of ocean justice scholarship. Yet, there is an indeterminacy on the extent of the future generations: Our children? Our future grandchildren? Or the vast unknown number of humans that will exist throughout the next millennia? Far from resolving this ethical question, this contribution introduces the concept of longtermism as an analytical framework to rethink ocean justice across temporalities (past, present and future). Amidst the temporally confined and constrained vision of ocean governance, longtermism expands our understanding of ocean justice to the slow and often invisible violence, harm and injustices that legal and governance infrastructures of the sea have sustained and reinforced over time. This contribution calls for a temporal approach of the law of the sea as a new paradigm, alongside the zonal and functional approaches, as a vital dimension to understanding the agency of legal and governance infrastructures in fostering or hindering ocean justice and stewardship.

子孙后代的利益是海洋正义学术的主要关注点之一。然而，在未来几代人的程度上存在不确定性：我们的孩子？我们未来的孙子？还是未来千年将存在的数量未知的人类？这篇文章远远没有解决这个伦理问题，而是引入了长期主义的概念，作为一种分析框架，重新思考跨越时间（过去、现在和未来）的海洋正义。在暂时受到限制和制约的海洋治理愿景中，长期主义将我们对海洋正义的理解扩展到海洋法律和治理基础设施长期以来持续和加强的缓慢且往往是无形的暴力、伤害和不公正。这一贡献要求将海洋法的时间方法作为一种新的范例，与区域和功能方法一起，作为理解法律和治理基础设施在促进或阻碍海洋正义和管理方面的作用的一个重要方面。

引用次数: 0

The critical role of allied organizations in supporting ocean defenders 联盟组织在支持海洋捍卫者方面的关键作用

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107060

Rocío López de la Lama , Nathan J. Bennett , Philippe Le Billon

The rapidly expanding ocean economy is a significant driver of global growth but often produces substantial negative impacts on coastal communities, including environmental degradation, displacement, and human rights violations. These harms are exacerbated by the longstanding marginalization and exclusion of these communities from marine and coastal governance. In response, ocean defenders are organizing to resist these injustices, but can experience both non-lethal and lethal attacks for doing so. This study examines the role of allied organizations – including grassroots networks, funders, legal non-profits, NGOs and INGOs, researchers, and journalists – in supporting and safeguarding defenders. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with both ocean defenders and representatives of allied organizations, our findings reveal that allies contribute by strengthening local capacities and skills, advocating and facilitating participation in decision-making, increasing visibility of defenders, conducting research and documentation, creating and supporting solidarity networks, providing financial support, enhancing security and safety protocols, and offering legal support. Yet current efforts remain largely short-term, isolated, and insufficient to meet defenders’ diverse and urgent needs. Allied organizations also face several challenges ranging from funding constraints to personal security risks. Addressing these challenges requires more flexibility in financing, stronger protection measures, and deeper collaboration between defenders and their allies. Above all, any strategy to support ocean defenders must center their voices and needs, ensuring they are at the forefront of current and future discussions and decisions related to the development of the ocean economy.

迅速发展的海洋经济是全球经济增长的重要推动力，但往往对沿海社区造成严重的负面影响，包括环境退化、流离失所和侵犯人权。这些社区长期被边缘化并被排除在海洋和沿海治理之外，加剧了这些危害。作为回应，海洋保护者正在组织起来抵制这些不公正，但这样做可能会遭受非致命和致命的攻击。本研究考察了联盟组织——包括基层网络、资助者、法律非营利组织、非政府组织和国际非政府组织、研究人员和记者——在支持和保护维权者方面的作用。通过对海洋维护者和联盟组织代表的半结构化访谈，我们的研究结果显示，联盟通过加强当地能力和技能、倡导和促进参与决策、提高维护者的知名度、开展研究和记录、创建和支持团结网络、提供财政支持、加强安全和安全协议以及提供法律支持做出了贡献。然而，目前的努力在很大程度上仍然是短期的、孤立的，不足以满足人权捍卫者多样化和紧迫的需求。联盟组织还面临着从资金限制到个人安全风险等一系列挑战。应对这些挑战需要在融资方面具有更大的灵活性，需要更强有力的保护措施，需要捍卫者及其盟友之间更深入的合作。最重要的是，任何支持海洋维护者的战略都必须以他们的声音和需求为中心，确保他们处于当前和未来与海洋经济发展有关的讨论和决策的最前沿。

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引用次数: 0

Social acceptability of leisure activities regulations in French marine protected areas 法国海洋保护区休闲活动法规的社会接受度

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107053

Mariana Bruck de Moraes Ponna Schiavetti, Adélie Pomade

The increase in nautical leisure activities within French marine protected areas (MPAs) presents complex challenges for managers. While these activities bring economic benefits and cultural value, they also intensify pressures on marine ecosystems. In response, managers and public authorities are seeking legal solutions to regulate both individual activities and overall visitation. This article examines the legal constraints and opportunities for regulating recreational uses in MPAs through an interdisciplinary design combining (i) legal analysis of the relevant regulatory framework and competent authorities and (ii) empirical fieldwork in two case studies—Port-Cros National Park and the Iroise Marine Park—based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and visitor questionnaires (n = 228). The results show that social acceptability of rules varies by activity, stakeholder profile, and distance from decision-making centres. They also highlight persistent misunderstandings regarding regulatory competence, with many users attributing greater authority and legitimacy to MPA managers than to maritime prefects, despite the latter holding key administrative police powers at sea. The article concludes that improving communication and strengthening participatory procedures are necessary conditions to enhance the perceived legitimacy and effectiveness of leisure-activity regulation in French MPAs.

法国海洋保护区（MPAs）内航海休闲活动的增加为管理人员带来了复杂的挑战。这些活动在带来经济效益和文化价值的同时，也加剧了对海洋生态系统的压力。作为回应，管理人员和公共当局正在寻求法律解决办法，以管制个人活动和全面访问。本文通过跨学科设计，结合(i)对相关监管框架和主管当局的法律分析，以及（ii）基于对关键利益相关者的半结构化访谈和游客问卷调查的两个案例研究- port - cross国家公园和Iroise海洋公园的实证实地调查（ = 228），研究了管理海洋保护区娱乐用途的法律限制和机会。结果表明，社会对规则的接受程度因活动、利益相关者概况和与决策中心的距离而异。他们还强调了对监管能力的持续误解，许多用户认为MPA管理者比海事长官拥有更大的权力和合法性，尽管后者在海上拥有关键的行政警察权力。本文的结论是，改善沟通和加强参与程序是提高法国海洋保护区休闲活动监管的合法性和有效性的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0

From expansion to overshoot: Policy risks in managing offshore fisheries expansion 从扩张到超调：管理近海渔业扩张的政策风险

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107059

T.R. McClanahan

Fishing grounds frequently expand as overfishing of the nearshore promotes policies to increase access and economic incentives to target offshore resources. Subsidies for boats, gear, and fuel have been introduced to shift effort offshore and compensate for declining catches. Therefore, I tested the hypothesis that fishing area expansion would increase the use of offshore-oriented gears and benthic catch losses would be compensated by increased pelagics. To evaluate these increased access strategies, I analyzed 23 years of effort, gear use, and catch data from 13 nearshore fisheries in Kenya, nine of which expanded spatially while four remained stable. Initially, expansion correlated with higher fishing effort and increased use of beach seines and ring nets. Beach seine use declined in the non-expanding and rose in the expanding fisheries, despite being made illegal 6 years after catch measurements began. Thereafter, effort and catch rates declined rapidly below the initial and non-expanding fisheries values. Pelagic catches rose cyclically after the decline but for 15 years failed to fully offset benthic losses. Although nearshore fishable biomass and production recovered modestly as fisher numbers fell, capture consistently exceeded local ecological production. Policies promoting offshore fishing access should consider that pelagic yields are potentially low and episodic and may not reliably replace the higher and more stable benthic production. To achieve nearshore fish recovery, enhanced resource protection coincident with offshore access will be required.

渔场经常扩大，因为近岸的过度捕捞促进了增加近海资源的获取和经济激励的政策。对渔船、渔具和燃料的补贴已被引入，以将努力转移到近海，并弥补捕捞量的下降。因此，我测试了一个假设，即捕鱼区域的扩大会增加近海渔具的使用，底栖生物的捕捞损失会通过增加远洋来弥补。为了评估这些增加的获取策略，我分析了23年来肯尼亚13个近岸渔场的努力、渔具使用和捕捞数据，其中9个在空间上扩大，4个保持稳定。最初，扩张与更高的捕鱼努力和更多地使用海滩围网和环网有关。在没有扩张的渔场，海滩围网的使用减少了，而在扩张的渔场，围网的使用增加了，尽管在开始测量渔获量的6年后，它被定为非法。此后，努力量和渔获率迅速下降到最初和未扩大的渔业值以下。远洋捕获量在下降后周期性上升，但15年来未能完全抵消底栖生物的损失。虽然近岸可捕捞生物量和产量随着渔民数量的下降而适度恢复，但捕捞量始终超过当地的生态产量。促进近海捕鱼的政策应考虑到远洋产量可能很低，而且是偶发性的，可能无法可靠地取代较高和更稳定的底栖生物产量。为了实现近岸鱼类的恢复，需要加强资源保护，同时进行近海捕捞。

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引用次数: 0