Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1177/20438087241271637
Michelle Spix, Anita Jansen
Previous research has shown that food avoidance can be learned via classical and operant conditioning. This leads to the question of whether learning deficits could contribute to the harmful food avoidance seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Accordingly, we tested whether healthy women with increased levels of anorexia nervosa symptoms and characteristics show learning abnormalities related to the acquisition and extinction of food avoidance behaviors. Data from a previous experiment (Spix, Schutzeichel, et al., 2023) was used and supplemented with new questionnaire data. Based on participants’ levels of anorexia nervosa symptoms and characteristics, we subtyped an analogue and a healthy group and compared their performance on a food avoidance learning task. We assessed the frequency of avoidance responses, as well as relief, frustration, eating desires, fear, and liking for the conditioned stimulus (CS) associated with food intake. The analogue group showed more unnecessary food avoidance behaviors, a greater relief about the omission of the food, and a faster and more persistent reduction in eating desires than the healthy group. There were no differences between groups in frustration, fear, and liking. Learning abnormalities might contribute to the development and maintenance of food avoidance in individuals with anorexia nervosa.
{"title":"Linking maladaptive food avoidance and anorexia nervosa symptoms: An analogue study","authors":"Michelle Spix, Anita Jansen","doi":"10.1177/20438087241271637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087241271637","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that food avoidance can be learned via classical and operant conditioning. This leads to the question of whether learning deficits could contribute to the harmful food avoidance seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa. Accordingly, we tested whether healthy women with increased levels of anorexia nervosa symptoms and characteristics show learning abnormalities related to the acquisition and extinction of food avoidance behaviors. Data from a previous experiment (Spix, Schutzeichel, et al., 2023) was used and supplemented with new questionnaire data. Based on participants’ levels of anorexia nervosa symptoms and characteristics, we subtyped an analogue and a healthy group and compared their performance on a food avoidance learning task. We assessed the frequency of avoidance responses, as well as relief, frustration, eating desires, fear, and liking for the conditioned stimulus (CS) associated with food intake. The analogue group showed more unnecessary food avoidance behaviors, a greater relief about the omission of the food, and a faster and more persistent reduction in eating desires than the healthy group. There were no differences between groups in frustration, fear, and liking. Learning abnormalities might contribute to the development and maintenance of food avoidance in individuals with anorexia nervosa.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1177/20438087241278134
Naomi Carpentier, Sara Scheveneels, Dirk Hermans
Exposure treatment involves systematic confrontation with fear-inducing stimuli, effectively reducing fear and anxiety. However, a significant number of clients still experience a return of fear (ROF) after treatment. This study investigates whether incorporating an approach component during fear extinction, a laboratory exposure analog, could mitigate this return of fear. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanisms by drawing on predictions from the inhibitory learning theory and the reflective-impulsive model of behavior. In a within-subjects design, we compared instructed active approach of a stimulus during extinction to more passive non-avoidance. Contrary to expectations, our findings revealed that performing approach behavior during extinction did not reduce ROF when compared to non-avoidance. Furthermore, valence and action tendencies, which were potential mechanisms based on the reflective-impulsive model of behavior, remained unaltered. Still, a noteworthy discovery emerged in the form of increased threat expectancies for the approached stimulus during extinction, suggesting a heightened level of expectancy violation, as predicted on the basis of the inhibitory learning theory. These findings offer valuable insights into the intricate relationship between approach behavior, ROF, and underlying mechanisms, highlighting the need for further research to assess the potential benefits of emphasizing approach in exposure treatment.
{"title":"Approach and Conquer: Optimizing Fear Extinction by Adding Approach?","authors":"Naomi Carpentier, Sara Scheveneels, Dirk Hermans","doi":"10.1177/20438087241278134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087241278134","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure treatment involves systematic confrontation with fear-inducing stimuli, effectively reducing fear and anxiety. However, a significant number of clients still experience a return of fear (ROF) after treatment. This study investigates whether incorporating an approach component during fear extinction, a laboratory exposure analog, could mitigate this return of fear. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanisms by drawing on predictions from the inhibitory learning theory and the reflective-impulsive model of behavior. In a within-subjects design, we compared instructed active approach of a stimulus during extinction to more passive non-avoidance. Contrary to expectations, our findings revealed that performing approach behavior during extinction did not reduce ROF when compared to non-avoidance. Furthermore, valence and action tendencies, which were potential mechanisms based on the reflective-impulsive model of behavior, remained unaltered. Still, a noteworthy discovery emerged in the form of increased threat expectancies for the approached stimulus during extinction, suggesting a heightened level of expectancy violation, as predicted on the basis of the inhibitory learning theory. These findings offer valuable insights into the intricate relationship between approach behavior, ROF, and underlying mechanisms, highlighting the need for further research to assess the potential benefits of emphasizing approach in exposure treatment.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/20438087241266995
Peter J. de Jong, Elise C. Bennik, Klaske A. Glashouwer
Current models point to weight/shape concerns as core symptoms of eating disorders. A striking feature of these concerns is their persistence even in the absence of objective signs of overweight. To help delineate the mechanisms involved in persistent weight and shape concerns, we focused on feelings of disgust following food intake. In two studies, we tested if individuals with weight/shape concerns interpret feelings of disgust as a signal of threatening eating-disorder-related outcomes. Participants read scenarios involving high or low amounts of food intake that varied in the presence/absence of feelings of disgust. Following each scenario, participants rated perceived threat related to gaining weight. In Study 1, we compared women with high ( n = 26) versus low ( n = 32) weight/shape concerns. Specifically, the high group inferred heightened threat related to gaining weight when scenarios implied disgust. This disgust-based reasoning was especially pronounced following small amounts of food intake (i.e., low objective threat). These findings were replicated in Study 2 ( N = 346) using a correlational approach. This study showed a positive relationship between weight/shape concerns and disgust-based reasoning for scenarios implying low objective threat of food-induced weight gain. Together, the results provide converging evidence consistent with the view that disgust-based emotional reasoning might be involved in weight/shape concerns.
{"title":"“If I feel disgusted, I will become fat”: Disgust-based emotional reasoning in the context of weight and shape concerns","authors":"Peter J. de Jong, Elise C. Bennik, Klaske A. Glashouwer","doi":"10.1177/20438087241266995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087241266995","url":null,"abstract":"Current models point to weight/shape concerns as core symptoms of eating disorders. A striking feature of these concerns is their persistence even in the absence of objective signs of overweight. To help delineate the mechanisms involved in persistent weight and shape concerns, we focused on feelings of disgust following food intake. In two studies, we tested if individuals with weight/shape concerns interpret feelings of disgust as a signal of threatening eating-disorder-related outcomes. Participants read scenarios involving high or low amounts of food intake that varied in the presence/absence of feelings of disgust. Following each scenario, participants rated perceived threat related to gaining weight. In Study 1, we compared women with high ( n = 26) versus low ( n = 32) weight/shape concerns. Specifically, the high group inferred heightened threat related to gaining weight when scenarios implied disgust. This disgust-based reasoning was especially pronounced following small amounts of food intake (i.e., low objective threat). These findings were replicated in Study 2 ( N = 346) using a correlational approach. This study showed a positive relationship between weight/shape concerns and disgust-based reasoning for scenarios implying low objective threat of food-induced weight gain. Together, the results provide converging evidence consistent with the view that disgust-based emotional reasoning might be involved in weight/shape concerns.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142220228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1177/20438087241272700
Bart Endhoven, Angelos M. Krypotos, Gaëtan Mertens, Iris M. Engelhard
Exposure-based therapy for anxiety disorders involves confrontations with feared but innocuous stimuli to promote inhibitory safety learning and fear extinction. Little is known about factors that may impede generalization of fear extinction memory from stimuli used during exposure therapy to similar stimuli later encountered. Trait anxiety is a vulnerability factor for developing anxiety-related disorders and is associated with deficient safety learning. In this preregistered study, we tested whether high-trait compared to low-trait anxious individuals would show less generalization of fear extinction. Intolerance of uncertainty and worry were also measured as closely related dimensions of dispositional negativity. Participants completed a fear conditioning paradigm with three phases: acquisition, extinction, and extinction generalization. Dependent measures were online threat expectancy and distress ratings. Fear acquisition and extinction were successful in both groups, and there were no group differences in extinction generalization. These results suggest that high trait anxiety does not impede generalization of fear extinction memory.
{"title":"No Evidence for Decreased Generalization of Fear Extinction in High-Trait Anxious Individuals","authors":"Bart Endhoven, Angelos M. Krypotos, Gaëtan Mertens, Iris M. Engelhard","doi":"10.1177/20438087241272700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087241272700","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure-based therapy for anxiety disorders involves confrontations with feared but innocuous stimuli to promote inhibitory safety learning and fear extinction. Little is known about factors that may impede generalization of fear extinction memory from stimuli used during exposure therapy to similar stimuli later encountered. Trait anxiety is a vulnerability factor for developing anxiety-related disorders and is associated with deficient safety learning. In this preregistered study, we tested whether high-trait compared to low-trait anxious individuals would show less generalization of fear extinction. Intolerance of uncertainty and worry were also measured as closely related dimensions of dispositional negativity. Participants completed a fear conditioning paradigm with three phases: acquisition, extinction, and extinction generalization. Dependent measures were online threat expectancy and distress ratings. Fear acquisition and extinction were successful in both groups, and there were no group differences in extinction generalization. These results suggest that high trait anxiety does not impede generalization of fear extinction memory.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141943425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/20438087241252532
Anne Möllmann, Carolin Peters, Nina Heinrichs, Arvid Herwig
Dysmorphic concerns are a core symptom of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with perceived appearance-related flaws. Different cognitive and perceptual biases are associated with dysmorphic concern or BDD, including object-related short-term memory deficits and superior short-term memory performance for facial features. A face-related long-term memory bias might explain the feature of perceiving flaws and why individuals with BDD experience adverse outcomes of cosmetic surgery. The present study aimed at investigating long-term memory (LTM) performance for different facial stimuli. 62 participants completed an online experiment (30 with low and 32 with high dysmorphic concern; 39 without and 23 with self-reported BDD). The experiment consisted of two consecutive old/new recognition tasks, testing memory performance of whole faces and facial features. LTM performance was higher for whole faces than for facial features across groups. Neither significant differences between the low and high dysmorphic concern groups nor an interaction of group x stimulus type were found. Post hoc exploratory analyses revealed lower long-term memory performance in individuals with versus without self-reported BDD. The results indicate that memory performance might be only affected in BDD rather than non-clinical or non–BDD-specific dysmorphic concerns.
{"title":"Long-term memory for faces in dysmorphic concern and self-reported body dysmorphic disorder","authors":"Anne Möllmann, Carolin Peters, Nina Heinrichs, Arvid Herwig","doi":"10.1177/20438087241252532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087241252532","url":null,"abstract":"Dysmorphic concerns are a core symptom of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with perceived appearance-related flaws. Different cognitive and perceptual biases are associated with dysmorphic concern or BDD, including object-related short-term memory deficits and superior short-term memory performance for facial features. A face-related long-term memory bias might explain the feature of perceiving flaws and why individuals with BDD experience adverse outcomes of cosmetic surgery. The present study aimed at investigating long-term memory (LTM) performance for different facial stimuli. 62 participants completed an online experiment (30 with low and 32 with high dysmorphic concern; 39 without and 23 with self-reported BDD). The experiment consisted of two consecutive old/new recognition tasks, testing memory performance of whole faces and facial features. LTM performance was higher for whole faces than for facial features across groups. Neither significant differences between the low and high dysmorphic concern groups nor an interaction of group x stimulus type were found. Post hoc exploratory analyses revealed lower long-term memory performance in individuals with versus without self-reported BDD. The results indicate that memory performance might be only affected in BDD rather than non-clinical or non–BDD-specific dysmorphic concerns.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-24DOI: 10.1177/20438087241249682
William J. Tanguy, Kiran Kaur, Anu Asnaani
Difficulty tolerating distress (e.g., distress tolerance [DT]) and regulating emotions (e.g., emotion regulation [ER]) are implicated as transdiagnostic risk factors for various internalizing disorders. The present study investigated the relationships among six internalizing disorder symptoms, baseline ER, and DT in college students ( N = 137) to identify which internalizing disorders were most closely associated with DT. We expected ER and internalizing symptoms to be associated with DT and that ER would moderate relationships among internalizing symptoms and both trait DT and state distress. Results indicated that ER, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety symptoms influenced trait DT. ER moderated the associations between depression, anxiety, and panic disorder (PD) symptoms, and trait DT at the .05 level. Similarly, ER moderated the association between PD symptoms and anticipatory distress at the .05 level. However, these analyses did not withstand the Bonferroni adjustment ( p = .008) for multiple comparisons. Findings suggest that, when considering transdiagnostic symptoms, certain internalizing symptoms (i.e., social anxiety, PTSD) may have a stronger influence on trait DT. Further, strong ER abilities may buffer the adverse effects of internalizing symptoms on one’s perceived ability to handle distress. These patterns may not translate to individuals’ behavioral capacity to handle distress.
{"title":"Using a transdiagnostic approach to examine the associations among internalizing symptoms, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance","authors":"William J. Tanguy, Kiran Kaur, Anu Asnaani","doi":"10.1177/20438087241249682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087241249682","url":null,"abstract":"Difficulty tolerating distress (e.g., distress tolerance [DT]) and regulating emotions (e.g., emotion regulation [ER]) are implicated as transdiagnostic risk factors for various internalizing disorders. The present study investigated the relationships among six internalizing disorder symptoms, baseline ER, and DT in college students ( N = 137) to identify which internalizing disorders were most closely associated with DT. We expected ER and internalizing symptoms to be associated with DT and that ER would moderate relationships among internalizing symptoms and both trait DT and state distress. Results indicated that ER, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety symptoms influenced trait DT. ER moderated the associations between depression, anxiety, and panic disorder (PD) symptoms, and trait DT at the .05 level. Similarly, ER moderated the association between PD symptoms and anticipatory distress at the .05 level. However, these analyses did not withstand the Bonferroni adjustment ( p = .008) for multiple comparisons. Findings suggest that, when considering transdiagnostic symptoms, certain internalizing symptoms (i.e., social anxiety, PTSD) may have a stronger influence on trait DT. Further, strong ER abilities may buffer the adverse effects of internalizing symptoms on one’s perceived ability to handle distress. These patterns may not translate to individuals’ behavioral capacity to handle distress.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1177/20438087231224338
Irina Masselman, Klaske A. Glashouwer, Peter J. de Jong
Exposure therapy is the treatment of choice for specific phobias but prolonged exposure to feared stimuli is strenuous and may lead to treatment dropout. Previous research showed that repeated exposure to masked spiders was effective in reducing psychophysiological and behavioural fear responses, but appeared ineffective in changing subjective feelings towards spiders. This study investigated in an unselected female sample if masked counterconditioning would be more effective in reducing spider dislike compared to masked exposure, and if masked counterconditioning would also be more effective than non-masked counterconditioning. Women with varying levels of spider aversion ( N = 272) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Three spider pictures were always (counterconditioning) or never (exposure) followed by smiling faces. For half of the participants in each condition the spiders were masked. Results indicated that participants rated the spider more positively after both masked counterconditioning and masked exposure. However, the increase in valence after masked counterconditioning was not significantly larger than after mere masked exposure, or after non-masked counterconditioning. Thus, our findings show that repeated exposure to masked spider pictures is effective in reducing spider aversion, but they provided no support for the anticipated added benefit of pairing the spider with positive stimuli.
{"title":"What you don’t know, can’t hurt you: The differential effect of masked versus non-masked counterconditioning and mere exposure to spider pictures on women’s affective evaluation of spiders","authors":"Irina Masselman, Klaske A. Glashouwer, Peter J. de Jong","doi":"10.1177/20438087231224338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087231224338","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure therapy is the treatment of choice for specific phobias but prolonged exposure to feared stimuli is strenuous and may lead to treatment dropout. Previous research showed that repeated exposure to masked spiders was effective in reducing psychophysiological and behavioural fear responses, but appeared ineffective in changing subjective feelings towards spiders. This study investigated in an unselected female sample if masked counterconditioning would be more effective in reducing spider dislike compared to masked exposure, and if masked counterconditioning would also be more effective than non-masked counterconditioning. Women with varying levels of spider aversion ( N = 272) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. Three spider pictures were always (counterconditioning) or never (exposure) followed by smiling faces. For half of the participants in each condition the spiders were masked. Results indicated that participants rated the spider more positively after both masked counterconditioning and masked exposure. However, the increase in valence after masked counterconditioning was not significantly larger than after mere masked exposure, or after non-masked counterconditioning. Thus, our findings show that repeated exposure to masked spider pictures is effective in reducing spider aversion, but they provided no support for the anticipated added benefit of pairing the spider with positive stimuli.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/20438087231210477
Fanny Degouis, Thierry Pham, Xavier Saloppé, Marie-Charlotte Gandolphe, Audrey Lavallée, Laurent Ott, Ann Darsonville, Jean-Louis Nandrino
People with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD-nonPPD) are described as insensitive to others and as relentlessly pursuing their goals. A severe form of antisociality is observed in psychopathic personality disorder (ASPD-PPD). In the spectrum of emotional reactivity, people with ASPD-nonPPD present more emotional dysregulation, whereas people with ASPD-PPD exhibit a reduced or nonexistent emotional response. To personally engage people with ASPD-nonPPD and ASPD-PPD, we used emotionally charged autobiographical stimuli, specifically their self-defining memories (SDMs). As these participants exhibit high control over voluntary responses, we measured neurophysiological indicators (heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA)). In the resting task and the SDM task, people with ASPD-PPD had significantly higher HRV, suggesting higher emotion regulation abilities. Conversely, the EDA of people with ASPD-nonPPD and ASPD-PPD reflects less activation during the SDM task than when resting. We suggest that people with ASPD-PPD are more adaptive to stimuli that provide less emotional activation. Furthermore, the correlation analysis results suggested that the higher people with ASPD-PPD score on Factor 1 of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), the less emotional activation they exhibit. This low activation (EDA) associated with good emotion regulation abilities (HRV) is thought to be the signature of psychopathy.
{"title":"How do people with antisocial personality disorder with or without psychopathic personality disorder activate and regulate emotions? Neurovegetative responses during an autobiographical task","authors":"Fanny Degouis, Thierry Pham, Xavier Saloppé, Marie-Charlotte Gandolphe, Audrey Lavallée, Laurent Ott, Ann Darsonville, Jean-Louis Nandrino","doi":"10.1177/20438087231210477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087231210477","url":null,"abstract":"People with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD-nonPPD) are described as insensitive to others and as relentlessly pursuing their goals. A severe form of antisociality is observed in psychopathic personality disorder (ASPD-PPD). In the spectrum of emotional reactivity, people with ASPD-nonPPD present more emotional dysregulation, whereas people with ASPD-PPD exhibit a reduced or nonexistent emotional response. To personally engage people with ASPD-nonPPD and ASPD-PPD, we used emotionally charged autobiographical stimuli, specifically their self-defining memories (SDMs). As these participants exhibit high control over voluntary responses, we measured neurophysiological indicators (heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA)). In the resting task and the SDM task, people with ASPD-PPD had significantly higher HRV, suggesting higher emotion regulation abilities. Conversely, the EDA of people with ASPD-nonPPD and ASPD-PPD reflects less activation during the SDM task than when resting. We suggest that people with ASPD-PPD are more adaptive to stimuli that provide less emotional activation. Furthermore, the correlation analysis results suggested that the higher people with ASPD-PPD score on Factor 1 of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), the less emotional activation they exhibit. This low activation (EDA) associated with good emotion regulation abilities (HRV) is thought to be the signature of psychopathy.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136129272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/20438087231204168
Julia Ryan, Zoey Burr, Maria A. Rogers, Robert J. Coplan
ADHD and anxiety present high comorbidity, including symptom overlap and related diagnostic and treatment challenges. The current study aimed to extend this area of research by investigating the event segmentation patterns of those with ADHD and anxiety symptoms. Event segmentation is the process of parsing a continuous flow of information into meaningful events, providing the opportunity to examine similarities and differences in how these groups organize their perception of daily experiences. Participants performed an event segmentation task consisting of watching four short movies and identifying large and small events. We used the total number of button presses and segmentation agreement scores in a multivariate analysis, and results indicated that the High ADHD group identified significantly more events in the large condition than the High Anxiety group and had significantly higher agreement scores than the Comorbid group. This study furthers our understanding of the cognitive overlap of ADHD and anxiety symptoms.
{"title":"ADHD and anxiety symptom comorbidity from an event segmentation lens","authors":"Julia Ryan, Zoey Burr, Maria A. Rogers, Robert J. Coplan","doi":"10.1177/20438087231204168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087231204168","url":null,"abstract":"ADHD and anxiety present high comorbidity, including symptom overlap and related diagnostic and treatment challenges. The current study aimed to extend this area of research by investigating the event segmentation patterns of those with ADHD and anxiety symptoms. Event segmentation is the process of parsing a continuous flow of information into meaningful events, providing the opportunity to examine similarities and differences in how these groups organize their perception of daily experiences. Participants performed an event segmentation task consisting of watching four short movies and identifying large and small events. We used the total number of button presses and segmentation agreement scores in a multivariate analysis, and results indicated that the High ADHD group identified significantly more events in the large condition than the High Anxiety group and had significantly higher agreement scores than the Comorbid group. This study furthers our understanding of the cognitive overlap of ADHD and anxiety symptoms.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136199430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/20438087231204166
René Freichel, Lana Mrkonja, Peter J. de Jong, Janna Cousijn, Ingmar Franken, Tom A. Ruiter, Mike Le Pelley, Lucy Albertella, Poppy Watson, Ilya M. Veer, Reinout W. Wiers
Attentional bias towards rewards has been extensively studied in both healthy and clinical populations. Several studies have shown an association between reward value-modulated attentional capture (VMAC) and greater substance use. However, less is known about the association between these VMAC effects and internalizing symptoms. Moreover, while VMAC effects have also been found in punishment contexts, the association between punishment VMAC and psychopathology has not been studied so far. In the present two-part preregistered study, we adapted a novel VMAC task to also include a punishment context and examined associations with internalizing symptoms and substance use. Our results showed consistent VMAC effects in reward contexts across two separate studies. Attentional capture was stronger for distractors associated with high rewards than for low rewards. We replicated and extended previous findings by showing such VMAC effects in a substantially shorter task that also included alternating punishment blocks. Contrary to our expectations, we found no VMAC effects in punishment contexts and no direct associations between VMAC and symptom measures. Our results speak to the feasibility of assessing VMAC effects using a scalable and short behavioral online task, but the relationship with the development of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology remains uncertain.
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