Marine Policy最新文献_第4页

Spatial patterns and drivers of small-island mangrove degradation: Implications for adaptive coastal management in Tanakeke Island, Indonesia 小岛屿红树林退化的空间格局和驱动因素：对印度尼西亚Tanakeke岛适应性海岸管理的影响

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107027

Dwi Fajriyati Inaku , Fery Kurniawan , Luky Adrianto , Rahmat Kurnia , Suryo Kusumo

Small-island mangrove ecosystems are highly vulnerable to degradation because of their limited land area, dependence on coastal resources, and increasing human pressures. This study investigated the drivers, spatial patterns, and spatial determinants of mangrove degradation on Tanakeke Island, Indonesia, using high-resolution SPOT 6 and 7 imagery, Moran’s I, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), and spatial regression analysis. Two dominant degradation forms were identified: small patches and localized bare areas associated with gradual, selective logging, and large pond-clustered conversions, reflecting a systematic landscape-scale expansion. Spatial regression showed that logging-related degradation was only weakly explained by spatial variables, suggesting a more substantial influence from non-spatial drivers, such as socioeconomic factors. In contrast, pond conversion exhibited strong spatial dependence, primarily driven by accessibility to infrastructure and settlements. These contrasting patterns highlight the need for differentiated and coordinated management strategies. Localized logging should be addressed through community-based monitoring and regular patrols. Aquaculture expansion requires stricter land-use regulations and continuous spatial monitoring. By linking the spatial patterns of degradation with their underlying drivers, this study provides a spatially explicit basis for adaptive coastal management of small-island mangrove systems.

小岛屿红树林生态系统由于其有限的土地面积、对沿海资源的依赖以及不断增加的人类压力而极易退化。本研究利用高分辨率spot6和spot7图像、Moran’s I、空间关联局部指标（LISA）和空间回归分析，探讨了印尼Tanakeke岛红树林退化的驱动因素、空间格局和空间决定因素。确定了两种主要的退化形式：与逐渐选择性采伐相关的小斑块和局部裸地，以及反映系统景观尺度扩展的大型池塘群集转换。空间回归表明，空间变量只能很弱地解释与伐木相关的退化，这表明非空间驱动因素（如社会经济因素）的影响更大。相比之下，池塘转换表现出强烈的空间依赖性，主要受基础设施和住区可达性的驱动。这些对比鲜明的模式突出了有区别和协调的管理战略的必要性。应通过社区监测和定期巡逻来解决局部伐木问题。水产养殖的扩张需要更严格的土地使用法规和持续的空间监测。通过将退化的空间格局与其潜在驱动因素联系起来，本研究为小岛屿红树林系统的适应性沿海管理提供了空间明确的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term revitalisation of coastal fisheries in Fukushima Prefecture: Insights from a deliberative Q-methodology exercise 福岛县沿海渔业的长期振兴：来自慎重q方法练习的见解

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107025

Leslie Mabon , Midori Kawabe , Naotomo Nakahara , Xiaobo Lou , Kazuyoshi Takasaki

The recovery of fisheries in coastal Fukushima Prefecture, Japan reflects long-term challenges faced by coastal communities following major environmental disasters. Long-term social, cultural and economic impacts highlight the need for a just recovery, prioritising requirements and perspectives of the most affected and offering opportunity for recovery and transformation. However, a just recovery requires sustained policy support, aligning with what different sections of the community aspire to. We therefore engaged different sectors of the fishing community in Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture in an exploratory collaborative Q-Methodology exercise, to identify divergence and agreement on priorities for long-term recovery in the locality. Our results show that whilst ‘the community’ is never homogenous, a just recovery may depend as much on understanding people outside the community – such as distant consumers – as those in it. We also found that place identity can remain strong across the community in the face of major environmental change; and that divergence over how to proceed with ‘recovery’ may only emerge after the initial ‘emergency’ response period has passed. We make three tentative recommendations about how existing policy could better support just recovery in Iwaki and contexts like it. One is continuing core support for reform of infrastructure and distribution systems to transform local economies. Second is enabling locally-driven messaging about quality of produce, over and above technical safety information. Third is creating processes to engage intermediaries in long-term environmental monitoring to support evidence-informed decision-making.

日本福岛县沿海渔业的恢复反映了重大环境灾害后沿海社区面临的长期挑战。长期的社会、文化和经济影响突出了公正恢复的必要性，优先考虑受影响最严重的人的要求和观点，并为恢复和转型提供机会。然而，公平的复苏需要持续的政策支持，以符合社会不同阶层的期望。因此，我们与福岛县磐城渔业社区的不同部门合作，开展了一项探索性的q -方法论合作，以确定分歧，并就当地长期恢复的优先事项达成一致。我们的研究结果表明，虽然“社区”从来都不是同质的，但一个公正的复苏可能取决于对社区外的人的理解——比如遥远的消费者——就像社区内的人一样。我们还发现，面对重大的环境变化，地方认同可以在整个社区中保持强烈；而在如何推进“复苏”问题上的分歧，可能只有在最初的“紧急”应对期过后才会出现。我们就现有政策如何能更好地支持磐城及类似地区的经济复苏提出了三点初步建议。一是继续核心支持基础设施和分销系统改革，以推动地方经济转型。其次，除了技术安全信息之外，还可以在本地发布有关农产品质量的信息。第三是建立流程，让中介机构参与长期环境监测，以支持循证决策。

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引用次数: 0

On the law enforcement of marine protected areas under the BBNJ agreement 关于BBNJ协议下海洋保护区的执法问题

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107016

Jiang Zhou

In the current context of increasing recognition of the importance of marine biodiversity conservation, Marine Protected Area (MPA) has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for marine ecological preservation. The BBNJ Agreement has established a system for MPAs applicable to the high seas and international seabed area, aiming to address the current issue of fragmented MPA management and establishment. The relevant provisions in this agreement, however, have not adequately addressed enforcement issues related to MPAs. The clauses in the BBNJ Agreement regarding enforcement and measures are ambiguous. While enforcement issues can be discussed within proposals for establishing MPAs, without prior regulations, MPAs under the BBNJ Agreement will consistently lack predictability in enforcement. This paper focuses on exploring both commonalities and differences between ABNJs and national waters' MPA enforcement, as well as discussing the practical need for enhancing MPA enforcement rules under the BBNJ Agreement. Ultimately, it emphasizes that there is a necessity to clearly define enforcing authorities and determine the scope of enforcement measures.

在人们日益认识到海洋生物多样性保护重要性的背景下，海洋保护区已被证明是一种有效的海洋生态保护策略。BBNJ协定建立了一个适用于公海和国际海底区域的海洋保护区制度，旨在解决目前海洋保护区管理和建立分散的问题。然而，该协定的有关规定没有充分处理与海洋保护区有关的执法问题。BBNJ协议中关于执行和措施的条款含糊不清。虽然执法问题可以在建立海洋保护区的建议中讨论，但如果没有事先的规定，根据《滨海保护区协定》设立的海洋保护区在执行方面始终缺乏可预测性。本文重点探讨了abnj与国家水域MPA执法的共性和差异，并讨论了在BBNJ协议下加强MPA执法规则的现实必要性。最后，强调有必要明确界定执行机关，确定执行措施的范围。

引用次数: 0

Fishing in the commons: The effect of non-governmental organizations’ actions on illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing 公地捕鱼：非政府组织对非法、未报告和无管制捕鱼行动的影响

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107026

Kent Wicker , Annette Watson , Andrew M. Shedlock

Overfishing in ocean waters beyond governmental control presents a potential example of the Tragedy of the Commons, the dilemma that individuals, acting to serve their own interests, will deplete resources that should be shared and conserved. IUU fishing has contributed to the decline of this important resource, and over a third of fishing stocks are now overfished. This study uses the Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework with a multi-pronged quantitative approach and a survey of 71 experts to consider whether three types of actions by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been effective at reducing illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing in ocean waters beyond governmental control. Results show that first, NGOs within the SES can help prevent depletion of the resource not by cooperating to find enforceable rules, but by competing with the illegal fishers’ efforts. Second, survey respondents judged satellite surveillance by NGOs to be more effective than market certification or direct-action techniques. Third, experts suggest that government regulation and enforcement continue to play an important role in protecting this common-pool property. This study contributes to the literature about Elinor Ostrom’s SES framework by focusing on the constructive competition contributed by NGOs operating outside of the commons, rather than on the resource users within it.

在政府控制之外的海域过度捕捞是“公地悲剧”的一个潜在例子，即个人为了自己的利益而采取行动，将耗尽本应共享和保护的资源。IUU捕捞导致了这一重要资源的减少，超过三分之一的渔业资源现在被过度捕捞。本研究使用社会生态系统框架（SES）和多管齐下的定量方法，并对71位专家进行了调查，以考虑非政府组织（ngo）的三种行动是否有效地减少了政府控制之外海域的非法、未报告和不管制（IUU）捕捞。结果表明，首先，社会经济体系内的非政府组织可以帮助防止资源枯竭，不是通过合作制定可执行的规则，而是通过与非法渔民的努力竞争。其次，受访者认为非政府组织的卫星监测比市场认证或直接行动技术更有效。第三，专家建议，政府监管和执法在保护这一公共财产方面继续发挥重要作用。本研究对埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆（Elinor Ostrom）社会经济体系框架的文献有贡献，因为它关注的是在公地之外运作的非政府组织所带来的建设性竞争，而不是公地内的资源使用者。

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引用次数: 0

State responsibility and non-state actors in maritime law enforcement: A comparative analysis concerning the South China Sea 海洋执法中的国家责任与非国家行为体：南海问题的比较分析

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106999

Peidong Yang , Haoran Cui

There is a growing number of non-state actors participating in maritime law enforcement operations in the South China Sea. These actors may come from the private sector or non-governmental organizations, or are individual volunteers. Non-state actors are not only regarded as an integral component of maritime law enforcement but are also frequently involved in conflicts related to disputes over sovereignty and sovereign rights. This raises the key question of whether states are responsible for the actions of non-state actors during maritime law enforcement. This paper attempts to construct an analytical framework to clarify state responsibility for non-state actors in different scenarios. First, the question of whether they are authorized to be involved in maritime law enforcement activities by national laws needs to be examined. In the absence of legal authority, we suggest a high criterion for attributing the conducts of non-state actors in maritime law enforcement to the state. Second, this paper analyzes relevant domestic legislation and practices of the three major South China Sea claimants: China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. This paper also provide some policy recommendations for the three states. Firstly, they need to establish a mechanism for converting non-state vessels into state law enforcement vessels. Secondly, they need to exercise due diligence and divide responsibilities between the state and non-state actors. Finally, they should strengthen law enforcement training and tighten constraints on non-state actors by domestic legislation, particularly Vietnam, to prevent serious maritime disputes arising from unprofessional law enforcement conducts of non-state actors.

越来越多的非国家行为体参与南中国海的海上执法行动。这些行动者可能来自私营部门或非政府组织，也可能是个人志愿人员。非国家行为体不仅被视为海事执法的一个组成部分，而且还经常卷入与主权和主权权利争端有关的冲突。这就提出了一个关键问题，即国家是否应对海事执法过程中非国家行为体的行为负责。本文试图构建一个分析框架，以明确不同情景下国家对非国家行为体的责任。首先，需要审查国家法律是否授权他们参与海事执法活动的问题。在缺乏法律权威的情况下，我们建议将海事执法中非国家行为体的行为归咎于国家的高标准。其次，本文分析了中国、越南和菲律宾这三个南海声索国的相关国内立法和实践。本文还对这三个州提出了政策建议。首先，要建立非国家船舶转为国家执法船舶的机制。其次，他们需要尽职尽责，划分国家和非国家行为体的责任。最后，各国应加强执法培训，并通过国内立法，特别是越南，加强对非国家行为体的约束，防止非国家行为体不专业的执法行为引发严重的海洋争端。

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引用次数: 0

Invisible seas: Media agenda-setting and the territorial imaginary of France’s global ocean domain 看不见的海洋：媒体议程设置和法国全球海洋领域的领土想象

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107011

Sylvain Domergue , Yann Richard

Summary

Although France has a vast maritime domain, the French are not aware of it. However, they do have many and varied ways of finding out about this very special space, and thus possibly building a link with it. In this article, after the presentation of the corpus and of the methodology, we study representations of the sea and ocean in general in the French national daily press, based on a corpus of articles from four national newspapers, published between 2000 and 2022 or 2023. We then focus on representations of the Pacific and Indo-Pacific. We draw several conclusions from this research. The place of maritime areas in the national daily press is marginal. The press gives a geographical representation of the seas and oceans that does not correspond to the geography of the French maritime domain. The French presence in maritime areas is rarely presented as such. In articles about the Pacific and Indo-Pacific oceans, little is said about the French overseas territories. This may be seen as a symptom of the French public's lack of interest in these remote regions, in the maritime spaces that surround them and in the issues that concern them. Conversely, it may be assumed that this distorted and incomplete representation of maritime spaces in the French national daily press plays a role in the low level of appropriation of the French maritime domain by French citizens themselves, and in the low level of appropriation by public opinion of the maritime policies implemented by French governments.

虽然法国拥有广阔的领海，但法国人并没有意识到这一点。然而，他们确实有很多不同的方法来发现这个非常特殊的空间，从而可能与它建立联系。在本文中，在介绍了语料库和方法之后，我们基于2000年至2022年或2023年期间出版的四家全国性报纸的文章语料库，研究了法国国家日报中海洋和海洋的一般表示。然后，我们关注太平洋和印太地区的代表。我们从这项研究中得出了几个结论。海洋在全国日报上的地位是次要的。报纸上对海洋的地理描述与法国海域的地理不相符。法国在海上的存在很少被这样描述。在有关太平洋和印度洋-太平洋的文章中，很少提到法国的海外领土。这可能被视为法国公众对这些偏远地区、围绕这些地区的海洋空间以及与这些地区有关的问题缺乏兴趣的一个症状。相反，可以假设，法国国家日报对海洋空间的这种扭曲和不完整的表述，在法国公民自己对法国海洋领域的低占用程度以及法国政府实施的海洋政策的低占用程度中发挥了作用。

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引用次数: 0

What affects legitimacy in capture fisheries? Analysis of socio-structural factors 什么会影响捕捞渔业的合法性？社会结构因素分析

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107022

Dražen Cepić , Ivan Puzek , Hugo M. Ballesteros

Legitimacy has been one of the central concepts in the study of fisheries non-compliance. However, while much of the literature has focused on governance frameworks and management systems underpinning legitimacy in fisheries, less attention has been paid to the socio-structural factors that influence it. This paper seeks to address this gap by analyzing association of legitimacy with five such factors, based on the sample of 567 fishers from Croatia, which include large scale, small scale, subsistence, and recreational fishers. The analysis revealed a weak positive association between formal communication and compliance, while informal communication showed no significant relationship. Interaction with non-compliant fishers had a weak negative effect on legitimacy. Trust in fisheries administration and enforcement agencies was moderately and positively associated with legitimacy, while trust in NGOs showed no significant link. Trust in scientific institutions had a weak positive association, economic vulnerability a weak negative association, and professionalization a moderate positive relationship with legitimacy. Four hypotheses were tested using Kendall's tau, an ordinal bivariate correlation measure, while interaction with non-compliant fishers was tested separately using OLS regression. Overall, the results demonstrate that legitimacy emerges from the interplay of social and institutional structures rather than from regulatory design alone, underscoring the need for governance approaches that are adaptive, trust-building, and sensitive to sectoral differences.

合法性一直是渔业违规研究的中心概念之一。然而，虽然许多文献都集中在支持渔业合法性的治理框架和管理系统上，但对影响它的社会结构因素的关注较少。本文试图通过分析合法性与五个因素的关系来解决这一差距，基于克罗地亚567名渔民的样本，包括大规模、小规模、生计和休闲渔民。分析发现，正式沟通与员工依从性之间存在微弱的正相关关系，而非正式沟通与员工依从性之间没有显著的正相关关系。与不服从的渔民的互动对合法性有微弱的负面影响。对渔业管理和执法机构的信任与合法性呈适度正相关，而对非政府组织的信任没有显著联系。对科研机构的信任与合法性存在微弱的正相关关系，经济脆弱性与合法性存在微弱的负相关关系，专业化与合法性存在适度的正相关关系。使用Kendall's tau（一种有序双变量相关测量）检验了四个假设，而使用OLS回归分别检验了与不服从渔民的相互作用。总体而言，研究结果表明，合法性来自社会和制度结构的相互作用，而不仅仅来自监管设计，这强调了需要采用适应性强、建立信任并对部门差异敏感的治理方法。

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引用次数: 0

Regulation of maritime autonomous surface ships on carbon emissions and marine pollution: Context, challenges, responses 海上自主水面舰艇对碳排放和海洋污染的监管：背景、挑战和应对

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107020

Jinpeng Wang , Mengyao Yuan

The rapid development of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) has introduced significant challenges to the regulatory framework for shipping carbon emissions and pollution. This article begins by comparing the performance of MASS with conventional maritime vessels, focusing on similarities and differences in carbon emissions and pollution. The characteristics of MASS in practical application pose challenges to the existing regulatory framework, especially in carbon emission and noise pollution control, prevention of maritime accidents and related liability issues. This article examines the current international legal regimes, the specific characteristics of MASS and the challenges they pose to existing legal systems of these four aspects, and puts forward suggestions for strengthening the regulatory framework. Comprehensive testing of MASS is essential to gather data for refining legal frameworks, including clarifying and supplementing treaties like COLREGS, SOLAS, and STCW to address unique challenge. By resolving ambiguities and adapting regulations, the legal system can better support technological advancements in MASS while ensuring safety, environmental protection, and accountability.

海上自主水面舰艇（MASS）的快速发展给航运碳排放和污染的监管框架带来了重大挑战。本文首先将MASS与传统海运船舶的性能进行比较，重点关注碳排放和污染方面的异同。MASS在实际应用中的特点对现有的监管框架提出了挑战，特别是在碳排放和噪声污染控制、海上事故预防和相关责任问题上。本文考察了当前国际法律制度、MASS的具体特征及其对这四个方面现有法律制度的挑战，并提出了加强监管框架的建议。对MASS进行全面测试对于收集数据以完善法律框架至关重要，包括澄清和补充COLREGS、SOLAS和STCW等条约，以应对独特的挑战。通过消除歧义和调整法规，法律体系可以更好地支持MASS的技术进步，同时确保安全、环境保护和问责制。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating social indicators of recreational fishing activity in Western Australia: Insights from a global disruption 评估西澳大利亚州休闲钓鱼活动的社会指标：来自全球破坏的见解

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107010

Aidan P. Long , Karina L. Ryan , Eva K.M. Lai , Stephen Bradshaw , Emily M. Ogier , Claire B. Smallwood , Sean R. Tracey

Biological indicators like catch and harvest data are central to managing recreational fisheries, yet social indicators of recreational fishing remain undervalued and underutilised. This study trialled recreational fishing licence sales as an indicator of expectation to realise benefit through licensed recreational fishing and Relative Search Volume (RSV) from Google Search terms as an indicator of recreational fishing interest. Time series for both indicators incorporated the COVID-19 pandemic period to assess their ability to detect changes in recreational fishing in Western Australia. Data included monthly licence sales from six fisheries (2011–2023) and RSV for ‘fishing’ and ‘accommodation’ and the names of 15 regional towns (2016–2021). During the acute pandemic phase (March 2020–March 2022), Recreational Boat Fishing and Rock Lobster licence sales increased by 6 % and 10 %, respectively, before returning to pre-pandemic levels from April 2022. RSV increased for accommodation in most regional towns during the acute pandemic phase, suggesting increasing interest in domestic travel. In contrast, fishing-related RSV only increased in three towns, indicating more localised increases in fishing interest. We recommend the use of licence sales as a robust social indicator of the population expecting to realise benefit through licensed recreational fishing. While RSV for fishing did not produce a clear signal of change in recreational fishing interest during the pandemic, further applications of RSV in fisheries settings are required to fully evaluate its potential as a fisheries science and management tool.

渔获量和收获数据等生物指标是管理休闲渔业的核心，但休闲渔业的社会指标仍然被低估和未得到充分利用。本研究尝试将休闲钓鱼许可证销售作为期望通过持牌休闲钓鱼实现收益的指标，并将谷歌搜索词的相对搜索量（RSV）作为休闲钓鱼兴趣的指标。这两个指标的时间序列都纳入了COVID-19大流行期间，以评估它们检测西澳大利亚州休闲钓鱼变化的能力。数据包括六个渔场的每月许可证销售（2011-2023年），“捕鱼”和“住宿”的RSV以及15个区域城镇的名称（2016-2021年）。在急性大流行阶段（2020年3月至2022年3月），休闲渔船捕捞和岩龙虾许可证销售分别增长了6% %和10% %，然后从2022年4月起恢复到大流行前的水平。在急性大流行阶段，大多数区域城镇的住宿RSV增加，表明对国内旅行的兴趣增加。相比之下，与捕鱼相关的RSV仅在三个城镇有所增加，这表明捕鱼兴趣的增加更多是局部的。我们建议使用许可证销售作为期望通过持牌休闲垂钓获得利益的人口的有力社会指标。虽然RSV捕鱼在大流行期间没有产生休闲钓鱼兴趣改变的明确信号，但需要在渔业环境中进一步应用RSV，以充分评估其作为渔业科学和管理工具的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Strengthening capacity building in developing countries for effective maritime law enforcement: Current practices, challenges, and future outlook 加强发展中国家有效海事执法能力建设：当前实践、挑战和未来展望

IF 3.7 2区社会学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Marine Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2025.107015

Maruf Maruf

Many countries, especially developing countries, face significant challenges in enforcing maritime laws, due to limited resources, insufficient technology, inadequate training, and lack of proper equipment. As illegitimate activities continue to rise, there is an urgent need for comprehensive strategies to strengthen the capabilities of maritime law enforcement (MLE) agencies. This paper explores the critical role of capacity-building in enhancing MLE. The analysis reveals that various instruments, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, require states to provide assistance to others, especially developing countries, including assistance for enhancing MLE. While international institutions have established several capacity-building initiatives, these efforts have not fully met the MLE needs of developing countries, highlighting the necessity for further strengthening of capacity-building efforts. Some regional cooperation efforts for capacity-building have been initiated, and countries have also formed bilateral cooperation to strengthen MLE. This paper suggests that fostering institutional collaboration for MLE across multiple levels will significantly enhance capacity-building efforts in this area.

由于资源有限、技术不足、培训不足和缺乏适当的设备，许多国家，特别是发展中国家在执行海事法律方面面临重大挑战。随着非法活动的不断增加，迫切需要制定全面的战略来加强海事执法机构的能力。本文探讨了能力建设在加强MLE方面的关键作用。分析表明，各种文书，特别是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》，要求各国向其他国家，特别是发展中国家提供援助，包括协助加强多边合作。虽然国际机构制定了若干能力建设倡议，但这些努力并没有充分满足发展中国家的MLE需要，这突出了进一步加强能力建设努力的必要性。一些区域能力建设合作已经启动，各国也形成了加强MLE的双边合作。本文认为，促进跨多个层次的MLE机构合作将大大加强该领域的能力建设工作。

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引用次数: 0