Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070081
A. O. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of schooling behavior of fish, which is a genetically fixed species character, have been considered. The intention of schooling fish to unite with individuals of their own species or with fish that are similar in shape, color and motor activity pattern (schooling reaction) is an innate reflex that manifests itself in natural and artificial environments in individuals with different individual experiences. The intention to unite is expressed the stronger, the more schooling behavior is characteristic of fish. The larger the school, the more attractive it is for fish. To choose a school for association, it is enough that it be 2–3 times larger than the rest. This difference decreases with an increase in the number of fish in schools, with the threat of a predator attack and other stresses. In juveniles, the intention to unite with larger schools is more pronounced than in adult fish. Given a choice, fish prefer individuals of their own species and fish similar in size and color. Imitation is an unconditioned reflex, which is another important mechanism of school behavior. Imitative reactions are most pronounced in schooling fish, but their manifestation is possible if the imitated and imitating fish are conspecific and close in size. An innate optomotor reaction (following reflex) ensures that fish maintain a single school during movements and rapid maneuvering. Schooling coordination is achieved by focusing on the actions of one of the closest partners, and the parallel arrangement of fish is achieved by accurately following the leading partner. Recognition of individuals of their own species, mutual orientation and coordination of actions of fish is facilitated by schooling coloration—spots, stripes and patterns on the body, head and fins, differing in position, size, shape, color, brightness and other details. Important visual landmarks are the contrasting eyes of school partners. Schooling coloration is not present in all schooling fish. In many species, schooling coloration changes as the fish grow and develop.
{"title":"Mechanisms of Schooling Behavior of Fish","authors":"A. O. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070081","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The basic mechanisms of schooling behavior of fish, which is a genetically fixed species character, have been considered. The intention of schooling fish to unite with individuals of their own species or with fish that are similar in shape, color and motor activity pattern (schooling reaction) is an innate reflex that manifests itself in natural and artificial environments in individuals with different individual experiences. The intention to unite is expressed the stronger, the more schooling behavior is characteristic of fish. The larger the school, the more attractive it is for fish. To choose a school for association, it is enough that it be 2–3 times larger than the rest. This difference decreases with an increase in the number of fish in schools, with the threat of a predator attack and other stresses. In juveniles, the intention to unite with larger schools is more pronounced than in adult fish. Given a choice, fish prefer individuals of their own species and fish similar in size and color. Imitation is an unconditioned reflex, which is another important mechanism of school behavior. Imitative reactions are most pronounced in schooling fish, but their manifestation is possible if the imitated and imitating fish are conspecific and close in size. An innate optomotor reaction (following reflex) ensures that fish maintain a single school during movements and rapid maneuvering. Schooling coordination is achieved by focusing on the actions of one of the closest partners, and the parallel arrangement of fish is achieved by accurately following the leading partner. Recognition of individuals of their own species, mutual orientation and coordination of actions of fish is facilitated by schooling coloration—spots, stripes and patterns on the body, head and fins, differing in position, size, shape, color, brightness and other details. Important visual landmarks are the contrasting eyes of school partners. Schooling coloration is not present in all schooling fish. In many species, schooling coloration changes as the fish grow and develop.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138689734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223050089
E. A. Poezzhalova-Chegodaeva
Abstract
Plastic and meristic traits, arrangement of teeth attached to jaw bones, and coloration in the antlered sculpin from Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk are considered. The data on allometric variability in plastic traits of this species are first reported. It has been proven that the most traits antlered sculpin are susceptible to variation in positive allometry (head proportions and fin sizes), while negative allometry can be observed only in several traits (the head length, the length of upper preopercular spine, and the maximum height of occipital ridge). A range of traits unsuscepyible to allometry of orbit diameter, distance from the orbit posterior edge and the occipital ridge posterior edge, predorsal distance, base length of pectoral fin, and length of caudal peduncle are revealed. The significant taxonomic traits including length of upper preopercular spine, interorbital width, and form and arrangement of lacrimale outgrowths are identified.
{"title":"Some Data on Morphology of Antlered Sculpin Enophrys diceraus (Cottidae) from Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk","authors":"E. A. Poezzhalova-Chegodaeva","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223050089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223050089","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Plastic and meristic traits, arrangement of teeth attached to jaw bones, and coloration in the antlered sculpin from Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk are considered. The data on allometric variability in plastic traits of this species are first reported. It has been proven that the most traits antlered sculpin are susceptible to variation in positive allometry (head proportions and fin sizes), while negative allometry can be observed only in several traits (the head length, the length of upper preopercular spine, and the maximum height of occipital ridge). A range of traits unsuscepyible to allometry of orbit diameter, distance from the orbit posterior edge and the occipital ridge posterior edge, predorsal distance, base length of pectoral fin, and length of caudal peduncle are revealed. The significant taxonomic traits including length of upper preopercular spine, interorbital width, and form and arrangement of lacrimale outgrowths are identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223060085
K. V. Kuzishchin, M. A. Gruzdeva, A. V. Semenova
Abstract—
The data on widening the zone for hybridization between the chars of the genus Salvelinus, kundscha S. leucomaenis and northern dolly varden S. malma (Salmonidae), in rivers of the Kamchatka Peninsula are reported. If the hybrids between the kundscha and the northern dolly varden could be previously observed only in the Utkholok River in the northwest of the peninsula, the mass hybridization between these species have occurred in two more nearby rivers, the Kvachina and Snatolveem Rivers since 2009. A microsatellite analysis has shown that hybrid specimens are characterized by intermediate values for allelic diversity, when compared to that in the representatives of parental species, while the mean expected heterozygosity values for hybrids are higher than that in Dolly Varden and kundscha fish. The analysis results for maternal inheritance in hybrid specimens from the Kvachina River coincide with that obtained in the surveys previously performed in the Utkholok River. Thus, the same haplotype specific for the kundscha fish was revealed in all the hybrid specimens, which can indicate that the hybrids originate from kundscha females and Dolly Varden males. The appearance and coloration of kundscha × northern dolly varden hybrids in the Kvachina and Snatolveem Rivers are similar to that in the specimens in the Utkholok River. Rather similar chacteristics of hybrid specimens in all three rivers can give reason to consider that a mechanism of their occurrence in the Kvachina and Snatolveem Rivers is simalr to that in the Utkholok River, since the kundscha eggs are inseminated by the Dolly Varden dwarf males. The increased local biological production of rivers due to increased sizes of spawning stocks of pink salmon Oncorhynchusgorbuscha along with large-scale climate changes in the North Pacific are considered as a possible cause of disturbances of isolation between species. It is quite probable that these two factors have contributed to improving the environmental conditions for fattening the Dolly Varden fish in the freshwater phase of their life cycle and, as a resultl of this process, increasing the number of Dolly Varden male fish matuaring in the river.
摘要/ abstract摘要:报道了堪察加半岛河流中鲑属(Salvelinus)鲑属(kundscha S. leucomaenis)和北方鲑科(north dolly varden S. malma)鲑属鲑的杂交区扩大情况。如果说昆沙河和北多莉瓦登河之间的杂交以前只能在半岛西北部的乌特霍洛克河中观察到，那么自2009年以来，这些物种之间的大规模杂交已经在附近的两条河流中发生，即克瓦奇纳河和斯特纳尔维姆河。微卫星分析表明，与亲本物种相比，杂交种的等位基因多样性处于中等水平，而杂交种的平均期望杂合度高于多莉瓦尔登鱼和昆沙鱼。克瓦奇纳河杂交标本的母系遗传分析结果与以前在乌特霍洛克河进行的调查结果一致。因此，在所有的杂交标本中都发现了相同的单倍型，这表明杂交种起源于昆沙雌鱼和多莉瓦尔登雄鱼。在Kvachina河和Snatolveem河中发现的昆沙和北方多利杂交品种的外观和颜色与在Utkholok河中发现的样品相似。在所有三条河流中杂交标本的相似特征可以让我们有理由认为它们在Kvachina和Snatolveem河中的发生机制与Utkholok河中的相似，因为昆沙卵是由多莉瓦尔登侏儒雄鱼受精的。粉红鲑鱼产卵量的增加以及北太平洋大规模的气候变化导致河流的局部生物产量增加，被认为是物种间隔离干扰的可能原因。这两个因素很可能改善了多利瓦登鱼在淡水阶段的育肥环境条件，并因此增加了多利瓦登雄鱼在河流中成熟的数量。
{"title":"On Widening the Hybrid Zone for Chars of Genus Salvelinus, Kundscha S. leucomaenis and Northern Dolly Varden S. malma (Salmonidae), in Rivers of Kamchatka Peninsula","authors":"K. V. Kuzishchin, M. A. Gruzdeva, A. V. Semenova","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223060085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223060085","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Abstract</b>—</h3><p>The data on widening the zone for hybridization between the chars of the genus <i>Salvelinus</i>, kundscha <i>S. leucomaenis</i> and northern dolly varden <i>S. malma</i> (Salmonidae), in rivers of the Kamchatka Peninsula are reported. If the hybrids between the kundscha and the northern dolly varden could be previously observed only in the Utkholok River in the northwest of the peninsula, the mass hybridization between these species have occurred in two more nearby rivers, the Kvachina and Snatolveem Rivers since 2009. A microsatellite analysis has shown that hybrid specimens are characterized by intermediate values for allelic diversity, when compared to that in the representatives of parental species, while the mean expected heterozygosity values for hybrids are higher than that in Dolly Varden and kundscha fish. The analysis results for maternal inheritance in hybrid specimens from the Kvachina River coincide with that obtained in the surveys previously performed in the Utkholok River. Thus, the same haplotype specific for the kundscha fish was revealed in all the hybrid specimens, which can indicate that the hybrids originate from kundscha females and Dolly Varden males. The appearance and coloration of kundscha × northern dolly varden hybrids in the Kvachina and Snatolveem Rivers are similar to that in the specimens in the Utkholok River. Rather similar chacteristics of hybrid specimens in all three rivers can give reason to consider that a mechanism of their occurrence in the Kvachina and Snatolveem Rivers is simalr to that in the Utkholok River, since the kundscha eggs are inseminated by the Dolly Varden dwarf males. The increased local biological production of rivers due to increased sizes of spawning stocks of pink salmon <i>Oncorhynchus</i> <i>gorbuscha</i> along with large-scale climate changes in the North Pacific are considered as a possible cause of disturbances of isolation between species. It is quite probable that these two factors have contributed to improving the environmental conditions for fattening the Dolly Varden fish in the freshwater phase of their life cycle and, as a resultl of this process, increasing the number of Dolly Varden male fish matuaring in the river.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s003294522307007x
A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
{"title":"Diurnal Rhythm of Schooling Behavior of Fish","authors":"A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s003294522307007x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s003294522307007x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"429 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138991197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s003294522307010x
A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
{"title":"Schooling Behavior and Feeding of Fish","authors":"A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s003294522307010x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s003294522307010x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"44 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070123
A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
{"title":"Influence of Environmental Factors and the Condition of Fish on Schooling Behavior","authors":"A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"275 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139013402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070093
A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
{"title":"Protective Function of a Fish School","authors":"A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"298 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139021245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223060097
A. F. Kuznetsov
{"title":"Notes on Hermaphroditism in the Baltic Herring Clupea harengus membras (Clupeidae) in the Gulf of Finland","authors":"A. F. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223060097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223060097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"769 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139020607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070147
Abstract
Schooling in fish manifests itself in various forms corresponding to the surrounding external situation, as well as the age and condition of fish. An uninterrupted series of schooling manifestation forms, easily changing and passing into each other in all types of sequences, is an inseparable schooling behavior continuum. Transitions from one form to another are dynamic, they usually occur within a few seconds, they are made constantly and repeatedly during the entire time of a school’s existence. The range of possible forms of schooling behavior is a property inherent in a group of ecologically close species. The concept of a schooling behavior continuum partially solves the terminological dilemma of separating the concepts of a school and a shoal, since it allows us to confidently interpret the temporary dispersal of a school not as a transition of schooling fish to a non-schooling state and the formation of a true shoal, but as fish staying in one of the forms of schooling, which at any moment can quickly be replaced by another form. In the schooling behavior continuum, different forms may be represented differently in different groups of fish. Schooling behavior, in turn, is organically included in the spectrum of other possible social manifestations characteristic of a particular fish species.
{"title":"Continuity of Schooling Behavior of Fish","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070147","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Schooling in fish manifests itself in various forms corresponding to the surrounding external situation, as well as the age and condition of fish. An uninterrupted series of schooling manifestation forms, easily changing and passing into each other in all types of sequences, is an inseparable schooling behavior continuum. Transitions from one form to another are dynamic, they usually occur within a few seconds, they are made constantly and repeatedly during the entire time of a school’s existence. The range of possible forms of schooling behavior is a property inherent in a group of ecologically close species. The concept of a schooling behavior continuum partially solves the terminological dilemma of separating the concepts of a school and a shoal, since it allows us to confidently interpret the temporary dispersal of a school not as a transition of schooling fish to a non-schooling state and the formation of a true shoal, but as fish staying in one of the forms of schooling, which at any moment can quickly be replaced by another form. In the schooling behavior continuum, different forms may be represented differently in different groups of fish. Schooling behavior, in turn, is organically included in the spectrum of other possible social manifestations characteristic of a particular fish species.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138693279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070044
A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
{"title":"Internal Structure of a Fish School","authors":"A. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":"119 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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