Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-1052
Julia Wagner, Juliane Wolter, Justine Ramage, Victoria Martin, Andreas Richter, Niek Jesse Speetjens, Jorien E. Vonk, Rachele Lodi, Annett Bartsch, Michael Fritz, Hugues Lantuit, Gustaf Hugelius
Abstract. Permafrost soils are particularly vulnerable to climate change. To assess and improve estimations of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets it is necessary to accurately map soil carbon and nitrogen in the permafrost region. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks have been predicted and mapped by many studies from local to pan-Arctic scales. Several studies have been carried out at the Canadian Beaufort Sea coast, though no regional synthesis of terrestrial carbon stocks based on spatial modelling has been conducted yet. This study synthesises available field data from the Canadian coastal plain and uses it to map regional SOC and N stocks using the machine learning algorithm random forest and environmental variables based on remote sensing data. We explore local differences in soil properties and how soil data distribution across the region affects the accuracy of the predictions of SOC and N stocks. We mapped SOC and N stocks for the entire region and provide separate models for the coastal mainland area and Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island. We assessed performance of different random forest models by using the Area of Applicability (AOA) method. We further applied the quantile regression forest method to the mainland and Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island models for SOC stocks and compared the results with the AOA method. Our results indicate that not only the selection of data is crucial for the resulting maps, but also the chosen covariates, which were picked by the models as most important. The estimated SOC stock for the upper metre is 56.7 ± 5.6 kg m−2 and the N stock 2.19 ± 0.51 kg m−2. The average SOC stocks vary significantly when including or excluding data in the predictive models. Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island is geologically different from the coastal mainland and has lower SOC stocks. Including Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island soil data to predict SOC stocks at the mainland has large impact on the results. Differences in N stocks were not as dependent on the location as SOC stocks and rather differences between individual studies occurred. The results of the separate models show 36.2 ± 5.7 kg C m−2 and 2.66 ± 0.39 kg N m−2 for Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island and 57.2 ± 4.5 kg C m−2 and 2.17 ± 0.50 kg N m−2 for the mainland. Our results diverge from previous studies of lower resolution, showing the added regional-scale accuracy and precision that can be achieved at intermediate resolution and with sufficient field data.
摘要。永久冻土特别容易受到气候变化的影响。为了评估和改进碳(C)和氮(N)的估算，有必要对多年冻土区的土壤碳和氮进行准确的测绘。特别是，从局部到泛北极尺度的土壤有机碳储量已经被许多研究预测和绘制。在加拿大波弗特海沿岸进行了几项研究，但尚未进行基于空间模拟的陆地碳储量区域合成。本研究综合了加拿大沿海平原的现有野外数据，并利用机器学习算法随机森林和基于遥感数据的环境变量，将其用于绘制区域SOC和N储量。我们探讨了土壤性质的局部差异，以及土壤数据分布如何影响土壤有机碳和氮储量预测的准确性。我们绘制了整个区域的有机碳和氮储量图，并建立了沿海大陆地区和齐齐克塔鲁克赫歇尔岛的独立模型。采用适用面积法（Area of Applicability， AOA）对不同随机森林模型的性能进行了评价。我们进一步将分位数回归森林方法应用于大陆和齐齐克塔鲁克赫歇尔岛碳储量模型，并与AOA方法进行了比较。我们的结果表明，不仅数据的选择对生成的地图至关重要，而且所选择的协变量也是最重要的，这些协变量是由模型挑选出来的。上层土壤有机碳储量为56.7±5.6 kg m−2，氮储量为2.19±0.51 kg m−2。当包括或不包括预测模型中的数据时，平均SOC库存变化很大。齐齐克塔鲁克赫歇尔岛地质上与沿海大陆不同，有机碳储量较低。包括齐齐克塔鲁克赫歇尔岛土壤数据对大陆土壤有机碳储量预测结果影响较大。氮储量的差异不像有机碳储量那样依赖于地理位置，而是在个体研究之间存在差异。结果表明，齐齐克塔鲁克赫舍尔岛为36.2±5.7 kg C m−2和2.66±0.39 kg N m−2，大陆为57.2±4.5 kg C m−2和2.17±0.50 kg N m−2。我们的研究结果不同于以往的低分辨率研究，表明在中等分辨率和足够的野外数据下可以实现更高的区域尺度精度和精度。
{"title":"Regional synthesis and mapping of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks at the Canadian Beaufort coast","authors":"Julia Wagner, Juliane Wolter, Justine Ramage, Victoria Martin, Andreas Richter, Niek Jesse Speetjens, Jorien E. Vonk, Rachele Lodi, Annett Bartsch, Michael Fritz, Hugues Lantuit, Gustaf Hugelius","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-1052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1052","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Permafrost soils are particularly vulnerable to climate change. To assess and improve estimations of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets it is necessary to accurately map soil carbon and nitrogen in the permafrost region. In particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks have been predicted and mapped by many studies from local to pan-Arctic scales. Several studies have been carried out at the Canadian Beaufort Sea coast, though no regional synthesis of terrestrial carbon stocks based on spatial modelling has been conducted yet. This study synthesises available field data from the Canadian coastal plain and uses it to map regional SOC and N stocks using the machine learning algorithm random forest and environmental variables based on remote sensing data. We explore local differences in soil properties and how soil data distribution across the region affects the accuracy of the predictions of SOC and N stocks. We mapped SOC and N stocks for the entire region and provide separate models for the coastal mainland area and Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island. We assessed performance of different random forest models by using the Area of Applicability (AOA) method. We further applied the quantile regression forest method to the mainland and Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island models for SOC stocks and compared the results with the AOA method. Our results indicate that not only the selection of data is crucial for the resulting maps, but also the chosen covariates, which were picked by the models as most important. The estimated SOC stock for the upper metre is 56.7 ± 5.6 kg m<sup>−2 </sup>and the N stock 2.19 ± 0.51 kg m<sup>−2</sup>. The average SOC stocks vary significantly when including or excluding data in the predictive models. Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island is geologically different from the coastal mainland and has lower SOC stocks. Including Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island soil data to predict SOC stocks at the mainland has large impact on the results. Differences in N stocks were not as dependent on the location as SOC stocks and rather differences between individual studies occurred. The results of the separate models show 36.2 ± 5.7 kg C m<sup>−2 </sup>and 2.66 ± 0.39 kg N m<sup>−2 </sup>for Qikiqtaruk Herschel Island and 57.2 ± 4.5 kg C m<sup>−2 </sup>and 2.17 ± 0.50 kg N m<sup>−2 </sup>for the mainland. Our results diverge from previous studies of lower resolution, showing the added regional-scale accuracy and precision that can be achieved at intermediate resolution and with sufficient field data.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-943
Noé Vandevoorde, Igor Turine, Alodie Blondel, Yannick Agnan
Abstract. Living cover crops play a key role in reducing nitrogen leaching to groundwater during fallow periods. They also enhance soil microbial activity through root exudates, improving soil structure and increasing organic matter content. While the degradation of pesticides in soil relies primarily on microbial biodegradation, the extent to which cover crops influence this degradation remains poorly quantified. In this paper we (1) monitored pesticide residue levels in soil and soil solution under two different cover crop densities and (2) correlated the observed reductions with physicochemical properties of the active substances. Our results show that thin cover crops (0.4 tDM ha-1) reduce pesticide leaching 80 days after sowing compared to bare soil, retaining the residues in the microbiologically active topsoil. In addition, well-developed cover crops (1 tDM ha-1) reduce soil pesticide contents by more than 33 % for compounds with low to high water solubility (s ≤ 1400 mg L-1) and low to moderate soil mobility (Koc ≥ 160 mL g-1). This effect is probably due to enhanced pesticide degradation of the retained pesticide in the rhizosphere. These results confirm previous studies on individual compounds, individual cover crop types and individual soil compartments, while providing new thresholds for physicochemical properties associated with significant pesticide degradation. By directly enhancing pesticide degradation within the soil compartment where pesticides are applied, cover crops limit their transfer to other environmental compartments, particularly groundwater.
摘要。活的覆盖作物在减少休耕期氮向地下水的淋失中起着关键作用。它们还通过根系分泌物增强土壤微生物活性，改善土壤结构，增加有机质含量。虽然农药在土壤中的降解主要依赖于微生物的生物降解，但覆盖作物对这种降解的影响程度仍然难以量化。本文(1)监测了两种不同覆盖作物密度下土壤和土壤溶液中的农药残留水平，(2)将所观察到的农药残留量与活性物质的理化性质进行了关联。结果表明，与裸地相比，薄盖作物（0.4 tDM ha-1）在播种后80天减少了农药淋失，将农药残留保留在微生物活性表土中。此外，对于低至高水溶性（s≤1400 mg L-1）和低至中等土壤流动性（Koc≥160 mL g-1）的化合物，发育良好的覆盖作物（1 tDM ha-1）可使土壤农药含量降低33%以上。这种效应可能是由于残留农药在根际的降解增强所致。这些结果证实了以往对单个化合物、单个覆盖作物类型和单个土壤区格的研究，同时为农药显著降解相关的理化性质提供了新的阈值。覆盖作物通过直接促进施用农药的土壤隔间内农药的降解，限制了它们向其他环境隔间的转移，特别是地下水。
{"title":"Living cover crops reduce pesticide residues in agricultural soil","authors":"Noé Vandevoorde, Igor Turine, Alodie Blondel, Yannick Agnan","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-943","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Living cover crops play a key role in reducing nitrogen leaching to groundwater during fallow periods. They also enhance soil microbial activity through root exudates, improving soil structure and increasing organic matter content. While the degradation of pesticides in soil relies primarily on microbial biodegradation, the extent to which cover crops influence this degradation remains poorly quantified. In this paper we (1) monitored pesticide residue levels in soil and soil solution under two different cover crop densities and (2) correlated the observed reductions with physicochemical properties of the active substances. Our results show that thin cover crops (0.4 t<sub>DM </sub>ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduce pesticide leaching 80 days after sowing compared to bare soil, retaining the residues in the microbiologically active topsoil. In addition, well-developed cover crops (1 t<sub>DM</sub> ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduce soil pesticide contents by more than 33 % for compounds with low to high water solubility (s ≤ 1400 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) and low to moderate soil mobility (K<sub>oc</sub> ≥ 160 mL g<sup>-1</sup>). This effect is probably due to enhanced pesticide degradation of the retained pesticide in the rhizosphere. These results confirm previous studies on individual compounds, individual cover crop types and individual soil compartments, while providing new thresholds for physicochemical properties associated with significant pesticide degradation. By directly enhancing pesticide degradation within the soil compartment where pesticides are applied, cover crops limit their transfer to other environmental compartments, particularly groundwater.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-572
Mona Giraud, Ahmet Kürşad Sırcan, Thilo Streck, Daniel Leitner, Guillaume Lobet, Holger Pagel, Andrea Schnepf
Abstract. A plant's development is strongly linked to the water and carbon (C) flows in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Ongoing climate shifts will alter the water and C cycles and affect plant phenotypes. Comprehensive models that simulate mechanistically and dynamically the feedback loops between water and C fluxes in the soil-plant system are useful tools to evaluate the sustainability of genotype-environment-management combinations that do not yet exist. In this study, we present the equations and implementation of a rhizosphere-soil model within the CPlantBox framework, a functional-structural plant model that represents plant processes and plant-soil interactions. The multi-scale plant-rhizosphere-soil coupling scheme previously used for CPlantBox was likewise updated, among others to include an implicit time-stepping. The model was implemented to simulate the effect of dry spells occurring at different plant development stages, and for different soil biokinetic parametrisations of microbial dynamics in soil. We could observe diverging results according to the date of occurrence of the dry spells and soil parametrisations. For instance, an earlier dry spell led to a lower cumulative plant C release, while later dry spells led to higher C input to the soil. For more reactive microbial communities, this higher C input caused a strong increase in CO2 emissions, while, for the same weather scenario, we observed a lasting stabilisation of soil C with less reactive communities. This model can be used to gain insight into C and water flows at the plant scale, and the influence of soil-plant interactions on C cycling in soil.
{"title":"In silico analysis of carbon stabilisation by plant and soil microbes for different weather scenarios","authors":"Mona Giraud, Ahmet Kürşad Sırcan, Thilo Streck, Daniel Leitner, Guillaume Lobet, Holger Pagel, Andrea Schnepf","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-572","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> A plant's development is strongly linked to the water and carbon (C) flows in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Ongoing climate shifts will alter the water and C cycles and affect plant phenotypes. Comprehensive models that simulate mechanistically and dynamically the feedback loops between water and C fluxes in the soil-plant system are useful tools to evaluate the sustainability of genotype-environment-management combinations that do not yet exist. In this study, we present the equations and implementation of a rhizosphere-soil model within the CPlantBox framework, a functional-structural plant model that represents plant processes and plant-soil interactions. The multi-scale plant-rhizosphere-soil coupling scheme previously used for CPlantBox was likewise updated, among others to include an implicit time-stepping. The model was implemented to simulate the effect of dry spells occurring at different plant development stages, and for different soil biokinetic parametrisations of microbial dynamics in soil. We could observe diverging results according to the date of occurrence of the dry spells and soil parametrisations. For instance, an earlier dry spell led to a lower cumulative plant C release, while later dry spells led to higher C input to the soil. For more reactive microbial communities, this higher C input caused a strong increase in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, while, for the same weather scenario, we observed a lasting stabilisation of soil C with less reactive communities. This model can be used to gain insight into C and water flows at the plant scale, and the influence of soil-plant interactions on C cycling in soil.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-28DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-827
Salar Saeed Dogar, Cosimo Brogi, Dave O'Leary, Ixchel Hernández-Ochoa, Marco Donat, Harry Vereecken, Johan Alexander Huisman
Abstract. Accurate delineation of management zones is essential for optimizing resource use and improving yield in precision agriculture. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) provides a rapid, non-invasive method to map soil variability, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained with remote sensing captures above-ground crop dynamics. Integrating these datasets may enhance management zone delineation but presents challenges in data harmonization and analysis. This study presents a workflow combining unsupervised classification (clustering) and statistical validation to delineate management zones using EMI and NDVI data in a single 70 ha field of the patchCROP experiment in Tempelberg, Germany. Three datasets were investigated: (1) EMI maps, (2) NDVI maps, and (3) a combined EMI-NDVI dataset. Historical yield data and soil samples were used to refine the clusters through statistical analysis. The results demonstrate that four EMI-based zones effectively captured subsurface soil heterogeneity, while three NDVI-based zones better represented yield variability. A combination of EMI and NDVI data resulted in three zones that provided a balanced representation of both subsurface and above-ground variability. The final EMI-NDVI derived map demonstrates the potential of integrating multi-source datasets for field management. It provides actionable insights for precision agriculture, including optimized fertilization, irrigation, and targeted interventions, while also serving as a valuable resource for environmental modelling and soil surveying.
{"title":"Combining electromagnetic induction and remote sensing data for improved determination of management zones for sustainable crop production","authors":"Salar Saeed Dogar, Cosimo Brogi, Dave O'Leary, Ixchel Hernández-Ochoa, Marco Donat, Harry Vereecken, Johan Alexander Huisman","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-827","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Accurate delineation of management zones is essential for optimizing resource use and improving yield in precision agriculture. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) provides a rapid, non-invasive method to map soil variability, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained with remote sensing captures above-ground crop dynamics. Integrating these datasets may enhance management zone delineation but presents challenges in data harmonization and analysis. This study presents a workflow combining unsupervised classification (clustering) and statistical validation to delineate management zones using EMI and NDVI data in a single 70 ha field of the patchCROP experiment in Tempelberg, Germany. Three datasets were investigated: (1) EMI maps, (2) NDVI maps, and (3) a combined EMI-NDVI dataset. Historical yield data and soil samples were used to refine the clusters through statistical analysis. The results demonstrate that four EMI-based zones effectively captured subsurface soil heterogeneity, while three NDVI-based zones better represented yield variability. A combination of EMI and NDVI data resulted in three zones that provided a balanced representation of both subsurface and above-ground variability. The final EMI-NDVI derived map demonstrates the potential of integrating multi-source datasets for field management. It provides actionable insights for precision agriculture, including optimized fertilization, irrigation, and targeted interventions, while also serving as a valuable resource for environmental modelling and soil surveying.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-21DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-481
Jolanta Niedźwiecka, Roey Angel, Petr Čapek, Ana Catalina Lara, Stanislav Jabinski, Travis B. Meador, Hana Šantrůčková
Abstract. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) in soils is used to estimate the balance of CO2 respired by heterotrophs versus the accumulation of organic carbon (C). While most CUE studies assume that aerobic respiration is the predominant degradation process of organic C, anoxic microniches are common inside soil aggregates. Microorganisms in these microniches carry out fermentation and anaerobic respiration using alternative electron acceptors, e.g. NO3-, Fe, SO42-. Extracellular metabolites are also not traditionally accounted for but may represent a significant C flux. Moreover, climate change may modulate soil microbial activity by altering soil aeration status on a local level due to warming and elevated frequency of extreme precipitation events. Therefore, CUE should be measured under more realistic assumptions regarding soil aeration. This study focused on the effect of oxygen and Fe on C mineralisation in forest soils and quantified C distribution between biomass and different extracellular metabolites. Forest soils were collected from two Bohemian Forest (Czechia) sites with low and high Fe content and incubated under oxic and anoxic conditions. A solution of 13C-labelled glucose was used to track stable isotope incorporation into the biomass, respired CO2, and extracellular metabolites. We estimated CUE based on microbial respiration, glucose consumption, biomass growth, and extracellular metabolites. RNA-SIP was used to identify the active bacteria under each treatment. As expected, the oxic incubation showed a rapid utilisation and immediate production of biomass and CO2. Under anoxic conditions, 90 % of the added glucose was still present after 72 h, and anoxic soils showed significantly lower microbial activity. The low-Fe soil samples were more active under oxic conditions, while the high-Fe samples were more active under anoxia. Our findings confirm that anoxia in soils enhances short-term C preservation. Accordingly, excluding exudates in mass flux calculations would underestimate apparent CUE values.
{"title":"Aeration and mineral composition of soil determine microbial CUE","authors":"Jolanta Niedźwiecka, Roey Angel, Petr Čapek, Ana Catalina Lara, Stanislav Jabinski, Travis B. Meador, Hana Šantrůčková","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-481","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) in soils is used to estimate the balance of CO<sub>2</sub> respired by heterotrophs versus the accumulation of organic carbon (C). While most CUE studies assume that aerobic respiration is the predominant degradation process of organic C, anoxic microniches are common inside soil aggregates. Microorganisms in these microniches carry out fermentation and anaerobic respiration using alternative electron acceptors, e.g. NO<sup>3-</sup>, Fe, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. Extracellular metabolites are also not traditionally accounted for but may represent a significant C flux. Moreover, climate change may modulate soil microbial activity by altering soil aeration status on a local level due to warming and elevated frequency of extreme precipitation events. Therefore, CUE should be measured under more realistic assumptions regarding soil aeration. This study focused on the effect of oxygen and Fe on C mineralisation in forest soils and quantified C distribution between biomass and different extracellular metabolites. Forest soils were collected from two Bohemian Forest (Czechia) sites with low and high Fe content and incubated under oxic and anoxic conditions. A solution of 13C-labelled glucose was used to track stable isotope incorporation into the biomass, respired CO<sub>2</sub>, and extracellular metabolites. We estimated CUE based on microbial respiration, glucose consumption, biomass growth, and extracellular metabolites. RNA-SIP was used to identify the active bacteria under each treatment. As expected, the oxic incubation showed a rapid utilisation and immediate production of biomass and CO<sub>2</sub>. Under anoxic conditions, 90 % of the added glucose was still present after 72 h, and anoxic soils showed significantly lower microbial activity. The low-Fe soil samples were more active under oxic conditions, while the high-Fe samples were more active under anoxia. Our findings confirm that anoxia in soils enhances short-term C preservation. Accordingly, excluding exudates in mass flux calculations would underestimate apparent CUE values.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.5194/soil-11-213-2025
Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Andrew S. Kowalski, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete
Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs) is an important carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems, and knowledge about this CO2 release process and the drivers involved is a key topic in the context of global change. However, temporal and spatial variability has not been studied extensively in semi-arid systems such as olive groves. In this study, we show a full year of continuous measurements of Rs with six automatic chambers in a fertigated olive grove with bare soil in the Mediterranean accompanied by modeled ecosystem respiration (Reco) estimated by decomposing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. To study spatial variability, the automatic chambers were distributed equally under the canopy (Rs Under-Tree) and in the center of the alley (Rs Alley), and the gradient of Rs between both locations was measured in several manual campaigns in addition to angular changes about the olive trees. The results indicate that Rs Under-Tree was 3 times higher than Rs Alley in the annual computations. Higher Rs was found on the southern face, and an exponential decay of Rs was observed until the alley's center was reached. These spatial changes were used to weigh and project Rs onto the ecosystem scale, whose annual balance was 1.6–2.3 times higher than the Reco estimated using EC-derived models. Rs Under-Tree represented 39 % of the Rs of the olive grove. We found values of Q10<1 in the vicinity of the olive tree in the warm period. Outbursts of CO2 emissions associated with precipitation events were detected, especially in the alley, during dry periods and after extended periods without rain, but they were not accurately detected by EC-derived respiration models. We point out an interaction between several effects that vary in time, that are different under the canopy than in the alleys, and that the accepted models for estimating Q10 and Reco do not consider. These results show high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil respiration and the factors involved, which must be considered in future works in semi-arid agroecosystems.
摘要。土壤呼吸（Rs）是陆地生态系统中重要的碳通量，了解这一二氧化碳释放过程及其驱动因素是全球变化背景下的一个重要课题。然而，在橄榄林等半干旱系统中，时空变异尚未得到广泛研究。在这项研究中，我们展示了在地中海一个带裸土的肥沃橄榄林中，使用6个自动室对Rs进行了整整一年的连续测量，并伴随着通过分解使用涡动相关（EC）技术测量的净生态系统交换（NEE）估算的模拟生态系统呼吸（Reco）。为了研究空间变异性，自动室均匀分布在树冠下（Rs under - tree）和小巷中心（Rs alley），除了测量橄榄树的角度变化外，还在几个手动运动中测量了两个位置之间的Rs梯度。结果表明，在年度计算中，undertree比Alley高3倍。在巷道的南侧发现了较高的Rs，并且在到达巷道中心之前观察到Rs呈指数衰减。这些空间变化被用来衡量生态系统尺度上的Rs，其年平衡比使用ec衍生模型估计的reo高1.6-2.3倍。树下的Rs占橄榄树林Rs的39%。在暖期橄榄树附近发现Q10值<1。在干旱期和长时间无雨后，检测到与降水事件相关的CO2排放爆发，特别是在巷子中，但通过ec衍生的呼吸模型无法准确检测到它们。我们指出了几种随时间变化的效应之间的相互作用，这些效应在林冠下与在林道中是不同的，并且用于估计Q10和Reco的公认模型没有考虑到这一点。这些结果表明，土壤呼吸及其相关因子具有高度的时空异质性，这是今后半干旱农业生态系统研究中必须考虑的问题。
{"title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil respiration in a bare-soil Mediterranean olive grove","authors":"Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Andrew S. Kowalski, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete","doi":"10.5194/soil-11-213-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-213-2025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs) is an important carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems, and knowledge about this CO2 release process and the drivers involved is a key topic in the context of global change. However, temporal and spatial variability has not been studied extensively in semi-arid systems such as olive groves. In this study, we show a full year of continuous measurements of Rs with six automatic chambers in a fertigated olive grove with bare soil in the Mediterranean accompanied by modeled ecosystem respiration (Reco) estimated by decomposing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. To study spatial variability, the automatic chambers were distributed equally under the canopy (Rs Under-Tree) and in the center of the alley (Rs Alley), and the gradient of Rs between both locations was measured in several manual campaigns in addition to angular changes about the olive trees. The results indicate that Rs Under-Tree was 3 times higher than Rs Alley in the annual computations. Higher Rs was found on the southern face, and an exponential decay of Rs was observed until the alley's center was reached. These spatial changes were used to weigh and project Rs onto the ecosystem scale, whose annual balance was 1.6–2.3 times higher than the Reco estimated using EC-derived models. Rs Under-Tree represented 39 % of the Rs of the olive grove. We found values of Q10<1 in the vicinity of the olive tree in the warm period. Outbursts of CO2 emissions associated with precipitation events were detected, especially in the alley, during dry periods and after extended periods without rain, but they were not accurately detected by EC-derived respiration models. We point out an interaction between several effects that vary in time, that are different under the canopy than in the alleys, and that the accepted models for estimating Q10 and Reco do not consider. These results show high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in soil respiration and the factors involved, which must be considered in future works in semi-arid agroecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"834 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143385134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.5194/soil-11-233-2025
Daniela Guasconi, Sara A. O. Cousins, Stefano Manzoni, Nina Roth, Gustaf Hugelius
Abstract. Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool on the planet, and targeted grassland management has the potential to increase grassland C sequestration. Appropriate land management strategies, such as organic matter addition, can increase soil C stocks and improve grasslands' resilience to drought by improving soil water retention and infiltration. However, soil carbon dynamics are closely tied to vegetation responses to management and climatic changes, which affect roots and shoots differently. This study presents findings from a 3-year field experiment on two Swedish grasslands that assessed the impact of compost amendment and experimental drought on plant biomass and soil C to a depth of 45 cm. Aboveground biomass and soil C content (% C) increased compared with untreated controls in compost-amended plots; however, because bulk density decreased, there was no significant effect on soil C stocks. Experimental drought did not significantly reduce plant biomass compared to control plots, but it stunted the increase in aboveground biomass in compost-treated plots and led to changes in root traits. These results highlight the complexity of ecosystem C dynamics and the importance of considering multiple biotic and abiotic factors across spatial scales when developing land management strategies to enhance C sequestration.
{"title":"Experimental drought and soil amendments affect grassland above- and belowground vegetation but not soil carbon stocks","authors":"Daniela Guasconi, Sara A. O. Cousins, Stefano Manzoni, Nina Roth, Gustaf Hugelius","doi":"10.5194/soil-11-233-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-233-2025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool on the planet, and targeted grassland management has the potential to increase grassland C sequestration. Appropriate land management strategies, such as organic matter addition, can increase soil C stocks and improve grasslands' resilience to drought by improving soil water retention and infiltration. However, soil carbon dynamics are closely tied to vegetation responses to management and climatic changes, which affect roots and shoots differently. This study presents findings from a 3-year field experiment on two Swedish grasslands that assessed the impact of compost amendment and experimental drought on plant biomass and soil C to a depth of 45 cm. Aboveground biomass and soil C content (% C) increased compared with untreated controls in compost-amended plots; however, because bulk density decreased, there was no significant effect on soil C stocks. Experimental drought did not significantly reduce plant biomass compared to control plots, but it stunted the increase in aboveground biomass in compost-treated plots and led to changes in root traits. These results highlight the complexity of ecosystem C dynamics and the importance of considering multiple biotic and abiotic factors across spatial scales when developing land management strategies to enhance C sequestration.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143385115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.5194/soil-11-199-2025
Corinna Gall, Silvana Oldenburg, Martin Nebel, Thomas Scholten, Steffen Seitz
Abstract. Soil erosion threatens soil fertility and food security worldwide, with agriculture being both a cause and a victim. Vineyards are particularly at risk due to the often steep slopes and detrimental management practices such as fallow interlines and bare soil under the vines. Therefore, the search for alternative management practices becomes vital, and vegetation covers, including mosses, have the potential to reduce soil erosion. However, research on moss restoration as an erosion control method is still in its infancy, and this form of erosion control has never been applied in vineyards. It is thus unclear whether moss restoration can be implemented in vineyards. In this study, the restoration of mosses was investigated by applying artificially cultivated moss mats in a temperate vineyard. The effects of moss restoration on surface runoff and sediment discharge were examined compared to bare soil and cover crops using rainfall simulation experiments (45 mm h−1 for 30 min) with small-scale runoff plots at three measurement times during 1 year (April, June, and October). Mosses initially showed considerable desiccation in summer, whereupon their growth declined. In October, the mosses recovered and re-established themselves in the vineyard, showing a high level of resistance. Moss restoration significantly reduced surface runoff by 71.4 % and sediment discharge by 75.8 % compared with bare soils. While moss restoration reduced surface runoff slightly more and sediment discharge slightly less compared with cover crops (68.1 % and 87.7 %, respectively), these differences were not statistically significant. Sediment discharge varied seasonally for moss restoration, especially from April to June; this is most likely due to the decline in moss cover and the foliage of the vines in June, as concentrated canopy drip points form on the leaves and woody surfaces of the vines, increasing erosion. Overall, moss restoration proved to be an appropriate and low-maintenance alternative for erosion control, as it requires no mowing or application of herbicides. However, future research should address challenges such as preventing moss mats from drying out in summer; developing methods for large-scale application; and evaluating whether mosses significantly impact soil water content, potentially reducing water availability for vines.
摘要。土壤侵蚀威胁着全球的土壤肥力和粮食安全，农业既是原因，也是受害者。葡萄园的风险尤其大，因为往往是陡峭的山坡和有害的管理做法，如休耕的间道和葡萄藤下的光秃秃的土壤。因此，寻找其他管理办法变得至关重要，植被覆盖，包括苔藓，有可能减少土壤侵蚀。然而，将苔藓恢复作为一种侵蚀控制方法的研究还处于起步阶段，这种形式的侵蚀控制从未在葡萄园中应用过。因此，目前还不清楚是否可以在葡萄园中实施苔藓修复。本研究以温带葡萄园为研究对象，采用人工栽培苔藓垫的方法，研究了苔藓的恢复情况。通过降雨模拟实验（45 mm h−1,30 min），在1年（4月、6月和10月）的3个测量时间，与裸地和覆盖作物相比，研究了苔藓恢复对地表径流和沉积物排放的影响。苔藓最初在夏季表现出相当大的干燥，因此它们的生长下降。10月，苔藓在葡萄园中恢复并重新生长，表现出高度的抵抗力。与裸地相比，苔藓恢复显著减少地表径流量71.4%，沙流量75.8%。虽然与覆盖作物相比，苔藓恢复对地表径流的减少略多（分别为68.1%和87.7%），但这些差异在统计学上并不显著。苔藓恢复的输沙量随季节变化，特别是4 ~ 6月；这很可能是由于6月份藤蔓的苔藓覆盖和叶子减少，因为集中的树冠滴水点在藤蔓的叶子和木质表面形成，增加了侵蚀。总的来说，苔藓恢复被证明是一种适当的、低维护的侵蚀控制替代方案，因为它不需要割草或使用除草剂。然而，未来的研究应该解决一些挑战，比如防止苔藓垫在夏天变干；开发大规模应用的方法；并评估苔藓是否会显著影响土壤含水量，可能会减少葡萄树的水分可用性。
{"title":"Effects of moss restoration on surface runoff and initial soil erosion in a temperate vineyard","authors":"Corinna Gall, Silvana Oldenburg, Martin Nebel, Thomas Scholten, Steffen Seitz","doi":"10.5194/soil-11-199-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-199-2025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Soil erosion threatens soil fertility and food security worldwide, with agriculture being both a cause and a victim. Vineyards are particularly at risk due to the often steep slopes and detrimental management practices such as fallow interlines and bare soil under the vines. Therefore, the search for alternative management practices becomes vital, and vegetation covers, including mosses, have the potential to reduce soil erosion. However, research on moss restoration as an erosion control method is still in its infancy, and this form of erosion control has never been applied in vineyards. It is thus unclear whether moss restoration can be implemented in vineyards. In this study, the restoration of mosses was investigated by applying artificially cultivated moss mats in a temperate vineyard. The effects of moss restoration on surface runoff and sediment discharge were examined compared to bare soil and cover crops using rainfall simulation experiments (45 mm h−1 for 30 min) with small-scale runoff plots at three measurement times during 1 year (April, June, and October). Mosses initially showed considerable desiccation in summer, whereupon their growth declined. In October, the mosses recovered and re-established themselves in the vineyard, showing a high level of resistance. Moss restoration significantly reduced surface runoff by 71.4 % and sediment discharge by 75.8 % compared with bare soils. While moss restoration reduced surface runoff slightly more and sediment discharge slightly less compared with cover crops (68.1 % and 87.7 %, respectively), these differences were not statistically significant. Sediment discharge varied seasonally for moss restoration, especially from April to June; this is most likely due to the decline in moss cover and the foliage of the vines in June, as concentrated canopy drip points form on the leaves and woody surfaces of the vines, increasing erosion. Overall, moss restoration proved to be an appropriate and low-maintenance alternative for erosion control, as it requires no mowing or application of herbicides. However, future research should address challenges such as preventing moss mats from drying out in summer; developing methods for large-scale application; and evaluating whether mosses significantly impact soil water content, potentially reducing water availability for vines.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is an important component of the organic carbon pool in boreal ecosystems. However, the biodegradability of WSOC across various soil depths in boreal ecosystems remains unclear. Here, based on spectroscopic techniques, we conducted a 28-day laboratory incubation to analyze the molecular composition, biodegradability, and compositional changes of WSOC at different soil depths in a southern region of the boreal forest. The results showed that in the upper 2 m soils, the average content of biodegradable WSOC was 0.228 g/kg with an average proportion of 86.41 % in the total WSOC. In the deep soils below 2 m, the average content of biodegradable WSOC content was 0.144 g/kg, comprising 80.79 % of the total WSOC. Spectroscopic analysis indicates that the WSOC in the upper soils is primarily composed of highly aromatic humic acid-like matter with larger molecular weights than those in deep soils. Both the aromaticity and molecular weight decrease with depth, and the WSOC is mainly composed of fulvic acid-like matter in the deep soils, suggesting high biodegradability of WSOC in the deep soils. Overall, our results suggest that the water-soluble organic carbon in the boreal forests exhibits high biodegradability both in the shallow layer and deep soils.
{"title":"High biodegradability of water-soluble organic carbon in soils at the southern margin of the boreal forest","authors":"Yuqi Zhu, Chao Liu, Rui Liu, Hanxi Wang, Xiangwen Wu, Zihao Zhang, Shuying Zang, Xiaodong Wu","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-126","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is an important component of the organic carbon pool in boreal ecosystems. However, the biodegradability of WSOC across various soil depths in boreal ecosystems remains unclear. Here, based on spectroscopic techniques, we conducted a 28-day laboratory incubation to analyze the molecular composition, biodegradability, and compositional changes of WSOC at different soil depths in a southern region of the boreal forest. The results showed that in the upper 2 m soils, the average content of biodegradable WSOC was 0.228 g/kg with an average proportion of 86.41 % in the total WSOC. In the deep soils below 2 m, the average content of biodegradable WSOC content was 0.144 g/kg, comprising 80.79 % of the total WSOC. Spectroscopic analysis indicates that the WSOC in the upper soils is primarily composed of highly aromatic humic acid-like matter with larger molecular weights than those in deep soils. Both the aromaticity and molecular weight decrease with depth, and the WSOC is mainly composed of fulvic acid-like matter in the deep soils, suggesting high biodegradability of WSOC in the deep soils. Overall, our results suggest that the water-soluble organic carbon in the boreal forests exhibits high biodegradability both in the shallow layer and deep soils.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2025-299
Binyan Sun, Cyrill U. Zosso, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Elaine Pegoraro, Margaret S. Torn, Michael W. I. Schmidt
Abstract. Global warming could potentially increase the decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM), not only in the topsoil (< 20 cm) but also in the subsoil (> 20 cm). Despite its low carbon content, subsoil holds on average nearly as much SOM as topsoil across various ecosystems. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding the impact of warming on SOM decomposition in subsoil, particularly root-derived carbon, which serves as the primary organic input at these horizons. In the Blodgett Forest warming experiment (California, USA), we investigated whether warming accelerates the decomposition of root-litter at three depths (10–14, 45–49, and 85–89 cm) by using molecular markers and in-situ incubation of 13C-labelled root-litter at each depth. Our results reveal that the decomposition of added root-litter was only accelerated in the topsoil (10–14 cm) but not in the subsoil (45–49 and 85–89 cm) with warming. In subsoil, although the decomposition rate of root-litter derived carbon did not differ significantly between ambient and warmed plots, the underlying reasons for this similarity are distinct. With molecular marker analysis, we found higher microbial activity, indicated by higher concentration of certain fatty acid monomers that could be originally microbial-derived such as octadecanoic acid (C18:0 fatty acids), octadecenoic acid (C18:1 fatty acids), and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0 fatty acids) than those originally derived from roots in ambient subsoil. With warming, the higher concentration of long-chain (C number > 20) 𝜔-hydroxy acids and diacids left after 3 years of root incubation suggested a lower turnover rate and this could be due to lower microbial abundance and lower soil moisture induced by warming. Our study demonstrates that the impact of warming on the decomposition of root-litter in a temperate forest is depth-dependent. The slower turnover rate of long-chain 𝜔-hydroxy acids and diacids shows that they are more persistent compared to bulk root mass and could be preserved in subsoil for longer time as long as the environmental conditions are unfavorable for decomposition with warming.
{"title":"Warming accelerates the decomposition of root biomass in a temperate forest only in topsoil but not in subsoil","authors":"Binyan Sun, Cyrill U. Zosso, Guido L. B. Wiesenberg, Elaine Pegoraro, Margaret S. Torn, Michael W. I. Schmidt","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-299","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Global warming could potentially increase the decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM), not only in the topsoil (< 20 cm) but also in the subsoil (> 20 cm). Despite its low carbon content, subsoil holds on average nearly as much SOM as topsoil across various ecosystems. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding the impact of warming on SOM decomposition in subsoil, particularly root-derived carbon, which serves as the primary organic input at these horizons. In the Blodgett Forest warming experiment (California, USA), we investigated whether warming accelerates the decomposition of root-litter at three depths (10–14, 45–49, and 85–89 cm) by using molecular markers and <em>in-situ</em> incubation of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled root-litter at each depth. Our results reveal that the decomposition of added root-litter was only accelerated in the topsoil (10–14 cm) but not in the subsoil (45–49 and 85–89 cm) with warming. In subsoil, although the decomposition rate of root-litter derived carbon did not differ significantly between ambient and warmed plots, the underlying reasons for this similarity are distinct. With molecular marker analysis, we found higher microbial activity, indicated by higher concentration of certain fatty acid monomers that could be originally microbial-derived such as octadecanoic acid (C<sub>18:0 </sub>fatty acids), octadecenoic acid (C<sub>18:1</sub> fatty acids), and hexadecanoic acid (C<sub>16:0</sub> fatty acids) than those originally derived from roots in ambient subsoil. With warming, the higher concentration of long-chain (C number > 20) 𝜔-hydroxy acids and diacids left after 3 years of root incubation suggested a lower turnover rate and this could be due to lower microbial abundance and lower soil moisture induced by warming. Our study demonstrates that the impact of warming on the decomposition of root-litter in a temperate forest is depth-dependent. The slower turnover rate of long-chain 𝜔-hydroxy acids and diacids shows that they are more persistent compared to bulk root mass and could be preserved in subsoil for longer time as long as the environmental conditions are unfavorable for decomposition with warming.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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