Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010156
Bin Wang, Guoqian Ren, Haijiang Li, Jisong Zhang, Jian Qin
In fire emergency management, a delayed execution will cause a significant number of casualties. Conventional fire drills typically only identify a certain percentage of evacuation bottlenecks after the building has been constructed, which is hard to improve. This paper proposes an innovative framework to validate fire emergency evacuation at the early design stage. According to the experience and knowledge of fire emergency evacuation design, the proposed framework also introduces a seamless two-way information channel to embed fire emergency evacuation simulations into a BIM-based design environment. Several critical factors for fire evacuation have been reviewed in relevant domain knowledge, which is used to build virtual characters to test in experimental scenarios. The results are analyzed to validate fire emergency evacuation factors, and the feedback knowledge is stored as a knowledge model for further applications.
{"title":"Developing a Framework Leveraging Building Information Modelling to Validate Fire Emergency Evacuation","authors":"Bin Wang, Guoqian Ren, Haijiang Li, Jisong Zhang, Jian Qin","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010156","url":null,"abstract":"In fire emergency management, a delayed execution will cause a significant number of casualties. Conventional fire drills typically only identify a certain percentage of evacuation bottlenecks after the building has been constructed, which is hard to improve. This paper proposes an innovative framework to validate fire emergency evacuation at the early design stage. According to the experience and knowledge of fire emergency evacuation design, the proposed framework also introduces a seamless two-way information channel to embed fire emergency evacuation simulations into a BIM-based design environment. Several critical factors for fire evacuation have been reviewed in relevant domain knowledge, which is used to build virtual characters to test in experimental scenarios. The results are analyzed to validate fire emergency evacuation factors, and the feedback knowledge is stored as a knowledge model for further applications.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"31 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010155
Zicheng Huang, Yaning Wei, S. Hadigheh
Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are innovative materials created by combining lignocellulosic sub-products with fungal mycelium. These composites possess a remarkable ability to transform waste fragments into a continuous material without requiring additional energy input or generating further waste. The production process of MBCs involves utilising different fungal species, substrates, and pressing techniques, resulting in composites with diverse physical, mechanical, and functional properties. A comprehensive evaluation of MBCs’ properties is crucial to explore their potential applications in the construction sector and ensure their suitability for specific purposes. This study provides a critical evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of engineered mycelium-bound composites under various manufacturing conditions. Additionally, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) methodologies were applied to investigation the optimum conditions for mycelium composites in the construction industry. The outcomes of FCE show the most promising fungal species, offering an optimal balance between material performance and production efficiency. Furthermore, the future development of MBCs manufacturing techniques was reviewed, providing a valuable reference for future research endeavours and showcasing the potential of MBCs applications within the field of civil engineering.
{"title":"Variations in the Properties of Engineered Mycelium-Bound Composites (MBCs) under Different Manufacturing Conditions","authors":"Zicheng Huang, Yaning Wei, S. Hadigheh","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010155","url":null,"abstract":"Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are innovative materials created by combining lignocellulosic sub-products with fungal mycelium. These composites possess a remarkable ability to transform waste fragments into a continuous material without requiring additional energy input or generating further waste. The production process of MBCs involves utilising different fungal species, substrates, and pressing techniques, resulting in composites with diverse physical, mechanical, and functional properties. A comprehensive evaluation of MBCs’ properties is crucial to explore their potential applications in the construction sector and ensure their suitability for specific purposes. This study provides a critical evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of engineered mycelium-bound composites under various manufacturing conditions. Additionally, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) methodologies were applied to investigation the optimum conditions for mycelium composites in the construction industry. The outcomes of FCE show the most promising fungal species, offering an optimal balance between material performance and production efficiency. Furthermore, the future development of MBCs manufacturing techniques was reviewed, providing a valuable reference for future research endeavours and showcasing the potential of MBCs applications within the field of civil engineering.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"44 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bridges are situated in a complex area with geological conditions that are challenging for engineering. It has been observed that certain pile foundations of bridges have been uplifted to varying degrees by up to 309 mm. This has a significant impact on the bridge’s operation and driving safety. The causal mechanism of the bridge pile foundation arch is analyzed through a theoretical analysis and a Plaxis 3D (v.2013) finite element software simulation. The influence of the ground stress and goaf on the bridge pile foundation under different working conditions is studied. The findings indicate that the uplift of the bridge pile foundation due to an equivalent ground stress is the largest, reaching approximately 300 mm in the bridge valley area. Additionally, the uplift of the non-bridge area in the goaf is greater than that of the bridge pile foundation. These results suggest that ground stress is the primary cause of the arching of a bridge pile foundation.
桥梁位于地质条件复杂的地区，对工程而言具有挑战性。据观察，某些桥梁的桩基出现了不同程度的隆起，最高达 309 毫米。这对桥梁的运行和行车安全有很大影响。本文通过理论分析和 Plaxis 3D (v.2013) 有限元软件模拟分析了桥梁桩基起拱的成因机理。研究了不同工况下地应力和围岩对桥梁桩基的影响。研究结果表明，等效地应力导致的桥梁桩基上浮最大，在桥谷区域达到约 300 毫米。此外，山坡上非桥梁区域的隆起也大于桥梁桩基的隆起。这些结果表明，地应力是造成桥梁桩基起拱的主要原因。
{"title":"Study on Numerical Simulation of Arch Mechanism of Bridge Pile Foundation","authors":"Zhanhui Qu, Zemin Han, Haoyu Tang, Jiangbo Xu, Heping Wang, Yifan Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010146","url":null,"abstract":"Bridges are situated in a complex area with geological conditions that are challenging for engineering. It has been observed that certain pile foundations of bridges have been uplifted to varying degrees by up to 309 mm. This has a significant impact on the bridge’s operation and driving safety. The causal mechanism of the bridge pile foundation arch is analyzed through a theoretical analysis and a Plaxis 3D (v.2013) finite element software simulation. The influence of the ground stress and goaf on the bridge pile foundation under different working conditions is studied. The findings indicate that the uplift of the bridge pile foundation due to an equivalent ground stress is the largest, reaching approximately 300 mm in the bridge valley area. Additionally, the uplift of the non-bridge area in the goaf is greater than that of the bridge pile foundation. These results suggest that ground stress is the primary cause of the arching of a bridge pile foundation.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"32 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-07DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010148
Lorenzo Diana, Cristina Passarelli, Francesco Polverino, F. Pugliese
In the frame of developing sustainable, reliable, and regenerative interventions on existing buildings, namely on large-scale public housing, the implementation of functional, technological, and effective strategies is devoted to thoroughly assessing the transformability of buildings using trustworthy performance indicators. With this aim, in the present paper, an assessment framework tool is presented and tested to evaluate the potential of buildings for transformation through the detection of regeneration strategies for the reduction of energy consumption, a definition of the new apartments’ internal layout, and the implementation of sustainable systems to foster rainwater harvesting. The procedure is tested on a case study in Latina (Italy), showing its suitability to quantitatively assess the regenerative potentiality of public housing, thus resulting in an effective supporting tool for designers and policy makers.
{"title":"A Decision Framework for the Regeneration Awareness of Large-Sized Public Housing Using a Building Transformability Assessment: A Test Case in Italy (Latina)","authors":"Lorenzo Diana, Cristina Passarelli, Francesco Polverino, F. Pugliese","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010148","url":null,"abstract":"In the frame of developing sustainable, reliable, and regenerative interventions on existing buildings, namely on large-scale public housing, the implementation of functional, technological, and effective strategies is devoted to thoroughly assessing the transformability of buildings using trustworthy performance indicators. With this aim, in the present paper, an assessment framework tool is presented and tested to evaluate the potential of buildings for transformation through the detection of regeneration strategies for the reduction of energy consumption, a definition of the new apartments’ internal layout, and the implementation of sustainable systems to foster rainwater harvesting. The procedure is tested on a case study in Latina (Italy), showing its suitability to quantitatively assess the regenerative potentiality of public housing, thus resulting in an effective supporting tool for designers and policy makers.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"65 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-07DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010150
Yang Li, Qinghua Zhang, Yanwei Xu, Jinlong Wen, Zhihao Wang
High-rise flue gas desulfurization towers are susceptible to wind loads, which can cause instability and failure in the along-wind and across-wind directions. The tuned mass damper (TMD) has been widely applied in the wind-induced vibration control of high-rise structures. To enhance the control performance and reduce the auxiliary mass of TMD, this study focuses on inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers (IDVAs) for controlling the vibration response of a desulfurization tower. The dynamical equations of the tower–IDVA systems are established under wind loads, and a parameter optimization strategy for IDVAs is proposed by using the genetic algorithm. The performance of the traditional TMD and six IDVAs in the vibration control of the tower are systematically compared. Numerical simulations demonstrate that both the TMD and IDVAs can substantially mitigate the vibration response of the tower. However, compared to the TMD with the same response mitigation ratio, more than 34% of the auxiliary mass can be reduced by two optimal IDVAs. In addition, the energy dissipation enhancement and lightweight effect of the two IDVAs are explained through parametric studies.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Inerter-Based Dynamic Vibration Absorbers for Wind-Induced Vibration Control of a Desulfurization Tower","authors":"Yang Li, Qinghua Zhang, Yanwei Xu, Jinlong Wen, Zhihao Wang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010150","url":null,"abstract":"High-rise flue gas desulfurization towers are susceptible to wind loads, which can cause instability and failure in the along-wind and across-wind directions. The tuned mass damper (TMD) has been widely applied in the wind-induced vibration control of high-rise structures. To enhance the control performance and reduce the auxiliary mass of TMD, this study focuses on inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers (IDVAs) for controlling the vibration response of a desulfurization tower. The dynamical equations of the tower–IDVA systems are established under wind loads, and a parameter optimization strategy for IDVAs is proposed by using the genetic algorithm. The performance of the traditional TMD and six IDVAs in the vibration control of the tower are systematically compared. Numerical simulations demonstrate that both the TMD and IDVAs can substantially mitigate the vibration response of the tower. However, compared to the TMD with the same response mitigation ratio, more than 34% of the auxiliary mass can be reduced by two optimal IDVAs. In addition, the energy dissipation enhancement and lightweight effect of the two IDVAs are explained through parametric studies.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-07DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010149
Ling Li, Bei Li, Wenzhong Zheng
Considering moment redistribution in the design of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) statically indeterminate structures can fully exploit the load-bearing potential of members, simplify reinforcement details, and save construction costs. Due to the excellent properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) that distinguish it from conventional concrete, new characteristics of the moment redistribution manifest in UHPC structures. In this study, a finite element (FE) analytical model was developed to simulate and analyze the bending behavior and moment redistribution of UHPC continuous beams reinforced with high-strength steel bars. The simulation and test results exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental research. Based on the FE model, a fine analysis for nine simulated two-span UHPC continuous beams was conducted with a detailed discussion of the failure modes, load-displacement curves, variations of support reaction forces, tensile strains of steel bars, and the whole process of moment redistribution. Subsequently, the variation rules of moment redistribution in UHPC continuous beams were explored by an extensive parametric study of 108 simulated beams. The studied parameters included a neutral axis depth factor, concrete strength, yielding strength of reinforcement, beam depth, span–depth ratio, reinforcement ratio between the mid-span and intermediate support section, as well as load forms. According to the numerical results, new formulas for estimating the two-stage moment redistribution in UHPC continuous beams with high-strength reinforcement were established. Finally, a comparison of moment redistribution between normal concrete continuous beams and UHPC continuous beams was performed. It can be observed that the elastic moment distribution in UHPC continuous beams was comparatively smaller, while the plastic moment distribution was relatively larger than those of normal concrete continuous beams. Overall, the degree of the total moment distribution in UHPC structures was greater than that of normal concrete structures due to the high ductility of UHPC. The research in this study may provide a technical reference for the practical engineering of UHPC.
{"title":"Moment Redistribution in UHPC Continuous Beams Reinforced with High-Strength Steel Bars: Numerical Investigation and Prediction Model","authors":"Ling Li, Bei Li, Wenzhong Zheng","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010149","url":null,"abstract":"Considering moment redistribution in the design of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) statically indeterminate structures can fully exploit the load-bearing potential of members, simplify reinforcement details, and save construction costs. Due to the excellent properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) that distinguish it from conventional concrete, new characteristics of the moment redistribution manifest in UHPC structures. In this study, a finite element (FE) analytical model was developed to simulate and analyze the bending behavior and moment redistribution of UHPC continuous beams reinforced with high-strength steel bars. The simulation and test results exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental research. Based on the FE model, a fine analysis for nine simulated two-span UHPC continuous beams was conducted with a detailed discussion of the failure modes, load-displacement curves, variations of support reaction forces, tensile strains of steel bars, and the whole process of moment redistribution. Subsequently, the variation rules of moment redistribution in UHPC continuous beams were explored by an extensive parametric study of 108 simulated beams. The studied parameters included a neutral axis depth factor, concrete strength, yielding strength of reinforcement, beam depth, span–depth ratio, reinforcement ratio between the mid-span and intermediate support section, as well as load forms. According to the numerical results, new formulas for estimating the two-stage moment redistribution in UHPC continuous beams with high-strength reinforcement were established. Finally, a comparison of moment redistribution between normal concrete continuous beams and UHPC continuous beams was performed. It can be observed that the elastic moment distribution in UHPC continuous beams was comparatively smaller, while the plastic moment distribution was relatively larger than those of normal concrete continuous beams. Overall, the degree of the total moment distribution in UHPC structures was greater than that of normal concrete structures due to the high ductility of UHPC. The research in this study may provide a technical reference for the practical engineering of UHPC.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"65 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-07DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010145
Ti Liu, Zhen Wu, Cong Chen, Huan Chen, Hongyang Zhou
Carbon emission calculation during power transmission and substation construction provides valuable insights into the trend of carbon emissions and the development of low-carbon power grids. In this regard, this study divides the power transmission and substation construction process into production, transportation, and construction stages based on the sources of carbon emissions and employs a life cycle assessment to calculate the total carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method for typical 500 kV projects. The results show that in the construction process the production stage contributes the most carbon emissions, with material and equipment production for power transmission accounting for 78% and 14% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction stage contribute 1% and 7% of the total emissions, respectively. For substations, material and equipment production contribute 67% and 30% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction phases contribute 1% and 2% of the total emissions. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carbon emission results, the construction scale and the topography and geology have significant impacts on carbon emissions from power transmission and substation projects. Finally, some targeted recommendations for carbon emission reduction for power transmissions and substations are proposed based on the influencing factors of each stage of the construction.
{"title":"Carbon Emission Accounting during the Construction of Typical 500 kV Power Transmissions and Substations Using the Carbon Emission Factor Approach","authors":"Ti Liu, Zhen Wu, Cong Chen, Huan Chen, Hongyang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010145","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon emission calculation during power transmission and substation construction provides valuable insights into the trend of carbon emissions and the development of low-carbon power grids. In this regard, this study divides the power transmission and substation construction process into production, transportation, and construction stages based on the sources of carbon emissions and employs a life cycle assessment to calculate the total carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method for typical 500 kV projects. The results show that in the construction process the production stage contributes the most carbon emissions, with material and equipment production for power transmission accounting for 78% and 14% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction stage contribute 1% and 7% of the total emissions, respectively. For substations, material and equipment production contribute 67% and 30% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction phases contribute 1% and 2% of the total emissions. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carbon emission results, the construction scale and the topography and geology have significant impacts on carbon emissions from power transmission and substation projects. Finally, some targeted recommendations for carbon emission reduction for power transmissions and substations are proposed based on the influencing factors of each stage of the construction.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"31 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for approximately 50% of the total energy consumption in buildings. Advanced control and optimal operation, seen as key technologies in reducing the energy consumption of HVAC systems, indispensably rely on an accurate prediction of the building’s heating/cooling load. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a model capable of making such accurate predictions. To streamline the process, this study employs sensitivity and correlation analysis for feature selection, thereby eliminating redundant parameters, and addressing distortion problems caused by multicollinearity among input parameters. Four model identification methods including multivariate polynomial regression (MPR), support vector regression (SVR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) are implemented in parallel to extract value from diverse building datasets. These models are trained and selected autonomously based on statistical performance criteria. The prediction models were deployed in a nearly zero-energy office building, and the impacts of feature selection, training set size, and real-world uncertainty factors were analyzed and compared. The results showed that feature selection considerably improved prediction accuracy while reducing model dimensionality. The research also recognized that prediction accuracy during model deployment can be influenced significantly by factors like personnel mobility during holidays and weather forecast uncertainties. Additionally, for nearly zero-energy buildings, the thermal inertia of the building itself can considerably impact prediction accuracy in certain scenarios.
{"title":"Nearly Zero-Energy Building Load Forecasts through the Competition of Four Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Haosen Qin, Zhen Yu, Zhengwei Li, Huai Li, Yunyun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010147","url":null,"abstract":"Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for approximately 50% of the total energy consumption in buildings. Advanced control and optimal operation, seen as key technologies in reducing the energy consumption of HVAC systems, indispensably rely on an accurate prediction of the building’s heating/cooling load. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a model capable of making such accurate predictions. To streamline the process, this study employs sensitivity and correlation analysis for feature selection, thereby eliminating redundant parameters, and addressing distortion problems caused by multicollinearity among input parameters. Four model identification methods including multivariate polynomial regression (MPR), support vector regression (SVR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) are implemented in parallel to extract value from diverse building datasets. These models are trained and selected autonomously based on statistical performance criteria. The prediction models were deployed in a nearly zero-energy office building, and the impacts of feature selection, training set size, and real-world uncertainty factors were analyzed and compared. The results showed that feature selection considerably improved prediction accuracy while reducing model dimensionality. The research also recognized that prediction accuracy during model deployment can be influenced significantly by factors like personnel mobility during holidays and weather forecast uncertainties. Additionally, for nearly zero-energy buildings, the thermal inertia of the building itself can considerably impact prediction accuracy in certain scenarios.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-06DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010143
Abhay Patil, Vivek Jayale, K. Arunachalam, Khalid Ansari, Siva Avudaiappan, Dhiraj Agrawal, A. Kuthe, Yousef R. Alharbi, Mohammad Amir Khan, Á. Roco-Videla
Artificial aggregate (AF), i.e., silico manganese (SiMn) slag aggregate, is a byproduct of ferromanganese and silico manganese alloy production. The utilization of industrial waste and industrial byproducts in construction has increased the aim of conserving natural resources to nurture a pollution-free environment. The current study examines the performance of the use of artificial aggregate (AF) and partial replacement of cement with fly ash (FA). The properties of fresh concrete, as well as the compressive and flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete were evaluated. Seven mix proportions were prepared for M30-grade concrete. The first was a control mix (with 0% AF and FA), three other mixes contained varying amounts of AF (20%, 40%, and 60%) as a partial replacement of CA with AF. The average compressive strength of the control SCC was found to be 32.87 MPa (megapascals) at the age of 28 days, and after replacing 20% natural aggregate with artificial aggregate, the compressive strength increased by 8.27%, whereas for 40% and 60% replacement, it decreased by 4.46% and 12.55%, respectively. Further investigation was performed on the optimum value obtained by replacing 20% of CA with AF. At this percentage, cement was replaced by FA at (15%, 25%, and 35%) where at 15%, the average compressive strength increased by 7.41%, whereas for 25% and 35% replacement, it decreased by 7.47% and 17.19%, respectively. For SCAF20 and SCF15, all strengths were at maximum due to the increase in its density. The findings show that the development of advanced construction materials is environmentally sustainable.
人工骨料（AF），即硅锰（SiMn）矿渣骨料，是锰铁和硅锰合金生产的副产品。在建筑中利用工业废料和工业副产品的目的是为了保护自然资源，营造一个无污染的环境。本研究探讨了使用人工骨料（AF）和粉煤灰（FA）部分替代水泥的性能。对新拌混凝土的性能以及混凝土的抗压、抗折强度和劈裂拉伸强度进行了评估。为 M30 级混凝土配制了七种混合比例。第一种是对照混合料（AF 和 FA 含量为 0%），另外三种混合料含有不同数量的 AF（20%、40% 和 60%），作为 AF 对 CA 的部分替代。结果发现，对照 SCC 在 28 天龄期时的平均抗压强度为 32.87 兆帕，用人工骨料取代 20% 的天然骨料后，抗压强度提高了 8.27%，而取代 40% 和 60% 的人工骨料后，抗压强度分别降低了 4.46% 和 12.55%。对用 AF 替代 20% CA 所获得的最佳值进行了进一步研究。在这一比例下，水泥在（15%、25% 和 35%）时被 FA 取代，在 15% 时，平均抗压强度增加了 7.41%，而在 25% 和 35% 时，平均抗压强度分别降低了 7.47% 和 17.19%。对于 SCAF20 和 SCF15，由于密度增加，所有强度都达到最大值。研究结果表明，先进建筑材料的开发具有环境可持续性。
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Self-Compacting Concrete with Use of Artificial Aggregate and Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash","authors":"Abhay Patil, Vivek Jayale, K. Arunachalam, Khalid Ansari, Siva Avudaiappan, Dhiraj Agrawal, A. Kuthe, Yousef R. Alharbi, Mohammad Amir Khan, Á. Roco-Videla","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010143","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial aggregate (AF), i.e., silico manganese (SiMn) slag aggregate, is a byproduct of ferromanganese and silico manganese alloy production. The utilization of industrial waste and industrial byproducts in construction has increased the aim of conserving natural resources to nurture a pollution-free environment. The current study examines the performance of the use of artificial aggregate (AF) and partial replacement of cement with fly ash (FA). The properties of fresh concrete, as well as the compressive and flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete were evaluated. Seven mix proportions were prepared for M30-grade concrete. The first was a control mix (with 0% AF and FA), three other mixes contained varying amounts of AF (20%, 40%, and 60%) as a partial replacement of CA with AF. The average compressive strength of the control SCC was found to be 32.87 MPa (megapascals) at the age of 28 days, and after replacing 20% natural aggregate with artificial aggregate, the compressive strength increased by 8.27%, whereas for 40% and 60% replacement, it decreased by 4.46% and 12.55%, respectively. Further investigation was performed on the optimum value obtained by replacing 20% of CA with AF. At this percentage, cement was replaced by FA at (15%, 25%, and 35%) where at 15%, the average compressive strength increased by 7.41%, whereas for 25% and 35% replacement, it decreased by 7.47% and 17.19%, respectively. For SCAF20 and SCF15, all strengths were at maximum due to the increase in its density. The findings show that the development of advanced construction materials is environmentally sustainable.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"63 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-06DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010142
Lingshan He, Ziyu Tao
Urban societies face the challenge of working and living in environments filled with vibration caused by transportation systems. This paper conducted field measurements to obtain the characteristics of vibration transmission from soil to building foundations and within building floors. Subsequently, a prediction method was developed to anticipate building vibrations by considering the soil and structure interaction. The rigid foundation model was simplified into a foundation–soil system connected via spring damping, and the building model is based on axial wave transmission within the columns and attached floors. Building vibrations were in response to measured input vibration levels at the ground and were validated through field measurements. The influence of different building heights on soil and structure vibration propagation was studied. The results showed that the predicted vibrations match well with the measured vibrations. The proposed prediction model can reasonably predict the building vibration caused by train operations. The closed-form method is an efficient tool for predicting floor vibrations prior to construction.
{"title":"Building Vibration Measurement and Prediction during Train Operations","authors":"Lingshan He, Ziyu Tao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010142","url":null,"abstract":"Urban societies face the challenge of working and living in environments filled with vibration caused by transportation systems. This paper conducted field measurements to obtain the characteristics of vibration transmission from soil to building foundations and within building floors. Subsequently, a prediction method was developed to anticipate building vibrations by considering the soil and structure interaction. The rigid foundation model was simplified into a foundation–soil system connected via spring damping, and the building model is based on axial wave transmission within the columns and attached floors. Building vibrations were in response to measured input vibration levels at the ground and were validated through field measurements. The influence of different building heights on soil and structure vibration propagation was studied. The results showed that the predicted vibrations match well with the measured vibrations. The proposed prediction model can reasonably predict the building vibration caused by train operations. The closed-form method is an efficient tool for predicting floor vibrations prior to construction.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"55 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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