Pub Date : 2024-01-07DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010145
Ti Liu, Zhen Wu, Cong Chen, Huan Chen, Hongyang Zhou
Carbon emission calculation during power transmission and substation construction provides valuable insights into the trend of carbon emissions and the development of low-carbon power grids. In this regard, this study divides the power transmission and substation construction process into production, transportation, and construction stages based on the sources of carbon emissions and employs a life cycle assessment to calculate the total carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method for typical 500 kV projects. The results show that in the construction process the production stage contributes the most carbon emissions, with material and equipment production for power transmission accounting for 78% and 14% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction stage contribute 1% and 7% of the total emissions, respectively. For substations, material and equipment production contribute 67% and 30% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction phases contribute 1% and 2% of the total emissions. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carbon emission results, the construction scale and the topography and geology have significant impacts on carbon emissions from power transmission and substation projects. Finally, some targeted recommendations for carbon emission reduction for power transmissions and substations are proposed based on the influencing factors of each stage of the construction.
{"title":"Carbon Emission Accounting during the Construction of Typical 500 kV Power Transmissions and Substations Using the Carbon Emission Factor Approach","authors":"Ti Liu, Zhen Wu, Cong Chen, Huan Chen, Hongyang Zhou","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010145","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon emission calculation during power transmission and substation construction provides valuable insights into the trend of carbon emissions and the development of low-carbon power grids. In this regard, this study divides the power transmission and substation construction process into production, transportation, and construction stages based on the sources of carbon emissions and employs a life cycle assessment to calculate the total carbon emissions using the carbon emission factor method for typical 500 kV projects. The results show that in the construction process the production stage contributes the most carbon emissions, with material and equipment production for power transmission accounting for 78% and 14% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction stage contribute 1% and 7% of the total emissions, respectively. For substations, material and equipment production contribute 67% and 30% of the total emissions, respectively. The transportation and construction phases contribute 1% and 2% of the total emissions. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the carbon emission results, the construction scale and the topography and geology have significant impacts on carbon emissions from power transmission and substation projects. Finally, some targeted recommendations for carbon emission reduction for power transmissions and substations are proposed based on the influencing factors of each stage of the construction.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"31 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for approximately 50% of the total energy consumption in buildings. Advanced control and optimal operation, seen as key technologies in reducing the energy consumption of HVAC systems, indispensably rely on an accurate prediction of the building’s heating/cooling load. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a model capable of making such accurate predictions. To streamline the process, this study employs sensitivity and correlation analysis for feature selection, thereby eliminating redundant parameters, and addressing distortion problems caused by multicollinearity among input parameters. Four model identification methods including multivariate polynomial regression (MPR), support vector regression (SVR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) are implemented in parallel to extract value from diverse building datasets. These models are trained and selected autonomously based on statistical performance criteria. The prediction models were deployed in a nearly zero-energy office building, and the impacts of feature selection, training set size, and real-world uncertainty factors were analyzed and compared. The results showed that feature selection considerably improved prediction accuracy while reducing model dimensionality. The research also recognized that prediction accuracy during model deployment can be influenced significantly by factors like personnel mobility during holidays and weather forecast uncertainties. Additionally, for nearly zero-energy buildings, the thermal inertia of the building itself can considerably impact prediction accuracy in certain scenarios.
{"title":"Nearly Zero-Energy Building Load Forecasts through the Competition of Four Machine Learning Techniques","authors":"Haosen Qin, Zhen Yu, Zhengwei Li, Huai Li, Yunyun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010147","url":null,"abstract":"Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for approximately 50% of the total energy consumption in buildings. Advanced control and optimal operation, seen as key technologies in reducing the energy consumption of HVAC systems, indispensably rely on an accurate prediction of the building’s heating/cooling load. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a model capable of making such accurate predictions. To streamline the process, this study employs sensitivity and correlation analysis for feature selection, thereby eliminating redundant parameters, and addressing distortion problems caused by multicollinearity among input parameters. Four model identification methods including multivariate polynomial regression (MPR), support vector regression (SVR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) are implemented in parallel to extract value from diverse building datasets. These models are trained and selected autonomously based on statistical performance criteria. The prediction models were deployed in a nearly zero-energy office building, and the impacts of feature selection, training set size, and real-world uncertainty factors were analyzed and compared. The results showed that feature selection considerably improved prediction accuracy while reducing model dimensionality. The research also recognized that prediction accuracy during model deployment can be influenced significantly by factors like personnel mobility during holidays and weather forecast uncertainties. Additionally, for nearly zero-energy buildings, the thermal inertia of the building itself can considerably impact prediction accuracy in certain scenarios.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"12 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-06DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010143
Abhay Patil, Vivek Jayale, K. Arunachalam, Khalid Ansari, Siva Avudaiappan, Dhiraj Agrawal, A. Kuthe, Yousef R. Alharbi, Mohammad Amir Khan, Á. Roco-Videla
Artificial aggregate (AF), i.e., silico manganese (SiMn) slag aggregate, is a byproduct of ferromanganese and silico manganese alloy production. The utilization of industrial waste and industrial byproducts in construction has increased the aim of conserving natural resources to nurture a pollution-free environment. The current study examines the performance of the use of artificial aggregate (AF) and partial replacement of cement with fly ash (FA). The properties of fresh concrete, as well as the compressive and flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete were evaluated. Seven mix proportions were prepared for M30-grade concrete. The first was a control mix (with 0% AF and FA), three other mixes contained varying amounts of AF (20%, 40%, and 60%) as a partial replacement of CA with AF. The average compressive strength of the control SCC was found to be 32.87 MPa (megapascals) at the age of 28 days, and after replacing 20% natural aggregate with artificial aggregate, the compressive strength increased by 8.27%, whereas for 40% and 60% replacement, it decreased by 4.46% and 12.55%, respectively. Further investigation was performed on the optimum value obtained by replacing 20% of CA with AF. At this percentage, cement was replaced by FA at (15%, 25%, and 35%) where at 15%, the average compressive strength increased by 7.41%, whereas for 25% and 35% replacement, it decreased by 7.47% and 17.19%, respectively. For SCAF20 and SCF15, all strengths were at maximum due to the increase in its density. The findings show that the development of advanced construction materials is environmentally sustainable.
人工骨料（AF），即硅锰（SiMn）矿渣骨料，是锰铁和硅锰合金生产的副产品。在建筑中利用工业废料和工业副产品的目的是为了保护自然资源，营造一个无污染的环境。本研究探讨了使用人工骨料（AF）和粉煤灰（FA）部分替代水泥的性能。对新拌混凝土的性能以及混凝土的抗压、抗折强度和劈裂拉伸强度进行了评估。为 M30 级混凝土配制了七种混合比例。第一种是对照混合料（AF 和 FA 含量为 0%），另外三种混合料含有不同数量的 AF（20%、40% 和 60%），作为 AF 对 CA 的部分替代。结果发现，对照 SCC 在 28 天龄期时的平均抗压强度为 32.87 兆帕，用人工骨料取代 20% 的天然骨料后，抗压强度提高了 8.27%，而取代 40% 和 60% 的人工骨料后，抗压强度分别降低了 4.46% 和 12.55%。对用 AF 替代 20% CA 所获得的最佳值进行了进一步研究。在这一比例下，水泥在（15%、25% 和 35%）时被 FA 取代，在 15% 时，平均抗压强度增加了 7.41%，而在 25% 和 35% 时，平均抗压强度分别降低了 7.47% 和 17.19%。对于 SCAF20 和 SCF15，由于密度增加，所有强度都达到最大值。研究结果表明，先进建筑材料的开发具有环境可持续性。
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Self-Compacting Concrete with Use of Artificial Aggregate and Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash","authors":"Abhay Patil, Vivek Jayale, K. Arunachalam, Khalid Ansari, Siva Avudaiappan, Dhiraj Agrawal, A. Kuthe, Yousef R. Alharbi, Mohammad Amir Khan, Á. Roco-Videla","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010143","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial aggregate (AF), i.e., silico manganese (SiMn) slag aggregate, is a byproduct of ferromanganese and silico manganese alloy production. The utilization of industrial waste and industrial byproducts in construction has increased the aim of conserving natural resources to nurture a pollution-free environment. The current study examines the performance of the use of artificial aggregate (AF) and partial replacement of cement with fly ash (FA). The properties of fresh concrete, as well as the compressive and flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete were evaluated. Seven mix proportions were prepared for M30-grade concrete. The first was a control mix (with 0% AF and FA), three other mixes contained varying amounts of AF (20%, 40%, and 60%) as a partial replacement of CA with AF. The average compressive strength of the control SCC was found to be 32.87 MPa (megapascals) at the age of 28 days, and after replacing 20% natural aggregate with artificial aggregate, the compressive strength increased by 8.27%, whereas for 40% and 60% replacement, it decreased by 4.46% and 12.55%, respectively. Further investigation was performed on the optimum value obtained by replacing 20% of CA with AF. At this percentage, cement was replaced by FA at (15%, 25%, and 35%) where at 15%, the average compressive strength increased by 7.41%, whereas for 25% and 35% replacement, it decreased by 7.47% and 17.19%, respectively. For SCAF20 and SCF15, all strengths were at maximum due to the increase in its density. The findings show that the development of advanced construction materials is environmentally sustainable.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"63 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-06DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010142
Lingshan He, Ziyu Tao
Urban societies face the challenge of working and living in environments filled with vibration caused by transportation systems. This paper conducted field measurements to obtain the characteristics of vibration transmission from soil to building foundations and within building floors. Subsequently, a prediction method was developed to anticipate building vibrations by considering the soil and structure interaction. The rigid foundation model was simplified into a foundation–soil system connected via spring damping, and the building model is based on axial wave transmission within the columns and attached floors. Building vibrations were in response to measured input vibration levels at the ground and were validated through field measurements. The influence of different building heights on soil and structure vibration propagation was studied. The results showed that the predicted vibrations match well with the measured vibrations. The proposed prediction model can reasonably predict the building vibration caused by train operations. The closed-form method is an efficient tool for predicting floor vibrations prior to construction.
{"title":"Building Vibration Measurement and Prediction during Train Operations","authors":"Lingshan He, Ziyu Tao","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010142","url":null,"abstract":"Urban societies face the challenge of working and living in environments filled with vibration caused by transportation systems. This paper conducted field measurements to obtain the characteristics of vibration transmission from soil to building foundations and within building floors. Subsequently, a prediction method was developed to anticipate building vibrations by considering the soil and structure interaction. The rigid foundation model was simplified into a foundation–soil system connected via spring damping, and the building model is based on axial wave transmission within the columns and attached floors. Building vibrations were in response to measured input vibration levels at the ground and were validated through field measurements. The influence of different building heights on soil and structure vibration propagation was studied. The results showed that the predicted vibrations match well with the measured vibrations. The proposed prediction model can reasonably predict the building vibration caused by train operations. The closed-form method is an efficient tool for predicting floor vibrations prior to construction.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"55 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-06DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010141
Emad Ali, A. Ajbar, Bilal Lamrani
This study aims to investigate and identify the most effective thermal energy storage (TES) system configuration for the collective heating of buildings. It compares three TES technologies, i.e., sensible, latent, and cascade latent shell and tube storage, and examines their respective performances. A fast and accurate lumped thermal dynamic model to efficiently simulate TES system performances under different operation conditions is developed. The validation of this model’s accuracy is achieved by aligning numerical findings with data from prior experimental studies. Key findings indicated that the latent and cascade latent shell and tube storage systems demonstrate superior thermal energy storage capacities compared to the sensible configuration. Using a single-phase change material (PCM) tank increases the duration of constant thermal power storage by about 50%, and using a cascade PCM tank further enhances this duration by approximately 65% compared to the sensible TES case. Moreover, the study revealed that adjusting the PCM composition within the cascade TES significantly influenced both thermal power storage durations and pumping energy consumption. In summary, the recommended cascade PCM configuration for collective heating of buildings offers a balanced solution, ensuring prolonged stable thermal power production, elevated HTF outlet temperatures, and improved energy efficiency, presenting promising prospects for enhancing TES systems in district heating applications.
{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Collective Heating of Buildings","authors":"Emad Ali, A. Ajbar, Bilal Lamrani","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010141","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate and identify the most effective thermal energy storage (TES) system configuration for the collective heating of buildings. It compares three TES technologies, i.e., sensible, latent, and cascade latent shell and tube storage, and examines their respective performances. A fast and accurate lumped thermal dynamic model to efficiently simulate TES system performances under different operation conditions is developed. The validation of this model’s accuracy is achieved by aligning numerical findings with data from prior experimental studies. Key findings indicated that the latent and cascade latent shell and tube storage systems demonstrate superior thermal energy storage capacities compared to the sensible configuration. Using a single-phase change material (PCM) tank increases the duration of constant thermal power storage by about 50%, and using a cascade PCM tank further enhances this duration by approximately 65% compared to the sensible TES case. Moreover, the study revealed that adjusting the PCM composition within the cascade TES significantly influenced both thermal power storage durations and pumping energy consumption. In summary, the recommended cascade PCM configuration for collective heating of buildings offers a balanced solution, ensuring prolonged stable thermal power production, elevated HTF outlet temperatures, and improved energy efficiency, presenting promising prospects for enhancing TES systems in district heating applications.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"63 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010139
Yuedong Wu, Jincheng Ren, Jian Liu
In response to the rapid urban expansion and the burgeoning number of landfill sites, managing water infiltration in these areas has become a critical challenge, especially in cities like Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Singapore where traditional cover materials such as silt, clayey gravel, and sand are scarce. A three-layer (silt/gravelly sand/clay) capillary barrier cover system has been proposed to address this issue in humid climates. As an alternative to scarce traditional materials, using local soils and construction waste (CW) for this system presents a viable solution. However, the real-world performance of this adapted three-layer system, constructed with local soils and CW under natural rainfall conditions, remains to be fully evaluated. This paper presents a field test evaluating the water infiltration behavior of a three-layer capillary barrier landfill cover system under natural conditions. The tri-layered system is comprised of a 0.6 m loose local unscreened soil layer, covered by a 0.4 m CW layer and topped by a 0.8 m heavily compacted local screened soil layer. Monitoring findings reveal that, during the wet season, infiltration through the top two layers was staved off until the third rainfall, after which these layers retained moisture until 15 September 2016. The fluctuation in pore water pressure in the topmost layers showed each rainfall was contingent not only on the day’s precipitation but also the hydraulic state. Beyond the hydraulic state’s influence, a deeper tensiometer showed resulted in a diminished correlation between the surge in pore water pressure and daily rainfall. This declining correlation with depth can be attributed to the capillary effect and the reduced permeability of the screened soil layer. Rainfall patterns significantly affect percolation, with the combination of a short-duration, intense rainfall and prolonged weak rainfall resulting in a marked increase in percolation. In the foundational screened soil layer, the pore water pressure remained relatively low, with the cumulative percolation over six months (June to December) registering approximately 10 mm. These findings suggest a promising performance of the three-layer capillary barrier cover system, integrating local soils and CW, in the year of the study conducted in a humid environment.
{"title":"Field Investigation of Water Infiltration into a Three-Layer Capillary Barrier Landfill Cover System Using Local Soils and Construction Waste","authors":"Yuedong Wu, Jincheng Ren, Jian Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010139","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the rapid urban expansion and the burgeoning number of landfill sites, managing water infiltration in these areas has become a critical challenge, especially in cities like Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Singapore where traditional cover materials such as silt, clayey gravel, and sand are scarce. A three-layer (silt/gravelly sand/clay) capillary barrier cover system has been proposed to address this issue in humid climates. As an alternative to scarce traditional materials, using local soils and construction waste (CW) for this system presents a viable solution. However, the real-world performance of this adapted three-layer system, constructed with local soils and CW under natural rainfall conditions, remains to be fully evaluated. This paper presents a field test evaluating the water infiltration behavior of a three-layer capillary barrier landfill cover system under natural conditions. The tri-layered system is comprised of a 0.6 m loose local unscreened soil layer, covered by a 0.4 m CW layer and topped by a 0.8 m heavily compacted local screened soil layer. Monitoring findings reveal that, during the wet season, infiltration through the top two layers was staved off until the third rainfall, after which these layers retained moisture until 15 September 2016. The fluctuation in pore water pressure in the topmost layers showed each rainfall was contingent not only on the day’s precipitation but also the hydraulic state. Beyond the hydraulic state’s influence, a deeper tensiometer showed resulted in a diminished correlation between the surge in pore water pressure and daily rainfall. This declining correlation with depth can be attributed to the capillary effect and the reduced permeability of the screened soil layer. Rainfall patterns significantly affect percolation, with the combination of a short-duration, intense rainfall and prolonged weak rainfall resulting in a marked increase in percolation. In the foundational screened soil layer, the pore water pressure remained relatively low, with the cumulative percolation over six months (June to December) registering approximately 10 mm. These findings suggest a promising performance of the three-layer capillary barrier cover system, integrating local soils and CW, in the year of the study conducted in a humid environment.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"39 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010140
Ruiqi Li, Liangjie Qi, Yao-Rong Dong, Hui Wang
As complex, statically indeterminate structures, transmission towers are subject to complex forces and are usually simplified into truss structures that only consider the effects of axial force. When the load and deformation of a tower are small, it is reasonable to carry out analysis according to the linear elasticity theory. However, the height of an ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission tower is significantly large, meaning that the calculation result according to the current elastic analysis method often has a large deviation from the actual stress of the structure. With the influence of the bending moment at the end of the member, a numerical model is established considering the influence of geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity in this paper. The stress distribution characteristics and development law of UHV transmission towers in linear and nonlinear stress states are analyzed and studied. The real tower test and elastoplastic ultimate bearing capacity analysis show that the elastoplastic analysis is closer to the actual tower. The UHV steel pipe tower designed according to the linear elasticity and small deformation theory has a large safety margin under the design load, resulting in a significant waste of materials. Under the action of heavy load, the tower exhibits strong nonlinearity, and the influence of geometric and material nonlinear factors should be fully considered when designing the structural components in UHV transmission towers.
{"title":"Nonlinear Performance of Steel Tube Tower in Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines under Wind Loads","authors":"Ruiqi Li, Liangjie Qi, Yao-Rong Dong, Hui Wang","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010140","url":null,"abstract":"As complex, statically indeterminate structures, transmission towers are subject to complex forces and are usually simplified into truss structures that only consider the effects of axial force. When the load and deformation of a tower are small, it is reasonable to carry out analysis according to the linear elasticity theory. However, the height of an ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission tower is significantly large, meaning that the calculation result according to the current elastic analysis method often has a large deviation from the actual stress of the structure. With the influence of the bending moment at the end of the member, a numerical model is established considering the influence of geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity in this paper. The stress distribution characteristics and development law of UHV transmission towers in linear and nonlinear stress states are analyzed and studied. The real tower test and elastoplastic ultimate bearing capacity analysis show that the elastoplastic analysis is closer to the actual tower. The UHV steel pipe tower designed according to the linear elasticity and small deformation theory has a large safety margin under the design load, resulting in a significant waste of materials. Under the action of heavy load, the tower exhibits strong nonlinearity, and the influence of geometric and material nonlinear factors should be fully considered when designing the structural components in UHV transmission towers.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"45 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010127
Ming-Gin Lee, Y. Wang, Wei-Chien Wang, Yi-Cheng Hsieh
This study examines the properties of ordinary and high-strength fiber-reinforced pervious concrete, aiming for a 28-day compressive strength exceeding 40 MPa with a target porosity close to 15%. Utilizing glass fiber (at 0.25% and 0.5% volume ratios) and steel fiber (at 1% and 2%), the study conducts mechanical and abrasion resistance testing on pervious concrete specimens. Sand dust clogging experimental simulations assess permeability coefficients for both application and maintenance purposes, revealing optimized maintenance, including vacuum cleaning and high-pressure washing, can restore water permeability to over 60%. The specific mix designs demonstrate high-strength pervious concrete achieves a 28-day compressive strength ranging from 40 to 52 MPa, with corresponding porosities ranging from 7% to 16%. Results highlight the significant impact of the ASTM C1747 impact abrasion test, where ordinary pervious concrete exhibits a cumulative impact abrasion rate reaching 60%, contrasting with approximately 20% for other high-strength specimens.
{"title":"Abrasion and Maintenance of High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Pervious Concrete","authors":"Ming-Gin Lee, Y. Wang, Wei-Chien Wang, Yi-Cheng Hsieh","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010127","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the properties of ordinary and high-strength fiber-reinforced pervious concrete, aiming for a 28-day compressive strength exceeding 40 MPa with a target porosity close to 15%. Utilizing glass fiber (at 0.25% and 0.5% volume ratios) and steel fiber (at 1% and 2%), the study conducts mechanical and abrasion resistance testing on pervious concrete specimens. Sand dust clogging experimental simulations assess permeability coefficients for both application and maintenance purposes, revealing optimized maintenance, including vacuum cleaning and high-pressure washing, can restore water permeability to over 60%. The specific mix designs demonstrate high-strength pervious concrete achieves a 28-day compressive strength ranging from 40 to 52 MPa, with corresponding porosities ranging from 7% to 16%. Results highlight the significant impact of the ASTM C1747 impact abrasion test, where ordinary pervious concrete exhibits a cumulative impact abrasion rate reaching 60%, contrasting with approximately 20% for other high-strength specimens.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"48 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010126
Kangyu Wang, Jiahuan Ye, Xinquan Wang, Ziliang Qiu
Pile-supported embankments are widely used in foundation treatments, owing to their safety, efficient construction, and economy. The soil-arching effect is a key load-transferring mechanism in a pile-supported embankment, and it reduces the even settlement on the embankment surface. In recent years, researchers and engineers have conducted extensive research on the soil-arching phenomenon in pile-supported embankments. This paper reviews relevant studies on the effect of soil arching in pile-supported embankments in order to better understand the mechanism and influencing factors of the distribution of the arching effect. First, the development history of the practice and theory related to pile-supported embankments is discussed. This is followed by a review of theoretical studies on the soil-arching effect, load distribution and soil deformation on pile-supported embankments (with and without geogrid reinforcement), and structures and factors influencing soil arching. The results of these studies are summarized, and finally, topics for future research are suggested, providing references for the design and maintenance of civil infrastructure.
{"title":"The Soil-Arching Effect in Pile-Supported Embankments: A Review","authors":"Kangyu Wang, Jiahuan Ye, Xinquan Wang, Ziliang Qiu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010126","url":null,"abstract":"Pile-supported embankments are widely used in foundation treatments, owing to their safety, efficient construction, and economy. The soil-arching effect is a key load-transferring mechanism in a pile-supported embankment, and it reduces the even settlement on the embankment surface. In recent years, researchers and engineers have conducted extensive research on the soil-arching phenomenon in pile-supported embankments. This paper reviews relevant studies on the effect of soil arching in pile-supported embankments in order to better understand the mechanism and influencing factors of the distribution of the arching effect. First, the development history of the practice and theory related to pile-supported embankments is discussed. This is followed by a review of theoretical studies on the soil-arching effect, load distribution and soil deformation on pile-supported embankments (with and without geogrid reinforcement), and structures and factors influencing soil arching. The results of these studies are summarized, and finally, topics for future research are suggested, providing references for the design and maintenance of civil infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"35 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.3390/buildings14010119
Yuhan Chu, Junfeng Shi, Zhaoyi Ye, Dingdan Liu
Suspended waterproof curtains combined with pumping wells are the primary method for controlling groundwater levels in foundation pits within soft soil areas. However, there is still a lack of a systematic approach to predict the groundwater drawdown within the foundation pit caused by the influence of these suspended curtains. In order to investigate the variation of groundwater level within the excavation during dewatering processes, the finite difference method is employed to analyze the seepage characteristics of foundation pits with suspended waterproof curtains. Basing on the concept of equivalent well, this study examines the coupled effects of aquifer anisotropy (ki), aquifer thickness (Mi), well screen length (li), and the depth of waterproof curtain embedment on the seepage field distortion. A characteristic curve is established for standard conditions, which exposes the blocking effect of the curtain on the amount of groundwater drawdown in the pit. Additionally, correction coefficients are proposed for non-standard conditions, which, in turn, results in a prediction formula with a wider range of applicability. Comparative analysis between the calculated predictions and the field observation data from an actual foundation pit project in Zhuhai City validates the feasibility of the quantitative prediction method proposed in this research, which also provides a 21% safety margin.
{"title":"Dewatering Characteristics and Drawdown Prediction of Suspended Waterproof Curtain Foundation Pit in Soft Soil Areas","authors":"Yuhan Chu, Junfeng Shi, Zhaoyi Ye, Dingdan Liu","doi":"10.3390/buildings14010119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010119","url":null,"abstract":"Suspended waterproof curtains combined with pumping wells are the primary method for controlling groundwater levels in foundation pits within soft soil areas. However, there is still a lack of a systematic approach to predict the groundwater drawdown within the foundation pit caused by the influence of these suspended curtains. In order to investigate the variation of groundwater level within the excavation during dewatering processes, the finite difference method is employed to analyze the seepage characteristics of foundation pits with suspended waterproof curtains. Basing on the concept of equivalent well, this study examines the coupled effects of aquifer anisotropy (ki), aquifer thickness (Mi), well screen length (li), and the depth of waterproof curtain embedment on the seepage field distortion. A characteristic curve is established for standard conditions, which exposes the blocking effect of the curtain on the amount of groundwater drawdown in the pit. Additionally, correction coefficients are proposed for non-standard conditions, which, in turn, results in a prediction formula with a wider range of applicability. Comparative analysis between the calculated predictions and the field observation data from an actual foundation pit project in Zhuhai City validates the feasibility of the quantitative prediction method proposed in this research, which also provides a 21% safety margin.","PeriodicalId":48546,"journal":{"name":"Buildings","volume":"128 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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