Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010186
Zhenfen Jin, Jun Li, Liangzhao Wang
To study the seismic performance of high-strength concrete columns reinforced with prestressed steel strands, five column specimens were designed and tested with varying parameters, such as axial compression ratio (0.2, 0.35, 0.5) and diameter of steel strands (9.5 mm, 11.1 mm, 12.7 mm), under low-cyclic reversed loading. The failure modes, hysteretic curves, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the prestressed steel strand-reinforced concrete columns were observed and recorded. The test results show that the failure mode of the prestressed steel strand-reinforced concrete columns is obvious bending failure. Within a certain range of axial compression ratio, the initial stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the specimens increase with the increase in axial compression ratio, but the plastic deformation capacity decreases. Within a certain range of steel strand diameter, the initial stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the specimens also increase with the increase in steel strand diameter, but the ductility coefficient first increases and then decreases. In addition, the seismic performance of prestressed steel strand-reinforced concrete columns was analyzed by the finite element method using DIANA software, and the results were compared with the test results. It was found that the hysteretic curve and stiffness degradation curve obtained from the finite element model are in good agreement with the test results, and the finite element model can accurately study the seismic performance of this type of column. Finally, based on the finite element model, the influence of different parameters on the mechanical properties of the column was discussed.
{"title":"Investigation on Seismic Behavior of Prestressed Steel Strand Composite Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Column","authors":"Zhenfen Jin, Jun Li, Liangzhao Wang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010186","url":null,"abstract":"To study the seismic performance of high-strength concrete columns reinforced with prestressed steel strands, five column specimens were designed and tested with varying parameters, such as axial compression ratio (0.2, 0.35, 0.5) and diameter of steel strands (9.5 mm, 11.1 mm, 12.7 mm), under low-cyclic reversed loading. The failure modes, hysteretic curves, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the prestressed steel strand-reinforced concrete columns were observed and recorded. The test results show that the failure mode of the prestressed steel strand-reinforced concrete columns is obvious bending failure. Within a certain range of axial compression ratio, the initial stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the specimens increase with the increase in axial compression ratio, but the plastic deformation capacity decreases. Within a certain range of steel strand diameter, the initial stiffness and load-bearing capacity of the specimens also increase with the increase in steel strand diameter, but the ductility coefficient first increases and then decreases. In addition, the seismic performance of prestressed steel strand-reinforced concrete columns was analyzed by the finite element method using DIANA software, and the results were compared with the test results. It was found that the hysteretic curve and stiffness degradation curve obtained from the finite element model are in good agreement with the test results, and the finite element model can accurately study the seismic performance of this type of column. Finally, based on the finite element model, the influence of different parameters on the mechanical properties of the column was discussed.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010185
G. Mutani, Maryam Alehasin, Yang Huisi, Xiaotong Zhang, Gabriel Felmer
Greenhouse gas emissions depend on natural and anthropic phenomena; however, to reduce emissions, we can only intervene in terms of anthropic causes. Human activity is very different in various countries and cities. This is mainly due to differences in the type of urban environment, climatic conditions, socioeconomic context, government stability, and other aspects. Urban building energy modeling (UBEM), with a GIS-based approach, allows the evaluation of all the specific characteristics of buildings, population, and urban context that can describe energy use and its spatial distribution within a city. In this paper, a UBEM is developed using the characteristics and consumption of eight typical buildings (archetypes) in the climate zone of Santiago de Chile. The archetype-based UBEM is then applied to the commune of Renca, a critical suburb of Santiago, with the use of QGIS to analyze the energy demand for space heating and the potential for energy saving after four retrofitting interventions. Knowing the costs of the retrofitting interventions and the energy price, the simple payback time was evaluated with the reduction in GHG emissions. Starting from the actual building stock, the results show that the most effective retrofitting intervention for the commune of Renca is the thermal insulation of walls and roofs; due to the type of dwellings, this particular intervention could be more convenient if associated with the installation of solar technologies. This methodology can be replicated with the data used by urban planners and public administrations available for many Chilean cities and in other countries.
{"title":"Urban Building Energy Modeling to Support Climate-Sensitive Planning in the Suburban Areas of Santiago de Chile","authors":"G. Mutani, Maryam Alehasin, Yang Huisi, Xiaotong Zhang, Gabriel Felmer","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010185","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gas emissions depend on natural and anthropic phenomena; however, to reduce emissions, we can only intervene in terms of anthropic causes. Human activity is very different in various countries and cities. This is mainly due to differences in the type of urban environment, climatic conditions, socioeconomic context, government stability, and other aspects. Urban building energy modeling (UBEM), with a GIS-based approach, allows the evaluation of all the specific characteristics of buildings, population, and urban context that can describe energy use and its spatial distribution within a city. In this paper, a UBEM is developed using the characteristics and consumption of eight typical buildings (archetypes) in the climate zone of Santiago de Chile. The archetype-based UBEM is then applied to the commune of Renca, a critical suburb of Santiago, with the use of QGIS to analyze the energy demand for space heating and the potential for energy saving after four retrofitting interventions. Knowing the costs of the retrofitting interventions and the energy price, the simple payback time was evaluated with the reduction in GHG emissions. Starting from the actual building stock, the results show that the most effective retrofitting intervention for the commune of Renca is the thermal insulation of walls and roofs; due to the type of dwellings, this particular intervention could be more convenient if associated with the installation of solar technologies. This methodology can be replicated with the data used by urban planners and public administrations available for many Chilean cities and in other countries.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"9 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139437639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010190
Yanhua Yang, Guiyong Liu, Haihong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiaolong Yang
Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been widely used in big data prediction and analysis in terms of their excellent data regression ability. However, the prediction accuracy of different ML algorithms varies between different regression problems and data sets. In order to construct a prediction model with optimal accuracy for fly ash concrete (FAC), ML algorithms such as genetic programming (GP), support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), extremely gradient boost (XGBoost), backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were selected as regression and prediction algorithms in this study; the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was also used to optimize the structure and hyperparameters of each algorithm. The statistical results show that the performance of the assembled algorithms is better than that of an NN-based algorithm. In addition, PSO can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of the ML algorithms. The comprehensive performance of each model is analyzed using a Taylor diagram, and the PSO-XGBoost model has the best comprehensive performance, with R2 and MSE equal to 0.9072 and 11.4546, respectively.
机器学习（ML）算法以其出色的数据回归能力被广泛应用于大数据预测和分析。然而，在不同的回归问题和数据集上，不同 ML 算法的预测精度也不尽相同。为了构建粉煤灰混凝土（FAC）精度最优的预测模型，本研究选择了遗传编程（GP）、支持向量回归（SVR）、随机森林（RF）、极梯度提升（XGBoost）、反向传播人工神经网络（BP-ANN）和基于自适应网络的模糊推理系统（ANFIS）等 ML 算法作为回归和预测算法；采用粒子群优化（PSO）算法对各算法的结构和超参数进行优化。统计结果表明，组合算法的性能优于基于 NN 的算法。此外，PSO 还能有效提高 ML 算法的预测精度。利用泰勒图分析了各模型的综合性能，PSO-XGBoost 模型的综合性能最好，R2 和 MSE 分别为 0.9072 和 11.4546。
{"title":"Predicting the Compressive Strength of Environmentally Friendly Concrete Using Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"Yanhua Yang, Guiyong Liu, Haihong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Xiaolong Yang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010190","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been widely used in big data prediction and analysis in terms of their excellent data regression ability. However, the prediction accuracy of different ML algorithms varies between different regression problems and data sets. In order to construct a prediction model with optimal accuracy for fly ash concrete (FAC), ML algorithms such as genetic programming (GP), support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), extremely gradient boost (XGBoost), backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were selected as regression and prediction algorithms in this study; the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was also used to optimize the structure and hyperparameters of each algorithm. The statistical results show that the performance of the assembled algorithms is better than that of an NN-based algorithm. In addition, PSO can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of the ML algorithms. The comprehensive performance of each model is analyzed using a Taylor diagram, and the PSO-XGBoost model has the best comprehensive performance, with R2 and MSE equal to 0.9072 and 11.4546, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Building upon the analytical study of the structural configuration and prestress state of the drum-shaped quad-strut cable dome, we conducted further investigation into its structural configuration. By employing the nodal equilibrium equations to solve the prestress state analysis of the cable dome, we compared the effects of two different cable laying methods on the prestress state of the cable dome structure. These methods include equal length of the radial horizontal projection of the upper chord ridge cables and equal radial chord length of the upper chord ridge cables. The analysis results show that the radial length of the top chord and its corresponding radial horizontal projection length of the cable dome structure can effectively reflect the trend of the prestress state of the structural configuration. Furthermore, by using a rise-to-span ratio of 0.11 as a threshold, the cable dome configuration is categorized into the flat spheroidal structural configuration and the small hemispheroidal structural configuration. When the structure is analyzed using a small rise-to-span ratio, the difference in prestress calculations between the two structural configurations is found to be less than 10%. Additionally, the structure exhibits a more uniform distribution of prestress, with the prestress gradually increasing from the inner circle to the outer circle. However, when the rise-to-span ratio increases, the difference between the prestress calculation results of the two configurations also increases, emphasizing the need to deploy upper chord ridge cables based on equal radial chord lengths (arc lengths). The research presented in this paper provides a novel insight into the structural topological form and prestress state calculation of cable domes with this configuration.
{"title":"Analytical Study of Structural Conformation and Prestressing State of Drum-Shaped Honeycomb Quad-Strut Cable Dome Structure with Different Calculation Methods","authors":"Hui Lv, Zhaoquan Chen, Shilin Dong, Zhongyi Zhu, Xin Xie, Yanfen Zhong","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010179","url":null,"abstract":"Building upon the analytical study of the structural configuration and prestress state of the drum-shaped quad-strut cable dome, we conducted further investigation into its structural configuration. By employing the nodal equilibrium equations to solve the prestress state analysis of the cable dome, we compared the effects of two different cable laying methods on the prestress state of the cable dome structure. These methods include equal length of the radial horizontal projection of the upper chord ridge cables and equal radial chord length of the upper chord ridge cables. The analysis results show that the radial length of the top chord and its corresponding radial horizontal projection length of the cable dome structure can effectively reflect the trend of the prestress state of the structural configuration. Furthermore, by using a rise-to-span ratio of 0.11 as a threshold, the cable dome configuration is categorized into the flat spheroidal structural configuration and the small hemispheroidal structural configuration. When the structure is analyzed using a small rise-to-span ratio, the difference in prestress calculations between the two structural configurations is found to be less than 10%. Additionally, the structure exhibits a more uniform distribution of prestress, with the prestress gradually increasing from the inner circle to the outer circle. However, when the rise-to-span ratio increases, the difference between the prestress calculation results of the two configurations also increases, emphasizing the need to deploy upper chord ridge cables based on equal radial chord lengths (arc lengths). The research presented in this paper provides a novel insight into the structural topological form and prestress state calculation of cable domes with this configuration.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010170
Zeeshan Ahmad, Hafiz Asfandyar Ahmed, K. Shahzada, Yaohan Li
Purpose: This paper conducts a review of the different research carried out recently on the behavior of non-structural elements (NSEs) and the life cycle assessment (LCA) during an earthquake. It focuses on the study conducted recently and identifies the gaps and way forward for future work. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out among the different research works. The proposed literature review includes (i) identifying the recent research work using the keywords in available search engines, (ii) studying different research papers and selecting the relevant papers only, and (iii) vulnerability and LCA for NSEs and their research gaps. Results and discussions: A summary is given of the importance and type of NSEs under earthquakes, including life cycle cost assessment for NSE, environment life cycle assessment (ELCA) and social life cycle assessment (SLCA) for different facilities and the embodied energies. Conclusions and recommendations: This paper highlights the problems associated with NSEs. For new constructions, modifications to improve the performance of NSEs, particularly infill walls are under research, however for old buildings, their location is also vital. Numerical methods are performed using different tools available; however, implementation is a big challenge to economize the life cycle and its impact on the community.
{"title":"Vulnerability of Non-Structural Elements (NSEs) in Buildings and Their Life Cycle Assessment: A Review","authors":"Zeeshan Ahmad, Hafiz Asfandyar Ahmed, K. Shahzada, Yaohan Li","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010170","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This paper conducts a review of the different research carried out recently on the behavior of non-structural elements (NSEs) and the life cycle assessment (LCA) during an earthquake. It focuses on the study conducted recently and identifies the gaps and way forward for future work. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out among the different research works. The proposed literature review includes (i) identifying the recent research work using the keywords in available search engines, (ii) studying different research papers and selecting the relevant papers only, and (iii) vulnerability and LCA for NSEs and their research gaps. Results and discussions: A summary is given of the importance and type of NSEs under earthquakes, including life cycle cost assessment for NSE, environment life cycle assessment (ELCA) and social life cycle assessment (SLCA) for different facilities and the embodied energies. Conclusions and recommendations: This paper highlights the problems associated with NSEs. For new constructions, modifications to improve the performance of NSEs, particularly infill walls are under research, however for old buildings, their location is also vital. Numerical methods are performed using different tools available; however, implementation is a big challenge to economize the life cycle and its impact on the community.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010176
Seyed Mohammad Khalili, M. Mojtahedi, Christine Steinmetz-Weiss, David Sanderson
Increasing disasters in recent years have necessitated the development of emergency logistics plans. Evacuation planning plays an important role in emergency logistics management, particularly when it comes to addressing transit-dependent populations that are often neglected in previous studies. This systematic literature review explores the current state of transit-based evacuation planning and examines the current gaps. We focused on transit-based evacuation planning problems that used optimisation and modelling approaches. This review conducts an extensive analysis of relevant studies to provide a comprehensive overview, identify research gaps, and outline future directions in the evacuation planning body of knowledge. Using an integrated systematic review methodology, a thorough search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted, resulting in a total of 538 articles. These articles were screened and evaluated based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately yielding 82 studies for final analysis. The findings highlight the growing importance of optimisation and modelling approaches within transit-based evacuation planning. Studies emphasize the integration of public transportation networks into evacuation strategies to enhance operational efficiency, optimize resource allocation, and ensure evacuee safety. Transit-based evacuation planning is vital for both those without personal vehicles, making evacuation more equitable, and vehicle owners, particularly in earthquakes where vehicles might be inaccessible or trapped, demonstrating its wide usefulness in all emergency scenarios. Various optimisation and modelling approaches have been employed in transit-based evacuation planning studies to simulate and analyse the flow of evacuees and vehicles during emergencies. Transit-based evacuation planning exhibits unique characteristics within disaster management, including the consideration of spatial and temporal dynamics of transit systems, integration of social and demographic factors, and involvement of multiple stakeholders. Spatial and temporal dynamics encompass transportation schedules, capacities, and routes, while social and demographic factors involve variables such as income, age, and mobility status. Stakeholder engagement facilitates collaborative decision-making and effective plan development. However, transit-based evacuation planning faces challenges that require further research and development. Data availability and accuracy, model validation, stakeholder coordination, and the integration of uncertainty and dynamic factors pose significant hurdles. Addressing these challenges necessitates advances in data collection, robust modelling frameworks, and improved communication and coordination mechanisms among stakeholders. Addressing these gaps requires interdisciplinary collaborations and advances in data analytics and modelling techniques.
近年来，灾害日益增多，因此有必要制定应急物流计划。疏散规划在应急物流管理中发挥着重要作用，尤其是在解决依赖过境运输的人群问题时，以往的研究往往忽视了这一点。本系统性文献综述探讨了基于过境的疏散规划的现状，并研究了目前存在的差距。我们重点研究了使用优化和建模方法的过境疏散规划问题。本综述对相关研究进行了广泛分析，以提供全面概述，找出研究差距，并勾勒出疏散规划知识体系的未来方向。本综述采用综合系统综述方法，对 Scopus 和 Web of Science 数据库进行了全面检索，共检索到 538 篇文章。根据预先确定的纳入和排除标准对这些文章进行了筛选和评估，最终得出了 82 项研究供最终分析。研究结果凸显了优化和建模方法在基于公交的疏散规划中日益增长的重要性。研究强调将公共交通网络纳入疏散战略，以提高运营效率、优化资源分配并确保疏散人员的安全。基于公共交通的疏散规划对没有私人车辆的人和车主都至关重要，前者可以使疏散更加公平，后者则尤其适用于车辆可能无法进入或被困的地震情况，这表明其在所有紧急情况下都具有广泛的实用性。在基于公交的疏散规划研究中采用了各种优化和建模方法，以模拟和分析紧急情况下疏散人员和车辆的流动情况。基于交通的疏散规划在灾害管理中表现出独特的特点，包括考虑交通系统的时空动态、社会和人口因素的整合以及多方利益相关者的参与。空间和时间动态包括运输时间表、容量和路线，而社会和人口因素则涉及收入、年龄和流动状况等变量。利益相关者的参与有利于合作决策和有效的计划制定。然而，基于公交的疏散规划面临着挑战，需要进一步研究和开发。数据的可用性和准确性、模型验证、利益相关者的协调以及不确定性和动态因素的整合都构成了重大障碍。要应对这些挑战，就必须在数据收集、强大的建模框架以及改善利益相关者之间的沟通和协调机制方面取得进展。解决这些差距需要跨学科合作以及数据分析和建模技术的进步。
{"title":"A Systematic Literature Review on Transit-Based Evacuation Planning in Emergency Logistics Management: Optimisation and Modelling Approaches","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Khalili, M. Mojtahedi, Christine Steinmetz-Weiss, David Sanderson","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010176","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing disasters in recent years have necessitated the development of emergency logistics plans. Evacuation planning plays an important role in emergency logistics management, particularly when it comes to addressing transit-dependent populations that are often neglected in previous studies. This systematic literature review explores the current state of transit-based evacuation planning and examines the current gaps. We focused on transit-based evacuation planning problems that used optimisation and modelling approaches. This review conducts an extensive analysis of relevant studies to provide a comprehensive overview, identify research gaps, and outline future directions in the evacuation planning body of knowledge. Using an integrated systematic review methodology, a thorough search of the Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted, resulting in a total of 538 articles. These articles were screened and evaluated based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately yielding 82 studies for final analysis. The findings highlight the growing importance of optimisation and modelling approaches within transit-based evacuation planning. Studies emphasize the integration of public transportation networks into evacuation strategies to enhance operational efficiency, optimize resource allocation, and ensure evacuee safety. Transit-based evacuation planning is vital for both those without personal vehicles, making evacuation more equitable, and vehicle owners, particularly in earthquakes where vehicles might be inaccessible or trapped, demonstrating its wide usefulness in all emergency scenarios. Various optimisation and modelling approaches have been employed in transit-based evacuation planning studies to simulate and analyse the flow of evacuees and vehicles during emergencies. Transit-based evacuation planning exhibits unique characteristics within disaster management, including the consideration of spatial and temporal dynamics of transit systems, integration of social and demographic factors, and involvement of multiple stakeholders. Spatial and temporal dynamics encompass transportation schedules, capacities, and routes, while social and demographic factors involve variables such as income, age, and mobility status. Stakeholder engagement facilitates collaborative decision-making and effective plan development. However, transit-based evacuation planning faces challenges that require further research and development. Data availability and accuracy, model validation, stakeholder coordination, and the integration of uncertainty and dynamic factors pose significant hurdles. Addressing these challenges necessitates advances in data collection, robust modelling frameworks, and improved communication and coordination mechanisms among stakeholders. Addressing these gaps requires interdisciplinary collaborations and advances in data analytics and modelling techniques.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010175
Salwa Albarssi, Shan Shan Hou, Eshrar Latif
Thermal refurbishment and retrofitting building envelopes with passive measures such as the optimisation of opaque and transparent fabric performance may play a key role in reducing cooling and heating load and promoting building energy efficiency. Furthermore, to reduce the embodied carbon impact of the building, the refurbishment measures need to consider the use of low-carbon building materials. This paper investigates ways to thermally future-proof typical Libyan houses using biobased materials. Several typical Libyan houses were monitored for one year to investigate the heating and cooling energy use and to thermally retrofit the building envelope. A digital twin was created in the DesignBuilder software using the real building data of one building for digital model calibration. Finally, multi-objective optimisation was carried out with low-impact biobased materials for insulation, including camel hair, sheep wool, and date palm fibre as well as using other optimisation variables such as shading and glazing types. The study reveals that thermally upgrading the building roof and wall with insulation materials and upgrading the windows with energy-efficient glazing and local shadings can achieve a reduction in cooling load from 53.51 kWh/m2/y to 40.8 kWh/m2/y. Furthermore, the heating load reduces from 19.4 kW/m2/y to 15 kW/m2/y without compromising the standard annual discomfort hours.
{"title":"Thermally Future-Proofing Existing Libyan Housing Stock with Biobased Insulation Materials and Passive Measures: An Empirical and Numerical Study Using a Digital Twin","authors":"Salwa Albarssi, Shan Shan Hou, Eshrar Latif","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010175","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal refurbishment and retrofitting building envelopes with passive measures such as the optimisation of opaque and transparent fabric performance may play a key role in reducing cooling and heating load and promoting building energy efficiency. Furthermore, to reduce the embodied carbon impact of the building, the refurbishment measures need to consider the use of low-carbon building materials. This paper investigates ways to thermally future-proof typical Libyan houses using biobased materials. Several typical Libyan houses were monitored for one year to investigate the heating and cooling energy use and to thermally retrofit the building envelope. A digital twin was created in the DesignBuilder software using the real building data of one building for digital model calibration. Finally, multi-objective optimisation was carried out with low-impact biobased materials for insulation, including camel hair, sheep wool, and date palm fibre as well as using other optimisation variables such as shading and glazing types. The study reveals that thermally upgrading the building roof and wall with insulation materials and upgrading the windows with energy-efficient glazing and local shadings can achieve a reduction in cooling load from 53.51 kWh/m2/y to 40.8 kWh/m2/y. Furthermore, the heating load reduces from 19.4 kW/m2/y to 15 kW/m2/y without compromising the standard annual discomfort hours.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"5 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010177
Emin Hökelekli, A. Bayraktar, Fethi Şermet
So far, little attention has been paid to the investigation on the seismic failure mechanisms of flexible concrete pile groups embedded in the layered soft soil profiles considering the material non-linearities of soil and concrete piles. The purpose of this study is to investigate seismic failure mechanism models of flexible concrete piles with varied groups in silt layered loose sand profiles under horizontal strong ground motions. Three-dimensional finite element models of the pile–soil interaction systems, which include nonlinearities of soil and concrete piles as well as coupling interactions between the piles and soil, were created for Models I, II, and III of the soil domains, encompassing 1x1, 2x2, and 3x3 flexible pile groups with diameters of 0.80 m and 1.0 m. Model I consists of a homogenous sand layer and a bedrock, Models II and III are composed of a five-layered domain with homogeneous sand and silt soil layers of different thicknesses. The linear elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model with a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is considered to represent the behavior of the soil layers, and the Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) model is used for the nonlinear behavior of the concrete piles. The interactions between the soil and the pile surfaces are modeled by defining tangential and normal contact behaviors. The models were analyzed for the scaled acceleration records of the 1999 Düzce and Kocaeli earthquakes, considering peak ground accelerations of 0.25 g, 0.50 g, and 0.75 g. The numerical results indicated that failure mechanisms of flexible concrete groups occur near the silt layers, and the silt layers have led to a significant increase in the spread area of the damaged zone and the number of damaged elements.
迄今为止，考虑到土和混凝土桩的材料非线性，很少有人关注嵌入层状软土剖面中的柔性混凝土桩群的地震破坏机理研究。本研究的目的是研究在水平强地面运动下，淤泥层松散砂土剖面中不同桩群的柔性混凝土桩的地震破坏机理模型。模型 I 由均质砂层和基岩组成，模型 II 和 III 由不同厚度的均质砂和粉砂土层组成。土层的行为采用具有莫尔-库仑破坏准则的线性弹性完全塑性构造模型，混凝土桩的非线性行为采用混凝土破坏塑性（CDP）模型。通过定义切向和法向接触行为来模拟土层与桩表面之间的相互作用。数值结果表明，柔性混凝土群的破坏机制发生在淤泥层附近，淤泥层导致破坏区域的扩散面积和破坏元素的数量显著增加。
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Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010178
Muhamad Zahin Mohd Ashhar, Chin Haw Lim
Previous researchers have detailed the problems in measuring the thermal resistance value of a whole roof assembly under hot conditions due to the uncertainty of the outdoor environment. Currently, no established method exists to experimentally investigate an entire thermal roof performance under a steady-state condition. This article details the properties of the indoor solar simulator and the research methods undertaken to measure the thermal resistance value of roof assembly. The indoor solar simulator utilizes 40 halogen bulbs to accurately replicate sun radiation. Thermocouples and heat flux sensors are installed at several locations on the roof assembly to quantify the heat transmission occurring through it. The thermal resistance value is determined by adding up the average difference in temperature across the external and internal roof surfaces and dividing the total amount by the total of all averaged heat fluxes. Subsequently, this study investigates the thermal efficiency of residential roof assemblies that comprise various insulation materials frequently employed in Malaysia, including stone wool, mineral glass wool, reflective bubble foil insulation, and radiant barriers. The analysis showed that the roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation produce superior thermal resistance values when coupled with enclosed air space or mass insulation, with thermal resistance values ranging between 2.55 m2K/W and 3.22 m2K/W. It can be concluded that roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation resulted in high total thermal resistance and passed the minimum thermal resistance value of 2.5 m2K/W under the Malaysian Uniform Building By-Law 38 (A) requirements. Furthermore, the radiant barrier produced a high thermal resistance value of 2.50 m2K/W when installed parallel to a 50 mm enclosed air space, emphasising the crucial function of an enclosed air space next to a reflective foil to resist the incoming heat radiation. The findings from this research can help building professionals determine the optimum insulation for residential building roofs in Malaysia.
{"title":"Thermal Performance of Residential Roofs in Malaysia: Experimental Study Using an Indoor Solar Simulator","authors":"Muhamad Zahin Mohd Ashhar, Chin Haw Lim","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010178","url":null,"abstract":"Previous researchers have detailed the problems in measuring the thermal resistance value of a whole roof assembly under hot conditions due to the uncertainty of the outdoor environment. Currently, no established method exists to experimentally investigate an entire thermal roof performance under a steady-state condition. This article details the properties of the indoor solar simulator and the research methods undertaken to measure the thermal resistance value of roof assembly. The indoor solar simulator utilizes 40 halogen bulbs to accurately replicate sun radiation. Thermocouples and heat flux sensors are installed at several locations on the roof assembly to quantify the heat transmission occurring through it. The thermal resistance value is determined by adding up the average difference in temperature across the external and internal roof surfaces and dividing the total amount by the total of all averaged heat fluxes. Subsequently, this study investigates the thermal efficiency of residential roof assemblies that comprise various insulation materials frequently employed in Malaysia, including stone wool, mineral glass wool, reflective bubble foil insulation, and radiant barriers. The analysis showed that the roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation produce superior thermal resistance values when coupled with enclosed air space or mass insulation, with thermal resistance values ranging between 2.55 m2K/W and 3.22 m2K/W. It can be concluded that roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation resulted in high total thermal resistance and passed the minimum thermal resistance value of 2.5 m2K/W under the Malaysian Uniform Building By-Law 38 (A) requirements. Furthermore, the radiant barrier produced a high thermal resistance value of 2.50 m2K/W when installed parallel to a 50 mm enclosed air space, emphasising the crucial function of an enclosed air space next to a reflective foil to resist the incoming heat radiation. The findings from this research can help building professionals determine the optimum insulation for residential building roofs in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010174
Xiaonan Wang, Qitao Pei
In response to the problem of significant post-construction settlement that may occur in a motor racing circuit (MRC), two representative composite foundation testing areas, PHC pile (pre-tensioned spun high-strength concrete pile) and CFG pile (cement fly ash gravel pile), were selected for field tests to obtain the deformation law of pile–soil. Then, finite element numerical simulation was used to carry out back analysis on the geological mechanical parameters of the testing areas. The results showed that the error of soil settlement between the piles in the PHC pile and CFG pile testing areas were 8.2% and 9.6%, respectively, with good inversion precision. The obtained geological mechanical parameters can be used to predict the settlement of the rest of the MRC. On this basis, a finite element numerical model was constructed to analyze the bearing and deformation characteristics of the foundation of the MRC under five types of working conditions that may cause significant post-construction settlement. It showed that the settlement of the embankment was large in the middle and small on both sides after the consolidation of the embankment. The maximum settlement was about 27.0 mm, and the maximum longitudinal uneven settlement ratio of the embankment was 1.3/4000. The axial force of piles in the PHC pile and CFG pile composite foundations increased first and then decreased with depth. The maximum bending moment was located at the foot of slopes or at the boundary of strata, which was relatively small in the middle of the embankment. The deformation of the embankment and the bearing capacity of the piles could meet engineering requirements. This study has certain guiding significance for the design and construction of similar pile-net composite foundations.
{"title":"Field Tests and the Numerical Analysis of a Pile-Net Composite Foundation for an Intelligent Connected Motor-Racing Circuit","authors":"Xiaonan Wang, Qitao Pei","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010174","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the problem of significant post-construction settlement that may occur in a motor racing circuit (MRC), two representative composite foundation testing areas, PHC pile (pre-tensioned spun high-strength concrete pile) and CFG pile (cement fly ash gravel pile), were selected for field tests to obtain the deformation law of pile–soil. Then, finite element numerical simulation was used to carry out back analysis on the geological mechanical parameters of the testing areas. The results showed that the error of soil settlement between the piles in the PHC pile and CFG pile testing areas were 8.2% and 9.6%, respectively, with good inversion precision. The obtained geological mechanical parameters can be used to predict the settlement of the rest of the MRC. On this basis, a finite element numerical model was constructed to analyze the bearing and deformation characteristics of the foundation of the MRC under five types of working conditions that may cause significant post-construction settlement. It showed that the settlement of the embankment was large in the middle and small on both sides after the consolidation of the embankment. The maximum settlement was about 27.0 mm, and the maximum longitudinal uneven settlement ratio of the embankment was 1.3/4000. The axial force of piles in the PHC pile and CFG pile composite foundations increased first and then decreased with depth. The maximum bending moment was located at the foot of slopes or at the boundary of strata, which was relatively small in the middle of the embankment. The deformation of the embankment and the bearing capacity of the piles could meet engineering requirements. This study has certain guiding significance for the design and construction of similar pile-net composite foundations.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"78 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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