Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106431
After Japan released nuclear wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, China amended and promulgated the Marine Environmental Protection Law (MEPL) on October 24, 2023. The 2023 MEPL grants the Coast Guard extraterritorial jurisdiction over marine environmental protection. Meanwhile, it removes the content related to immunity for the disposal of radioactive substances and strictly prohibits the discharge of such substances into the sea. It is suggested that the 2023 MEPL will impact Coast Guard law enforcement actions, particularly in cases involving the punishment of marine pollution caused by nuclear wastewater. Additionally, China's Civil Procedure Law on jurisdiction over foreign-related infringement cases was also amended in 2023. Chinese courts have gained broader jurisdiction in foreign-related tort cases. As a result, Japanese parties will face the risk of civil damage compensation litigation due to the disposal of nuclear wastewater.
{"title":"Impact of the amended Chinese Marine Environmental Protection Law on the law enforcement action of the Coast Guard — With a focus on the discharge of ballast water after Japan’s releasing of nuclear wastewater into the sea","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>After Japan released nuclear wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, China amended and promulgated the Marine Environmental Protection Law (MEPL) on October 24, 2023. The 2023 MEPL grants the Coast Guard extraterritorial jurisdiction over marine environmental protection. Meanwhile, it removes the content related to immunity for the disposal of radioactive substances and strictly prohibits the discharge of such substances into the sea. It is suggested that the 2023 MEPL will impact Coast Guard law enforcement actions, particularly in cases involving the punishment of marine pollution caused by nuclear wastewater. Additionally, China's Civil Procedure Law on jurisdiction over foreign-related infringement cases was also amended in 2023. Chinese courts have gained broader jurisdiction in foreign-related tort cases. As a result, Japanese parties will face the risk of civil damage compensation litigation due to the disposal of nuclear wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106421
Gender inequality in international marine and ocean science is an ongoing barrier to ocean governance sustainability goals and requires systemic institutional transformation. Examining how participatory approaches can be applied at international level and contribute to advancing a gender equality agenda can help identify pathways for change. This study uses a timeline of a feminist participatory action research (FPAR) to explore its application within the International Council of the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), working with its community of marine science professionals, to advance gender equality. By documenting and mapping formal and informal actions against a theory of change, the research reveals that stages of awareness, understanding, and action are dynamic and overlap. Despite varying degrees of short-term acceptance and resistance, ongoing community engagement, monitoring, and evaluation is essential for fostering longer-term change. The analysis demonstrates how FPAR can be applied in an intergovernmental organization, with multiple factors, including drivers, data collection, co-creation through dialogue, and specific actions contributing to driving a change agenda and the formulation and publication of a gender equality plan for the organization. The results demonstrate that meaningful actions can occur at various scales, with participatory engagement as central. The results provide evidence of how gender equality as a global meta-norm is diffused into practice and are discussed in the context of the limitations of formal gender equality plans to realize change.
{"title":"Advancing gender equality in international ocean science: Participatory approaches for institutional actions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gender inequality in international marine and ocean science is an ongoing barrier to ocean governance sustainability goals and requires systemic institutional transformation. Examining how participatory approaches can be applied at international level and contribute to advancing a gender equality agenda can help identify pathways for change. This study uses a timeline of a feminist participatory action research (FPAR) to explore its application within the International Council of the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), working with its community of marine science professionals, to advance gender equality. By documenting and mapping formal and informal actions against a theory of change, the research reveals that stages of awareness, understanding, and action are dynamic and overlap. Despite varying degrees of short-term acceptance and resistance, ongoing community engagement, monitoring, and evaluation is essential for fostering longer-term change. The analysis demonstrates how FPAR can be applied in an intergovernmental organization, with multiple factors, including drivers, data collection, co-creation through dialogue, and specific actions contributing to driving a change agenda and the formulation and publication of a gender equality plan for the organization. The results demonstrate that meaningful actions can occur at various scales, with participatory engagement as central. The results provide evidence of how gender equality as a global meta-norm is diffused into practice and are discussed in the context of the limitations of formal gender equality plans to realize change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106427
The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) and Marine Strategic Framework Directive (MSFD) call for member states to achieve the good environmental status of coastal waters and marine areas and to create ecosystem-based management plans that cover individual sectors. The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) has listed the Archipelago Sea as an environmental hotspot in the Baltic Sea due to its vulnerability to the impacts of eutrophication. Agricultural runoff is the main source of excess nutrient loading, although aquaculture, tourism, wastewater treatment and internal loading also contribute. In this paper, we focus on the horizontal and vertical policy coherence in the Archipelago Sea region. The research data consist of policy documents and 11 thematic interviews. This paper aims to reveal how European water and marine policies are implemented in the Archipelago Sea and to identify the synergies and coherence challenges exist between policy sectors of agriculture, aquaculture and offshore wind. Evidence from the Archipelago Sea case study shows that a lack of coherence between sectoral policies can create challenges for ecosystem-based management. Moreover, the coherence and synergies in implementing regional and EU marine policy frameworks at the national and local levels can guide sectoral decisions towards strengthening of marine resilience and biodiversity.
{"title":"Policy coherence for ecosystem-based management: Implementing EU water and marine policies in the Archipelago Sea","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) and Marine Strategic Framework Directive (MSFD) call for member states to achieve the good environmental status of coastal waters and marine areas and to create ecosystem-based management plans that cover individual sectors. The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) has listed the Archipelago Sea as an environmental hotspot in the Baltic Sea due to its vulnerability to the impacts of eutrophication. Agricultural runoff is the main source of excess nutrient loading, although aquaculture, tourism, wastewater treatment and internal loading also contribute. In this paper, we focus on the horizontal and vertical policy coherence in the Archipelago Sea region. The research data consist of policy documents and 11 thematic interviews. This paper aims to reveal how European water and marine policies are implemented in the Archipelago Sea and to identify the synergies and coherence challenges exist between policy sectors of agriculture, aquaculture and offshore wind. Evidence from the Archipelago Sea case study shows that a lack of coherence between sectoral policies can create challenges for ecosystem-based management. Moreover, the coherence and synergies in implementing regional and EU marine policy frameworks at the national and local levels can guide sectoral decisions towards strengthening of marine resilience and biodiversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106416
The land and sea are inherently connected via multiple, complex natural, socio-economic, and institutional interactions. To promote sustainable use of maritime space, Land-Sea Interactions (LSI) must be taken into account when preparing and implementing Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) as required by the European MSP Directive 2014/89/EU. However, the implication of LSI and LSI analysis for MSP are still not fully clear from an operational perspective. This paper explores the need for a more thorough uptake of LSI within the preparation and implementation of MSP, with specific reference to the experience gained in Bulgaria through the European MARSPLAN-BS II project, and its Shabla case study. Capitalising on previous projects experiences, MARSPLAN-BS II proposed a possible way of approaching the LSI complexity including: a conceptual framework, an operational definition and a step-by-step methodology for the analysis and integration of LSI in MSP. Testing the adopted methodology and involving local stakeholders, the key LSI, and challenges and enablers for LSI integration were identified. Key LSI are: water supply and sewerage, wastewater disposal, septic tanks; coastal erosion, coastal and maritime tourism, oil and gas extraction. While main enablers are linked with European MSP projects, data sharing, flexible LSI methodology, a set of challenges still remain: limited understating of LSI analysis within MSP, lack of accepted definition of LSI, different scales and types of land and sea planning, lack or fragmentation of institutional cooperation, etc. Conclusions were then formulated to strengthen LSI integration within MSP, also dealing with multi-scalar issues (from local to cross-border levels).
{"title":"Exploring integration of land-sea interactions in maritime spatial planning in the Bulgarian context, Black Sea","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The land and sea are inherently connected via multiple, complex natural, socio-economic, and institutional interactions. To promote sustainable use of maritime space, Land-Sea Interactions (LSI) must be taken into account when preparing and implementing Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) as required by the European MSP Directive 2014/89/EU. However, the implication of LSI and LSI analysis for MSP are still not fully clear from an operational perspective. This paper explores the need for a more thorough uptake of LSI within the preparation and implementation of MSP, with specific reference to the experience gained in Bulgaria through the European MARSPLAN-BS II project, and its Shabla case study. Capitalising on previous projects experiences, MARSPLAN-BS II proposed a possible way of approaching the LSI complexity including: a conceptual framework, an operational definition and a step-by-step methodology for the analysis and integration of LSI in MSP. Testing the adopted methodology and involving local stakeholders, the key LSI, and challenges and enablers for LSI integration were identified. Key LSI are: water supply and sewerage, wastewater disposal, septic tanks; coastal erosion, coastal and maritime tourism, oil and gas extraction. While main enablers are linked with European MSP projects, data sharing, flexible LSI methodology, a set of challenges still remain: limited understating of LSI analysis within MSP, lack of accepted definition of LSI, different scales and types of land and sea planning, lack or fragmentation of institutional cooperation, etc. Conclusions were then formulated to strengthen LSI integration within MSP, also dealing with multi-scalar issues (from local to cross-border levels).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106419
The number of marine protected areas (MPAs) implemented globally is rising, with calls to protect 30 % of the ocean by 2030. One potential benefit of MPAs is increased resilience to anthropogenic climate change impacts. However, realistic ecological expectations are needed to identify the conditions that may yield resilience benefits and determine effective evaluation methods. To date, global meta-analyses have consistently shown positive ecological effects of protection, yet assessing resilience effects has been more complex. 'Resilience' is challenging to define and measure and may manifest at various spatiotemporal scales. Additionally, identifying an appropriate reference point to quantify resilience is challenging. Robust assessments require long time series to estimate variability or opportunistic observation of disturbance and recovery. Such data are not always available. We suggest an alternative, complementary approach. First, it is crucial to define the ecological and socioeconomic mechanisms by which an MPA could provide any resilience benefit to the human-natural system; these mechanisms are both limited and context-dependent. Then, we can measure indicators of resilience to assess the contribution of such mechanisms inside MPAs. This provides a pathway to assess how conservation influences adaptive capacity, overcoming the challenge of directly measuring resilience itself. Finally, it is critical to recognize that MPAs are only one tool in a portfolio of management actions that could improve resilience. They should not be misconstrued as standalone solutions, but rather as integral parts of a comprehensive approach to ecosystem-based sustainability management.
{"title":"Measurements, mechanisms, and management recommendations for how marine protected areas can provide climate resilience","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The number of marine protected areas (MPAs) implemented globally is rising, with calls to protect 30 % of the ocean by 2030. One potential benefit of MPAs is increased resilience to anthropogenic climate change impacts. However, realistic ecological expectations are needed to identify the conditions that may yield resilience benefits and determine effective evaluation methods. To date, global meta-analyses have consistently shown positive ecological effects of protection, yet assessing resilience effects has been more complex. 'Resilience' is challenging to define and measure and may manifest at various spatiotemporal scales. Additionally, identifying an appropriate reference point to quantify resilience is challenging. Robust assessments require long time series to estimate variability or opportunistic observation of disturbance and recovery. Such data are not always available. We suggest an alternative, complementary approach. First, it is crucial to define the ecological and socioeconomic mechanisms by which an MPA could provide any resilience benefit to the human-natural system; these mechanisms are both limited and context-dependent. Then, we can measure indicators of resilience to assess the contribution of such mechanisms inside MPAs. This provides a pathway to assess how conservation influences adaptive capacity, overcoming the challenge of directly measuring resilience itself. Finally, it is critical to recognize that MPAs are only one tool in a portfolio of management actions that could improve resilience. They should not be misconstrued as standalone solutions, but rather as integral parts of a comprehensive approach to ecosystem-based sustainability management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106410
Ocean Accounting (OA) is an emergent framework to collate environmental, economic, and social data in a standardised manner, aligned with existing international statistical accounting standards. This involves the recording of the interactions between the ocean and the economy, considering both the contributions of the ocean to economic activities and the impacts of human activities on the ocean. The OA framework offers a multidisciplinary approach to deriving statistics and indicators that consider the ocean’s contribution to society and the economy. As implementation of OA increases globally, there is a need to understand the modalities in which governments commence activities, including potential impacts to the use and maintenance of accounts into the future. Here, we conduct a global review of countries that have commenced OA activities and define the modes of implementation across 24 identified countries. Two modes were identified, (i) government-led (13 countries) and (ii) externally led (i.e., non-government institutions, 11 countries). To determine the strategic and operational implications associated with each mode, the study performed a Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT) analysis via expert elicitation. The SWOT analysis of government-led implementation identified strengths in centralised coordination and alignment with policies, but weaknesses included limited expertise and resources. External institutions (e.g., universities or consultants), despite offering diverse expertise and cost-effectiveness, face challenges such as legitimacy issues and misalignment with government policies, posing risks to program sustainability. As OA activities progress, countries may transition from externally led implementation to government-led projects. Understanding each mode's implications offers important insights for countries considering future implementation of OA.
{"title":"Identifying the institutional modalities for commencing Environmental-Economic Accounting for the ocean","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocean Accounting (OA) is an emergent framework to collate environmental, economic, and social data in a standardised manner, aligned with existing international statistical accounting standards. This involves the recording of the interactions between the ocean and the economy, considering both the contributions of the ocean to economic activities and the impacts of human activities on the ocean. The OA framework offers a multidisciplinary approach to deriving statistics and indicators that consider the ocean’s contribution to society and the economy. As implementation of OA increases globally, there is a need to understand the modalities in which governments commence activities, including potential impacts to the use and maintenance of accounts into the future. Here, we conduct a global review of countries that have commenced OA activities and define the modes of implementation across 24 identified countries. Two modes were identified, (i) government-led (13 countries) and (ii) externally led (i.e., non-government institutions, 11 countries). To determine the strategic and operational implications associated with each mode, the study performed a Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT) analysis via expert elicitation. The SWOT analysis of government-led implementation identified strengths in centralised coordination and alignment with policies, but weaknesses included limited expertise and resources. External institutions (e.g., universities or consultants), despite offering diverse expertise and cost-effectiveness, face challenges such as legitimacy issues and misalignment with government policies, posing risks to program sustainability. As OA activities progress, countries may transition from externally led implementation to government-led projects. Understanding each mode's implications offers important insights for countries considering future implementation of OA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106422
Other Effective Conservation Measures (OECMs) recognize that various forms of management actions can contribute to biodiversity conservation. OECMs have been criticized for ambiguity, lack of criteria for evaluation and, thereby, inconsistent implementation. Nevertheless, many coastal states aim to evaluate current management actions as candidates for OECMs and count them toward numerical biodiversity conservation goals. Successful implementation requires careful examination of biodiversity benefits and estimation of the social impacts of such actions. There are numerous fisheries restricted areas within the Icelandic Exclusive Economic Zone, some with designated biodiversity conservation goals, whereas the Icelandic Act of Nature Conservation (60/2913) has rarely been used in marine waters. In the current study, complementary methods are used to broadly examine stakeholder views on the efficiency of current legislation, and future policy, to achieve numerical goals on biodiversity conservation. Despite documenting broad willingness of stakeholders to protect ocean space, gaps in legislation and communication are identified both through survey responses and in interviews with key informants. As a first study to document stakeholder perceptions on using fisheries legislation for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, the results have relevance for future policy on reporting fisheries legislation as OECMs, understanding stakeholder perceptions on different actions and, finally, to inform policy on stakeholder involvement, and outreach campaigns, as governments move forward to meet marine conservation goals.
{"title":"Gaps in legislation and communication identified as stakeholders reflect on 30×30 policy in Icelandic waters","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Other Effective Conservation Measures (OECMs) recognize that various forms of management actions can contribute to biodiversity conservation. OECMs have been criticized for ambiguity, lack of criteria for evaluation and, thereby, inconsistent implementation. Nevertheless, many coastal states aim to evaluate current management actions as candidates for OECMs and count them toward numerical biodiversity conservation goals. Successful implementation requires careful examination of biodiversity benefits and estimation of the social impacts of such actions. There are numerous fisheries restricted areas within the Icelandic Exclusive Economic Zone, some with designated biodiversity conservation goals, whereas the Icelandic Act of Nature Conservation (60/2913) has rarely been used in marine waters. In the current study, complementary methods are used to broadly examine stakeholder views on the efficiency of current legislation, and future policy, to achieve numerical goals on biodiversity conservation. Despite documenting broad willingness of stakeholders to protect ocean space, gaps in legislation and communication are identified both through survey responses and in interviews with key informants. As a first study to document stakeholder perceptions on using fisheries legislation for the purpose of biodiversity conservation, the results have relevance for future policy on reporting fisheries legislation as OECMs, understanding stakeholder perceptions on different actions and, finally, to inform policy on stakeholder involvement, and outreach campaigns, as governments move forward to meet marine conservation goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106409
Many marine fishery supply chains are becoming increasingly global and export oriented. Simultaneously, academic discussions around fisheries and poverty have often construed fishers as being among the poorest and most marginalised people in society. However, how value accrues along these supply chains, and how that affects fisher wellbeing, remains understudied. If fishers are indeed impoverished and relevant stakeholders wish to address the causes of impoverishment, then understanding how the value of a fish accrues along a value chain is essential. This research seeks to more clearly understand the existence, nature, and extent of fisher poverty through case studies of the Peruvian Mahi-Mahi and the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab fisheries. It examines how value accrues along export-oriented fishery supply chains in country of origin and the prevalence of underearning at the fisher level. The value accrued at each domestic value chain step (fishers, middlemen/aggregators, processors) is estimated and used to calculate the level of underearning experienced by fishers within the value chains. Underearning is understood here as falling below a living income threshold, rooted in a rights-based approach to human rights. It is found that while fishers earn a significant percentage of the value of a fish that accrues in the country of origin, differences in number of actors per value chain step and labour intensity per kg of product handled mean that fishers still typically earn significantly less than other value chain groups. Underearning is found to be present in both value chains, with 69 % of Blue Swimming Crab fishers and 38 % of Mahi-Mahi fishers earning less than the rural living income. The outcomes of the research indicate that while fishers, particularly in export-oriented fisheries, are not the poorest of the poor, they still face significant challenges to their well-being and the stability of their livelihoods. It is recommended that future research incorporate more multi-faceted approaches to poverty and well-being in their analysis.
{"title":"Fisher poverty, value chain equity, and resilience: The case of the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab and the Peruvian Mahi-Mahi","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many marine fishery supply chains are becoming increasingly global and export oriented. Simultaneously, academic discussions around fisheries and poverty have often construed fishers as being among the poorest and most marginalised people in society. However, how value accrues along these supply chains, and how that affects fisher wellbeing, remains understudied. If fishers are indeed impoverished and relevant stakeholders wish to address the causes of impoverishment, then understanding how the value of a fish accrues along a value chain is essential. This research seeks to more clearly understand the existence, nature, and extent of fisher poverty through case studies of the Peruvian Mahi-Mahi and the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab fisheries. It examines how value accrues along export-oriented fishery supply chains in country of origin and the prevalence of underearning at the fisher level. The value accrued at each domestic value chain step (fishers, middlemen/aggregators, processors) is estimated and used to calculate the level of underearning experienced by fishers within the value chains. Underearning is understood here as falling below a living income threshold, rooted in a rights-based approach to human rights. It is found that while fishers earn a significant percentage of the value of a fish that accrues in the country of origin, differences in number of actors per value chain step and labour intensity per kg of product handled mean that fishers still typically earn significantly less than other value chain groups. Underearning is found to be present in both value chains, with 69 % of Blue Swimming Crab fishers and 38 % of Mahi-Mahi fishers earning less than the rural living income. The outcomes of the research indicate that while fishers, particularly in export-oriented fisheries, are not the poorest of the poor, they still face significant challenges to their well-being and the stability of their livelihoods. It is recommended that future research incorporate more multi-faceted approaches to poverty and well-being in their analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106403
Beach littering is a source of marine plastic waste accumulation. This is particularly so in overcrowded beaches in the Global South in which cleaning measures are scarce or sporadic and lack of waste management systems can increase plastic release. In the current study we focus on the importance of the behavior shown by beachgoers and how their conduct relates to the amount of plastic that potentially ends up entering littoral ecosystems. Transportation services to beaches, sports, food, and beverage containers are analyzed through a 24-question survey performed to 500 beachgoers in 4 beaches (i.e., Venecia, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa and San Bartolo) located in the megacity of Lima, Peru, in February 2022. The data obtained were then processed to understand the differences in behavior across different beaches. Moreover, a K-means algorithm was used to identify representative beachgoer profiles. The results showed a dichotomous behavior between two groups of beaches, in which the size group of beachgoers, transportation mode, accommodation, food consumption patterns or the use of reusable containers are some of the main differences between the two groups. No major differences were identified in terms of age distribution across the different beaches, but group sizes were higher in Punta Negra and Villa El Salvador. The K-means algorithm suggests that the surveyed population can be grouped into three main categories, of which two correspond mainly to higher socioeconomic beachgoers in the beaches of Punta Hermosa and San Bartolo. Overall, single use plastic for food and beverages appears as one of the main sources of plastic pollution across beaches and groups, although other sources of plastic emission should not be underestimated. Finally, the three beachgoer profiles identified are useful to implement targeted policies to minimize the environmental impacts of these profiles.
{"title":"Analyzing the behavior of beachgoers in the city of Lima and their relationship with potential plastic emissions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beach littering is a source of marine plastic waste accumulation. This is particularly so in overcrowded beaches in the Global South in which cleaning measures are scarce or sporadic and lack of waste management systems can increase plastic release. In the current study we focus on the importance of the behavior shown by beachgoers and how their conduct relates to the amount of plastic that potentially ends up entering littoral ecosystems. Transportation services to beaches, sports, food, and beverage containers are analyzed through a 24-question survey performed to 500 beachgoers in 4 beaches (i.e., Venecia, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa and San Bartolo) located in the megacity of Lima, Peru, in February 2022. The data obtained were then processed to understand the differences in behavior across different beaches. Moreover, a K-means algorithm was used to identify representative beachgoer profiles. The results showed a dichotomous behavior between two groups of beaches, in which the size group of beachgoers, transportation mode, accommodation, food consumption patterns or the use of reusable containers are some of the main differences between the two groups. No major differences were identified in terms of age distribution across the different beaches, but group sizes were higher in Punta Negra and Villa El Salvador. The K-means algorithm suggests that the surveyed population can be grouped into three main categories, of which two correspond mainly to higher socioeconomic beachgoers in the beaches of Punta Hermosa and San Bartolo. Overall, single use plastic for food and beverages appears as one of the main sources of plastic pollution across beaches and groups, although other sources of plastic emission should not be underestimated. Finally, the three beachgoer profiles identified are useful to implement targeted policies to minimize the environmental impacts of these profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106413
The earliest generation of offshore wind farms across Europe soon approach their end-of-life phase. Recent academic and societal attention has centred on the ‘artificial reef effects’ of offshore wind farms, triggering concerns regarding how to appropriately approach the decommissioning of the monopiles. Wind turbines and their foundations are jurisdictionally expected to be fully removed. Partial decommissioning, in which structures are left in place, is raised as a potential alternative that is anticipated to have ecological benefits over full decommissioning. Despite a strong growing scientific interest in OWF decommissioning, as well as an increasing public debate on the issue, a comprehensive approach to decommissioning decision-making has not yet landed in the actual regulatory processes. This gap is strikingly apparent in the Netherlands, where two OWFs will be decommissioned in the coming years. This paper explores where stakeholders believe the current bottlenecks exist, and how progress can be made towards decisive but inclusive decision-making. Based on individual co-creation sessions with concerned stakeholders, it offers multiple recommendations, including broadly supported criteria to be considered when comparing decommissioning alternatives, as well as underlying perceptions or patterns to be recognised, such as liability concerns, ecosystem valuation, lock-in and path dependency. The discussions and conclusions from this paper can be applied in all countries where decommissioning of OWFs is imminent, and thereby be used as a guide towards inclusive, adaptive and holistic governance within marine management.
{"title":"Towards holistic, participative and adaptable governance for offshore wind farm decommissioning","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The earliest generation of offshore wind farms across Europe soon approach their end-of-life phase. Recent academic and societal attention has centred on the ‘artificial reef effects’ of offshore wind farms, triggering concerns regarding how to appropriately approach the decommissioning of the monopiles. Wind turbines and their foundations are jurisdictionally expected to be fully removed. Partial decommissioning, in which structures are left in place, is raised as a potential alternative that is anticipated to have ecological benefits over full decommissioning. Despite a strong growing scientific interest in OWF decommissioning, as well as an increasing public debate on the issue, a comprehensive approach to decommissioning decision-making has not yet landed in the actual regulatory processes. This gap is strikingly apparent in the Netherlands, where two OWFs will be decommissioned in the coming years. This paper explores where stakeholders believe the current bottlenecks exist, and how progress can be made towards decisive but inclusive decision-making. Based on individual co-creation sessions with concerned stakeholders, it offers multiple recommendations, including broadly supported criteria to be considered when comparing decommissioning alternatives, as well as underlying perceptions or patterns to be recognised, such as liability concerns, ecosystem valuation, lock-in and path dependency. The discussions and conclusions from this paper can be applied in all countries where decommissioning of OWFs is imminent, and thereby be used as a guide towards inclusive, adaptive and holistic governance within marine management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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