Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00352-4
Samantha Hernandez, Mickey McGlasson, Carlyn Van Dyke, Tiffany L. Gary-Webb
Purpose of Review
In this review, we focus on the health impacts of gentrification for residents of gentrifying areas versus comparison groups. This study builds on prior literature reviews that have been similar in focus, and summarizes US-based articles published between January 2018 and January 2023.
Recent Findings
The 22 studies included in this review measured multiple health outcomes, including both physical and mental health, and demonstrated mixed results across those health outcomes, including both positive and negative associations, related to gentrification. The variations in measurement methodology for both gentrification and health outcomes, however, make findings in this domain very difficult to summarize. Nonetheless, one theme that emerges across the existing body of research is that the health outcomes associated with gentrification, whether positive or negative in the context of a given study, are generally worse for Black residents when race is considered.
Summary
We identified several key challenges related to measuring the association between gentrification and health. These include: 1) the presence of social and physical conditions that make it hard to isolate the effects of gentrification, 2) reliance on self-reported outcome data, and most significantly, 3) lack of longitudinal measurements on a consistent cohort of individuals over time. Ultimately, these collective gaps in the literature strongly suggest that more research is needed before social and public health scientists can have a robust understanding of how gentrification affects the health of a population.
{"title":"Gentrification and Health: A Review of the Literature, 2018–2023","authors":"Samantha Hernandez, Mickey McGlasson, Carlyn Van Dyke, Tiffany L. Gary-Webb","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00352-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00352-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>In this review, we focus on the health impacts of gentrification for residents of gentrifying areas versus comparison groups. This study builds on prior literature reviews that have been similar in focus, and summarizes US-based articles published between January 2018 and January 2023.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The 22 studies included in this review measured multiple health outcomes, including both physical and mental health, and demonstrated mixed results across those health outcomes, including both positive and negative associations, related to gentrification. The variations in measurement methodology for both gentrification and health outcomes, however, make findings in this domain very difficult to summarize. Nonetheless, one theme that emerges across the existing body of research is that the health outcomes associated with gentrification, whether positive or negative in the context of a given study, are generally worse for Black residents when race is considered.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We identified several key challenges related to measuring the association between gentrification and health. These include: 1) the presence of social and physical conditions that make it hard to isolate the effects of gentrification, 2) reliance on self-reported outcome data, and most significantly, 3) lack of longitudinal measurements on a consistent cohort of individuals over time. Ultimately, these collective gaps in the literature strongly suggest that more research is needed before social and public health scientists can have a robust understanding of how gentrification affects the health of a population.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00353-3
Hailey R. Banack, Robert W. Platt, Ellicott C. Matthay
Recent Findings
The target trial framework is a well-known tool for estimating causal effects from observational data. The target trial approach can be used with data from any type of observational study, but it has most often been used to emulate a hypothetical target trial using data from a prospective cohort study.
Purpose of this Review
In this manuscript, we present the target cohort framework for estimating causal effects from case-control studies. The target cohort approach extends the existing target trial framework for estimating causal effects using observational data but has an explicit case-control perspective.
Summary of this Review
There are clear conceptual links from randomized trials to cohort studies and from cohort studies to case control studies. The target cohort framework uses a nested case control study to emulate a cohort study that has been designed to emulate a hypothetical pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Both target trial and target cohort frameworks require clear specification of eligibility criteria, treatment strategies, treatment assignment (randomization), follow-up period, outcomes of interest, causal contrast, and analysis plan. We demonstrate the target cohort approach using an example of an observational study to estimate the causal effect of semaglutide, a type of GLP-1 medication sold under the brand name Ozempic, on adverse gastrointestinal events.
{"title":"The Target Cohort Approach: An Extension of the Target Trial Framework to Nested Case-Control Studies with Incidence Density Sampling","authors":"Hailey R. Banack, Robert W. Platt, Ellicott C. Matthay","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00353-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00353-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The target trial framework is a well-known tool for estimating causal effects from observational data. The target trial approach can be used with data from any type of observational study, but it has most often been used to emulate a hypothetical target trial using data from a prospective cohort study.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of this Review</h3><p>In this manuscript, we present the target cohort framework for estimating causal effects from case-control studies. The target cohort approach extends the existing target trial framework for estimating causal effects using observational data but has an explicit case-control perspective.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary of this Review</h3><p>There are clear conceptual links from randomized trials to cohort studies and from cohort studies to case control studies. The target cohort framework uses a nested case control study to emulate a cohort study that has been designed to emulate a hypothetical pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Both target trial and target cohort frameworks require clear specification of eligibility criteria, treatment strategies, treatment assignment (randomization), follow-up period, outcomes of interest, causal contrast, and analysis plan. We demonstrate the target cohort approach using an example of an observational study to estimate the causal effect of semaglutide, a type of GLP-1 medication sold under the brand name Ozempic, on adverse gastrointestinal events.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"48 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142180852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00351-5
Tiffany L. Carson, Desiree Rivers, Vivian Doerr, Mary Katherine Haver, Doratha A. Byrd
Purpose of Review
We reviewed and summarized the clinical, experimental, and epidemiological evidence examining the link between the microbiome and adiposity in the pathogenesis and progression of breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer. Investigation of this intersection offers a novel approach for both the prevention and treatment of these cancers.
Recent Findings
The complexity of the gut microbiome and its association with the risk and progression of multiple cancers has gained increasing attention in recent years. Evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis may contribute to carcinogenesis through lowered microbial diversity, production of harmful metabolites, and increased inflammation. Additional risk factors for cancer, such as excess adiposity, may also affect the microbiome to alter metabolic and immune pathways, suggesting an obesity-associated gut microbiome may play a significant role in the development of cancer.
Summary
We found an abundance of evidence for bidirectional communication between the microbiome and adiposity and its significance in the development of obesity-related cancers. Current therapeutic approaches for restoring microbiome homeostasis as well as targeting adiposity are also discussed herein and offer potential to reduce the cancer burden in populations with a higher risk and prevalence of obesity.
{"title":"The Intersection of the Microbiome and Adiposity in Cancer Risk and Outcomes: Breast, Endometrial, and Colorectal Cancers","authors":"Tiffany L. Carson, Desiree Rivers, Vivian Doerr, Mary Katherine Haver, Doratha A. Byrd","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00351-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00351-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>We reviewed and summarized the clinical, experimental, and epidemiological evidence examining the link between the microbiome and adiposity in the pathogenesis and progression of breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer. Investigation of this intersection offers a novel approach for both the prevention and treatment of these cancers.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The complexity of the gut microbiome and its association with the risk and progression of multiple cancers has gained increasing attention in recent years. Evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis may contribute to carcinogenesis through lowered microbial diversity, production of harmful metabolites, and increased inflammation. Additional risk factors for cancer, such as excess adiposity, may also affect the microbiome to alter metabolic and immune pathways, suggesting an obesity-associated gut microbiome may play a significant role in the development of cancer.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We found an abundance of evidence for bidirectional communication between the microbiome and adiposity and its significance in the development of obesity-related cancers. Current therapeutic approaches for restoring microbiome homeostasis as well as targeting adiposity are also discussed herein and offer potential to reduce the cancer burden in populations with a higher risk and prevalence of obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141523782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00350-6
Devin A. Bowes
Purpose of Review
Impacts from climate change and use of toxic chemicals that contaminate our environment continue to pose a threat to the health of human populations. The field of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has evolved significantly in recent years due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, however, investigating the utility of this application to fit within a broader environmental public health framework remains relatively unexplored. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the historical progression of WBE and highlights recent notable advancements to support its use for assessing environmental exposures in human populations.
Recent Findings
Early pioneering studies confirmed feasibility of this application, including measuring pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants in influent wastewater, that offered foundational knowledge to support successful expansion in recent work, including exposure to heavy metals and mycotoxins. Collectively, it was identified that evaluating biomarker suitability (e.g., in-sewer degradation, specificity) and pharmacokinetic data of excreted metabolites are crucial for accurate interpretation of results. Additionally, measurements of contaminants differed between catchment areas, indicating disproportionate exposures across populations.
Summary
The use of WBE offers a near real-time approach to address public health priorities, with strong evidence suggesting it can be applied to generate population-level environmental exposure assessments. Research gaps such as biomarker selection, near real-time intervention efficacy assessment, and data analysis approaches are identified in this review and encouraged to be addressed in future work, informing key areas to support the use of WBE towards a precision-based model for environmental public health.
{"title":"Towards a Precision Model for Environmental Public Health: Wastewater-based Epidemiology to Assess Population-level Exposures and Related Diseases","authors":"Devin A. Bowes","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00350-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00350-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Impacts from climate change and use of toxic chemicals that contaminate our environment continue to pose a threat to the health of human populations. The field of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has evolved significantly in recent years due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, however, investigating the utility of this application to fit within a broader environmental public health framework remains relatively unexplored. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the historical progression of WBE and highlights recent notable advancements to support its use for assessing environmental exposures in human populations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Early pioneering studies confirmed feasibility of this application, including measuring pesticides, plasticizers, and flame retardants in influent wastewater, that offered foundational knowledge to support successful expansion in recent work, including exposure to heavy metals and mycotoxins. Collectively, it was identified that evaluating biomarker suitability (e.g., in-sewer degradation, specificity) and pharmacokinetic data of excreted metabolites are crucial for accurate interpretation of results. Additionally, measurements of contaminants differed between catchment areas, indicating disproportionate exposures across populations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The use of WBE offers a near real-time approach to address public health priorities, with strong evidence suggesting it can be applied to generate population-level environmental exposure assessments. Research gaps such as biomarker selection, near real-time intervention efficacy assessment, and data analysis approaches are identified in this review and encouraged to be addressed in future work, informing key areas to support the use of WBE towards a precision-based model for environmental public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00348-0
Mandy Fisher, Hope A. Weiler, Jordan R. Kuiper, Michael Borghese, Jessie P. Buckley, Robin Shutt, Jillian Ashley-Martin, Anita Subramanian, Tye E. Arbuckle, Beth K. Potter, Julian Little, Anne-Sophie Morisset, Anne Marie Jukic
Purpose of Review
To discuss the potential biological mechanisms between vitamin D and toxic metals and summarize epidemiological studies examining this association in pregnant women.
Recent Findings
We identified four plausible mechanisms whereby vitamin D and toxic metals may interact: nephrotoxicity, intestinal absorption of metals, endocrine disruption, and oxidative stress. Few studies have examined the association between vitamin D and toxic metals in pregnant women. North American studies suggest that higher vitamin D status early in pregnancy are associated with lower blood metals later in pregnancy. However, a trial of vitamin D supplementation in a pregnant population, with higher metal exposures and lower overall nutritional status, does not corroborate these findings.
Summary
Given ubiquitous exposure to many toxic metals, nutritional intervention could be a means for prevention of adverse outcomes. Future prospective studies are needed to establish a causal relationship and clarify the directionality of vitamin D and metals.
综述目的讨论维生素 D 与有毒金属之间的潜在生物学机制，并总结在孕妇中开展的有关这种关联的流行病学研究。最新研究结果我们确定了维生素 D 与有毒金属之间可能相互作用的四种合理机制：肾毒性、肠道吸收金属、内分泌紊乱和氧化应激。很少有研究探讨孕妇体内维生素 D 与有毒金属之间的关系。北美的研究表明，孕早期维生素 D 水平较高与孕晚期血液中金属含量较低有关。然而，在金属暴露量较高、总体营养状况较差的妊娠人群中进行的维生素 D 补充试验并未证实这些发现。未来需要进行前瞻性研究，以确定因果关系并明确维生素 D 与金属的方向性。
{"title":"Vitamin D and Toxic Metals in Pregnancy - a Biological Perspective","authors":"Mandy Fisher, Hope A. Weiler, Jordan R. Kuiper, Michael Borghese, Jessie P. Buckley, Robin Shutt, Jillian Ashley-Martin, Anita Subramanian, Tye E. Arbuckle, Beth K. Potter, Julian Little, Anne-Sophie Morisset, Anne Marie Jukic","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00348-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00348-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>To discuss the potential biological mechanisms between vitamin D and toxic metals and summarize epidemiological studies examining this association in pregnant women.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>We identified four plausible mechanisms whereby vitamin D and toxic metals may interact: nephrotoxicity, intestinal absorption of metals, endocrine disruption, and oxidative stress. Few studies have examined the association between vitamin D and toxic metals in pregnant women. North American studies suggest that higher vitamin D status early in pregnancy are associated with lower blood metals later in pregnancy. However, a trial of vitamin D supplementation in a pregnant population, with higher metal exposures and lower overall nutritional status, does not corroborate these findings.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Given ubiquitous exposure to many toxic metals, nutritional intervention could be a means for prevention of adverse outcomes. Future prospective studies are needed to establish a causal relationship and clarify the directionality of vitamin D and metals.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00349-z
I-Ching Wang, Shelly A. Buffington, Ramiro Salas
Purpose of Review
Gut microbiota contribute to several physiological processes in the host. The composition of the gut microbiome is associated with different neurological and neurodevelopmental diseases. In psychiatric disease, stress may be a major factor leading to gut microbiota alterations. Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health issues worldwide and patients often report gastrointestinal symptoms. Accordingly, evidence of gut microbial alterations in depressive disorders has been growing. Here we review current literature revealing links between the gut microbiome and brain function in the context of depression.
Recent Findings
The gut-brain axis could impact the behavioral manifestation of depression and the underlying neuropathology via multiple routes: the HPA axis, immune function, the enteric nervous system, and the vagus nerve. Furthermore, we explore possible therapeutic interventions including fecal microbiota transplant or probiotic supplementation in alleviating depressive symptoms.
Summary
Understanding the mechanisms by which bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis can be dysregulated in patients with depression could lead to the development of personalized, microbiome-targeted therapies for the treatment of this disorder.
{"title":"Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatry: Focus on Depressive Disorders","authors":"I-Ching Wang, Shelly A. Buffington, Ramiro Salas","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00349-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00349-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Gut microbiota contribute to several physiological processes in the host. The composition of the gut microbiome is associated with different neurological and neurodevelopmental diseases. In psychiatric disease, stress may be a major factor leading to gut microbiota alterations. Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health issues worldwide and patients often report gastrointestinal symptoms. Accordingly, evidence of gut microbial alterations in depressive disorders has been growing. Here we review current literature revealing links between the gut microbiome and brain function in the context of depression.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The gut-brain axis could impact the behavioral manifestation of depression and the underlying neuropathology via multiple routes: the HPA axis, immune function, the enteric nervous system, and the vagus nerve. Furthermore, we explore possible therapeutic interventions including fecal microbiota transplant or probiotic supplementation in alleviating depressive symptoms.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Understanding the mechanisms by which bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis can be dysregulated in patients with depression could lead to the development of personalized, microbiome-targeted therapies for the treatment of this disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141253195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00342-6
Jerzy Eisenberg-Guyot, Rachel Presskreischer, John R. Pamplin
Purpose of Review
Our review critically examines research on trends in mental health among US adults following the COVID-19 pandemic’s onset and makes recommendations for research on the topic.
Recent Findings
Studies comparing pre-pandemic nationally representative government surveys (“benchmark surveys”) with pandemic-era non-benchmark surveys generally estimated threefold to fourfold increases in the prevalence of adverse mental-health outcomes following the pandemic’s onset. However, studies analyzing trends in repeated waves of a single survey, which may carry a lower risk of bias, generally estimated much smaller increases in adverse outcomes. Likewise in our analysis of benchmark surveys, we estimated < 1% increases in the prevalence of adverse outcomes from 2018/2019–2021. Finally, studies analyzing vital-statistics data estimated spiking fatal-overdose rates, but stable suicide rates.
Summary
Although fatal-overdose rates increased substantially following the pandemic’s onset, evidence suggests the population prevalence of other adverse mental-health outcomes may have departed minimally from prior years’ trends, at least through 2021. Future research on trends through the pandemic’s later stages should prioritize leveraging repeated waves of benchmark surveys to minimize risk of bias.
{"title":"Psychiatric Epidemiology During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Jerzy Eisenberg-Guyot, Rachel Presskreischer, John R. Pamplin","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00342-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00342-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Our review critically examines research on trends in mental health among US adults following the COVID-19 pandemic’s onset and makes recommendations for research on the topic.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Studies comparing pre-pandemic nationally representative government surveys (“benchmark surveys”) with pandemic-era non-benchmark surveys generally estimated threefold to fourfold increases in the prevalence of adverse mental-health outcomes following the pandemic’s onset. However, studies analyzing trends in repeated waves of a single survey, which may carry a lower risk of bias, generally estimated much smaller increases in adverse outcomes. Likewise in our analysis of benchmark surveys, we estimated < 1% increases in the prevalence of adverse outcomes from 2018/2019–2021. Finally, studies analyzing vital-statistics data estimated spiking fatal-overdose rates, but stable suicide rates.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Although fatal-overdose rates increased substantially following the pandemic’s onset, evidence suggests the population prevalence of other adverse mental-health outcomes may have departed minimally from prior years’ trends, at least through 2021. Future research on trends through the pandemic’s later stages should prioritize leveraging repeated waves of benchmark surveys to minimize risk of bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00347-1
Jenny Dimakos, Antonios Douros
Purpose of Review
The evidence regarding the clinical effects of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is scarce and limited. Pharmacoepidemiologic studies could help fill in this important knowledge gap. Here, we review the pharmacoepidemiology of DDIs with a focus on cohort designs. We also highlight the decision-making process with respect to different aspects of cohort study design, potential biases that may arise during this decision process, and mitigation strategies.
Recent Findings
Considering the pharmacologic mechanism of the DDI of interest as well as of the object drug and the precipitant drug separately at the design stage of cohort studies for DDIs will help minimize major biases such as prevalent user bias and confounding by indication. Confounding by indication could also be mitigated by using control precipitants. Further, the correct assignment of the cohort entry date via the application of a time-varying exposure definition can help minimize immortal time bias and prevalent user bias. Minimization of these biases may also potentially be achieved with recently developed tools such as target trial emulation and the prevalent new-user design; however, more research is needed in the area.
Summary
Careful consideration of the underlying pharmacology and the specifics of study design will help minimize major biases in cohort studies that aim to assess the clinical effects of DDIs. Recent methodological developments from other areas of pharmacoepidemiology could further improve the internal validity of DDI studies.
{"title":"Methodological Considerations on the Use of Cohort Designs in Drug-Drug Interaction Studies in Pharmacoepidemiology","authors":"Jenny Dimakos, Antonios Douros","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00347-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00347-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The evidence regarding the clinical effects of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is scarce and limited. Pharmacoepidemiologic studies could help fill in this important knowledge gap. Here, we review the pharmacoepidemiology of DDIs with a focus on cohort designs. We also highlight the decision-making process with respect to different aspects of cohort study design, potential biases that may arise during this decision process, and mitigation strategies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Considering the pharmacologic mechanism of the DDI of interest as well as of the object drug and the precipitant drug separately at the design stage of cohort studies for DDIs will help minimize major biases such as prevalent user bias and confounding by indication. Confounding by indication could also be mitigated by using control precipitants. Further, the correct assignment of the cohort entry date via the application of a time-varying exposure definition can help minimize immortal time bias and prevalent user bias. Minimization of these biases may also potentially be achieved with recently developed tools such as target trial emulation and the prevalent new-user design; however, more research is needed in the area.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Careful consideration of the underlying pharmacology and the specifics of study design will help minimize major biases in cohort studies that aim to assess the clinical effects of DDIs. Recent methodological developments from other areas of pharmacoepidemiology could further improve the internal validity of DDI studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140076473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00343-5
Fangyu Liu, Emilie D. Duchesneau, Jennifer L. Lund, John W. Jackson
Purpose of Review
Research questions on exposure change and health outcomes are both relevant to clinical and policy decision making for public health. Causal inference methods can help investigators answer questions about exposure change when the first or incident exposure is unobserved or not well defined. This review aims to help researchers conceive of helpful causal research questions about exposure change and understand various statistical methods for answering these questions to promote wider adoption of causal inference methods in research on exposure change outside the field of pharmacoepidemiology.
Recent Findings
Epidemiologic studies examining exposure changes face challenges that can be addressed by causal inference methods, including target trial emulation. However, their application outside the field of pharmacoepidemiology is limited.
Summary
In this review, we (a) illustrate considerations in defining an exposure change and defining the total and joint effects of an exposure change, (b) provide practical guidance on trial emulation design and data set-up for statistical analysis, (c) demonstrate four statistical methods that can estimate total and/or joint effects (structural conditional mean models, time-dependent matching, inverse probability weighting, and the parametric g-formula), and (d) compare the advantages and limitations of these statistical methods.
综述目的有关暴露变化和健康结果的研究问题与公共卫生的临床和政策决策都息息相关。因果推断方法可以帮助研究人员在首次或偶发暴露未被观测到或未被明确定义的情况下回答暴露变化的问题。本综述旨在帮助研究人员构思有关暴露变化的有用因果研究问题，并了解回答这些问题的各种统计方法，以促进在药物流行病学领域以外的暴露变化研究中更广泛地采用因果推断方法。摘要在本综述中，我们（a）说明了定义暴露变化以及定义暴露变化的总效应和联合效应的注意事项；（b）提供了有关试验模拟设计和统计分析数据设置的实用指导；（c）展示了四种可以估计总效应和/或联合效应的统计方法（结构条件均值模型、时间相关匹配、反概率加权和参数 g 公式）；以及（d）比较了这些统计方法的优势和局限性。
{"title":"A Review of Causal Inference Methods for Estimating the Effects of Exposure Change when Incident Exposure Is Unobservable","authors":"Fangyu Liu, Emilie D. Duchesneau, Jennifer L. Lund, John W. Jackson","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00343-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00343-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Research questions on exposure change and health outcomes are both relevant to clinical and policy decision making for public health. Causal inference methods can help investigators answer questions about exposure change when the first or incident exposure is unobserved or not well defined. This review aims to help researchers conceive of helpful causal research questions about exposure change and understand various statistical methods for answering these questions to promote wider adoption of causal inference methods in research on exposure change outside the field of pharmacoepidemiology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Epidemiologic studies examining exposure changes face challenges that can be addressed by causal inference methods, including target trial emulation. However, their application outside the field of pharmacoepidemiology is limited.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>In this review, we (a) illustrate considerations in defining an exposure change and defining the total and joint effects of an exposure change, (b) provide practical guidance on trial emulation design and data set-up for statistical analysis, (c) demonstrate four statistical methods that can estimate total and/or joint effects (structural conditional mean models, time-dependent matching, inverse probability weighting, and the parametric g-formula), and (d) compare the advantages and limitations of these statistical methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139928272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-17DOI: 10.1007/s40471-024-00346-2
Charles E. Gaber, Kent A. Hanson, Sodam Kim, Jennifer L. Lund, Todd A. Lee, Eleanor J. Murray
Purpose of Review
Over the past two decades, cautions have repeatedly been issued about the potential for immortal time bias in observational studies. This bias is particularly relevant in fields that routinely leverage large secondary databases such as pharmacoepidemiology. A variety of study design and analysis tools exist to prevent immortal time bias. A newer approach, the clone-censor-weight method, successfully eliminates the possibility for immortal time while maintaining a target trial emulation framework. We review the rationale for the clone-censor-weight approach, outline the steps for implementation, compare the method to other tools for handling immortal time, and describe how the method has been used in a convenience sample of applied studies.
Recent Findings
The clone-censor-weight method offers distinct advantages over other methods for handling immortal time bias, namely the retention of a target trial emulation framework. The clone-censor-weight method has been used across numerous substantive areas within pharmacoepidemiology, with variation in how the method is implemented.
Summary
The clone-censor-weight method represents a rigorous approach for emulating a target trial and preventing immortal time bias. Many pharmacoepidemiologic studies would benefit from appropriate use of this method, though future work should illuminate the impact of different implementation choices.
{"title":"The Clone-Censor-Weight Method in Pharmacoepidemiologic Research: Foundations and Methodological Implementation","authors":"Charles E. Gaber, Kent A. Hanson, Sodam Kim, Jennifer L. Lund, Todd A. Lee, Eleanor J. Murray","doi":"10.1007/s40471-024-00346-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-024-00346-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Over the past two decades, cautions have repeatedly been issued about the potential for immortal time bias in observational studies. This bias is particularly relevant in fields that routinely leverage large secondary databases such as pharmacoepidemiology. A variety of study design and analysis tools exist to prevent immortal time bias. A newer approach, the clone-censor-weight method, successfully eliminates the possibility for immortal time while maintaining a target trial emulation framework. We review the rationale for the clone-censor-weight approach, outline the steps for implementation, compare the method to other tools for handling immortal time, and describe how the method has been used in a convenience sample of applied studies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The clone-censor-weight method offers distinct advantages over other methods for handling immortal time bias, namely the retention of a target trial emulation framework. The clone-censor-weight method has been used across numerous substantive areas within pharmacoepidemiology, with variation in how the method is implemented.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The clone-censor-weight method represents a rigorous approach for emulating a target trial and preventing immortal time bias. Many pharmacoepidemiologic studies would benefit from appropriate use of this method, though future work should illuminate the impact of different implementation choices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号