Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223060127
M. Yu. Pichugin, N. B. Korostelev, S. S. Alekseyev
Abstract
The results of the study of growth, ossification sequence and peculiarities of the development of skeletal elements, body proportions and meristic characters of laboratory-reared larvae and fry of two dwarf forms of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus сomplex spawning at the shore slope (Lake Tokko) and in the profundal zone (Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo) (Transbaikalia) are presented. Charr from Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo demonstrated slower rates of growth and morphogenesis, retardation of the ossification of their predorsal bones series with its displacement from larval to juvenile period of the ontogeny, but the acceleration of the development of the vertebral column. High mortality of pre-larvae of charr from this lake connected with the transfer to exogenous feeding was observed. For the first time the problem of the reorganization of early ontogeny of charr of the genus Salvelinus in connection with the colonization of deepwater habitat is discussed. In larvae of charr from Lake Tokko, the ossification of vertebral centra was often accompanied by the formation of anomalous bony structures in the notochord. The phenomenon of the penetration of skeletogenic cells into the notochord, which has been described in hybrids of sympatric charr forms, was found in a pure charr form for the first time. The development of characteristic morphological features of the two charr forms in the ontogeny was traced. Differences in body proportions between their fry corresponding to those between adult fish were revealed.
{"title":"Peculiarities of Early Ontogeny of Dwarf Forms of Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus Сomplex (Salmonidae) from Lakes Tokko and Bol’shoe Leprindo (Transbaikalia). 1. Pure Forms","authors":"M. Yu. Pichugin, N. B. Korostelev, S. S. Alekseyev","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223060127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223060127","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The results of the study of growth, ossification sequence and peculiarities of the development of skeletal elements, body proportions and meristic characters of laboratory-reared larvae and fry of two dwarf forms of Arctic charr <i>Salvelinus alpinus</i> сomplex spawning at the shore slope (Lake Tokko) and in the profundal zone (Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo) (Transbaikalia) are presented. Charr from Lake Bol’shoe Leprindo demonstrated slower rates of growth and morphogenesis, retardation of the ossification of their predorsal bones series with its displacement from larval to juvenile period of the ontogeny, but the acceleration of the development of the vertebral column. High mortality of pre-larvae of charr from this lake connected with the transfer to exogenous feeding was observed. For the first time the problem of the reorganization of early ontogeny of charr of the genus <i>Salvelinus</i> in connection with the colonization of deepwater habitat is discussed. In larvae of charr from Lake Tokko, the ossification of vertebral centra was often accompanied by the formation of anomalous bony structures in the notochord. The phenomenon of the penetration of skeletogenic cells into the notochord, which has been described in hybrids of sympatric charr forms, was found in a pure charr form for the first time. The development of characteristic morphological features of the two charr forms in the ontogeny was traced. Differences in body proportions between their fry corresponding to those between adult fish were revealed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138630017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223060024
E. V. Esin, E. V. Shulgina, N. S. Pavlova, D. V. Zlenko
Abstract
The balance between phenotypic plasticity and adaptive specialization in response to environmental pressures remains a hot topic in evolutionary biology. In fish, one of the strongest impact factors is the chemical pollution of habitats. In an attempt to assess the consequences of heavy pollution of fresh waters for resident fishes, we studied Kamchatkan charr, which undergo paedomorphosis in the case of isolation in streams of volcanic areas contaminated with heavy metals. Experiments were carried out on the resistance of charr to metal mixtures during normal development and in six experimental groups with therapeutically altered intensity of metabolism and the secretory activity of thyroid gland. Water from volcanically contaminated streams was found to be lethally toxic for embryos and early juveniles of unadapted charr. The success of acclimation to toxic exposure was correlated with an increase in thyroid status. In experiments, the group with significantly elevated thyroid status showed a significant decrease in mortality and attenuation of oxidative stress in solutions of heavy metals. Under natural conditions, hyperthyroidism provokes a redistribution of the charr’s organism resources from somatic growth and morphological differentiation to stress counteracting and accelerated maturation, which is necessary for the long-term survival of the population under conditions of increased risk of individual mortality. Our experiments highlight the role of thyroid hormones in the rapid response to habitat pollution and the subsequent adaptation of fish populations to chronic deterioration.
{"title":"Role of Thyroid Hormones in Adaptation to Volcanic Contamination of Freshwater Habitats in Charr of the Genus Salvelinus (Salmonidae)","authors":"E. V. Esin, E. V. Shulgina, N. S. Pavlova, D. V. Zlenko","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223060024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223060024","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The balance between phenotypic plasticity and adaptive specialization in response to environmental pressures remains a hot topic in evolutionary biology. In fish, one of the strongest impact factors is the chemical pollution of habitats. In an attempt to assess the consequences of heavy pollution of fresh waters for resident fishes, we studied Kamchatkan charr, which undergo paedomorphosis in the case of isolation in streams of volcanic areas contaminated with heavy metals. Experiments were carried out on the resistance of charr to metal mixtures during normal development and in six experimental groups with therapeutically altered intensity of metabolism and the secretory activity of thyroid gland. Water from volcanically contaminated streams was found to be lethally toxic for embryos and early juveniles of unadapted charr. The success of acclimation to toxic exposure was correlated with an increase in thyroid status. In experiments, the group with significantly elevated thyroid status showed a significant decrease in mortality and attenuation of oxidative stress in solutions of heavy metals. Under natural conditions, hyperthyroidism provokes a redistribution of the charr’s organism resources from somatic growth and morphological differentiation to stress counteracting and accelerated maturation, which is necessary for the long-term survival of the population under conditions of increased risk of individual mortality. Our experiments highlight the role of thyroid hormones in the rapid response to habitat pollution and the subsequent adaptation of fish populations to chronic deterioration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138630128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070081
A. O. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of schooling behavior of fish, which is a genetically fixed species character, have been considered. The intention of schooling fish to unite with individuals of their own species or with fish that are similar in shape, color and motor activity pattern (schooling reaction) is an innate reflex that manifests itself in natural and artificial environments in individuals with different individual experiences. The intention to unite is expressed the stronger, the more schooling behavior is characteristic of fish. The larger the school, the more attractive it is for fish. To choose a school for association, it is enough that it be 2–3 times larger than the rest. This difference decreases with an increase in the number of fish in schools, with the threat of a predator attack and other stresses. In juveniles, the intention to unite with larger schools is more pronounced than in adult fish. Given a choice, fish prefer individuals of their own species and fish similar in size and color. Imitation is an unconditioned reflex, which is another important mechanism of school behavior. Imitative reactions are most pronounced in schooling fish, but their manifestation is possible if the imitated and imitating fish are conspecific and close in size. An innate optomotor reaction (following reflex) ensures that fish maintain a single school during movements and rapid maneuvering. Schooling coordination is achieved by focusing on the actions of one of the closest partners, and the parallel arrangement of fish is achieved by accurately following the leading partner. Recognition of individuals of their own species, mutual orientation and coordination of actions of fish is facilitated by schooling coloration—spots, stripes and patterns on the body, head and fins, differing in position, size, shape, color, brightness and other details. Important visual landmarks are the contrasting eyes of school partners. Schooling coloration is not present in all schooling fish. In many species, schooling coloration changes as the fish grow and develop.
{"title":"Mechanisms of Schooling Behavior of Fish","authors":"A. O. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070081","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The basic mechanisms of schooling behavior of fish, which is a genetically fixed species character, have been considered. The intention of schooling fish to unite with individuals of their own species or with fish that are similar in shape, color and motor activity pattern (schooling reaction) is an innate reflex that manifests itself in natural and artificial environments in individuals with different individual experiences. The intention to unite is expressed the stronger, the more schooling behavior is characteristic of fish. The larger the school, the more attractive it is for fish. To choose a school for association, it is enough that it be 2–3 times larger than the rest. This difference decreases with an increase in the number of fish in schools, with the threat of a predator attack and other stresses. In juveniles, the intention to unite with larger schools is more pronounced than in adult fish. Given a choice, fish prefer individuals of their own species and fish similar in size and color. Imitation is an unconditioned reflex, which is another important mechanism of school behavior. Imitative reactions are most pronounced in schooling fish, but their manifestation is possible if the imitated and imitating fish are conspecific and close in size. An innate optomotor reaction (following reflex) ensures that fish maintain a single school during movements and rapid maneuvering. Schooling coordination is achieved by focusing on the actions of one of the closest partners, and the parallel arrangement of fish is achieved by accurately following the leading partner. Recognition of individuals of their own species, mutual orientation and coordination of actions of fish is facilitated by schooling coloration—spots, stripes and patterns on the body, head and fins, differing in position, size, shape, color, brightness and other details. Important visual landmarks are the contrasting eyes of school partners. Schooling coloration is not present in all schooling fish. In many species, schooling coloration changes as the fish grow and develop.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138689734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223070032
A. O. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov
Abstract
Data on the size and shape of fish schools, number, size, and species composition of individuals included in them have been considered. The largest schools, numbering up to hundreds of thousands of individuals or more, are formed by mass marine pelagic fish. The shape of fish schools of the same species is extremely diverse and changes rapidly, depending on the age and size of the fish, their mobility, condition, and other features. The classification of schools has been given—migrating (polarized), feeding, spherical (globular) and others. Schools can become denser or sparse, change the depth of swimming, break up and joint with neighboring ones. The variability of the linear sizes of fish schools and the number of individuals included in them reflects the high plasticity of schooling behavior and its susceptibility to the influence of various factors. Schools are characterized by high homogeneity of the species and size composition of fish and the absence of individual differences in fish. In some cases, schools may consist predominantly of female or male fish. Uniformity is the most important characteristic of fish schools and indicates assortativeness when fish unite into schools. The greatest homogeneity is characteristic of migrating schools of pelagic fish. Multi-species schools are most often formed by juvenile fish.
{"title":"Size, Shape, Numbers and Composition of Fish Schools","authors":"A. O. Kasumyan, D. S. Pavlov","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223070032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223070032","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Data on the size and shape of fish schools, number, size, and species composition of individuals included in them have been considered. The largest schools, numbering up to hundreds of thousands of individuals or more, are formed by mass marine pelagic fish. The shape of fish schools of the same species is extremely diverse and changes rapidly, depending on the age and size of the fish, their mobility, condition, and other features. The classification of schools has been given—migrating (polarized), feeding, spherical (globular) and others. Schools can become denser or sparse, change the depth of swimming, break up and joint with neighboring ones. The variability of the linear sizes of fish schools and the number of individuals included in them reflects the high plasticity of schooling behavior and its susceptibility to the influence of various factors. Schools are characterized by high homogeneity of the species and size composition of fish and the absence of individual differences in fish. In some cases, schools may consist predominantly of female or male fish. Uniformity is the most important characteristic of fish schools and indicates assortativeness when fish unite into schools. The greatest homogeneity is characteristic of migrating schools of pelagic fish. Multi-species schools are most often formed by juvenile fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138689738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1134/s0032945223050089
E. A. Poezzhalova-Chegodaeva
Abstract
Plastic and meristic traits, arrangement of teeth attached to jaw bones, and coloration in the antlered sculpin from Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk are considered. The data on allometric variability in plastic traits of this species are first reported. It has been proven that the most traits antlered sculpin are susceptible to variation in positive allometry (head proportions and fin sizes), while negative allometry can be observed only in several traits (the head length, the length of upper preopercular spine, and the maximum height of occipital ridge). A range of traits unsuscepyible to allometry of orbit diameter, distance from the orbit posterior edge and the occipital ridge posterior edge, predorsal distance, base length of pectoral fin, and length of caudal peduncle are revealed. The significant taxonomic traits including length of upper preopercular spine, interorbital width, and form and arrangement of lacrimale outgrowths are identified.
{"title":"Some Data on Morphology of Antlered Sculpin Enophrys diceraus (Cottidae) from Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk","authors":"E. A. Poezzhalova-Chegodaeva","doi":"10.1134/s0032945223050089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945223050089","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Plastic and meristic traits, arrangement of teeth attached to jaw bones, and coloration in the antlered sculpin from Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk are considered. The data on allometric variability in plastic traits of this species are first reported. It has been proven that the most traits antlered sculpin are susceptible to variation in positive allometry (head proportions and fin sizes), while negative allometry can be observed only in several traits (the head length, the length of upper preopercular spine, and the maximum height of occipital ridge). A range of traits unsuscepyible to allometry of orbit diameter, distance from the orbit posterior edge and the occipital ridge posterior edge, predorsal distance, base length of pectoral fin, and length of caudal peduncle are revealed. The significant taxonomic traits including length of upper preopercular spine, interorbital width, and form and arrangement of lacrimale outgrowths are identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":48537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ichthyology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}