Journal of Experimental Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"Accessing social media: Help or hindrance for people with social anxiety?","authors":"Sophie E Carruthers, Emma L Warnock-Parkes, David M Clark","doi":"10.1177/2043808719837811","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2043808719837811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite increasing use of social media and the potential benefits for people with social anxiety (SA) disorder, little is known about the online experience of people with SA. Our study aimed to investigate the occurrence of cognitive and behavioral processes during a series of online and off-line Facebook (FB)-based tasks among individuals with high and low levels of SA. Sixty-one undergraduates with low or high SA were asked to use FB in a laboratory setting, to make an FB post, and to imagine three ambiguous FB scenarios. Participants with high SA reported higher anxiety throughout the study with an interaction effect, indicating greater relative increases in anxiety for those with high SA over low SA across tasks. The high SA group were more likely to negatively interpret the ambiguous FB scenarios than the low SA group. They also reported using more safety-seeking behaviors and having more negative thoughts. The findings suggest that the cognitive and behavioral processes that characterize socially anxious face-to-face interaction are also evident in online communication. Suggestions are made for the clinical implications of such findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"10 2","pages":"2043808719837811"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9920598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaperception of personality in schizophrenia","authors":"A. Pinkham, Jonathon R Shasteen, R. Ackerman","doi":"10.1177/2043808719840915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719840915","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) form less accurate mental representations of the self and others, which contributes to social dysfunction. It remains unclear, however, whether such deficits extend to metaperception (MP), the ability to understand how others view one’s own personality. In Phase 1 of this study, 30 individuals with SCZ and 30 healthy controls (HCs) had a videotaped conversation with an experimenter and then completed a Big Five trait questionnaire, with the goal of predicting how strangers who view their videos would rate them on the five personality traits. In Phase 2, separate participants watched the videos and rated targets’ personalities. These ratings served as “The Truth” to which Phase 1 MPs were compared for Tracking Accuracy (i.e., extent to which The Truth predicts MPs) and Directional Bias (i.e., extent to which MPs overestimate or underestimate the truth). Tracking Accuracy was weaker in SCZ than in HC for Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. Moreover, Tracking Accuracy and Directional Bias of MPs in SCZ were unrelated to mentalizing abilities and clinical insight. Our results suggest that the capacity to understand how others view one’s own personality is impaired in SCZ and may be a distinct component of the social cognitive system.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719840915","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43048739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized controlled trial of Internet-delivered CBT and attention bias modification for early intervention of depression","authors":"R. Mcdermott, D. Dozois","doi":"10.1177/2043808719842502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719842502","url":null,"abstract":"The conceptualization and empirical knowledge base related to major depression has increased dramatically in recent years. We now have well-developed and validated models of depression from a range of theoretical perspectives. These models have significantly enhanced the development of effective treatments and preventative interventions. Although various prevention programs are available, Web-based protocols can enhance accessibility to evidence-based prevention programs. The current study involved a randomized controlled trial focused on the prevention and treatment of depression in high-risk first- and second-year undergraduate students. Three Internet-delivered preventative programs were compared: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; MoodGym), attentional bias modification, and an active attentional control condition. Participants (n = 350) completed symptom measurement pre- and post-intervention (6 weeks) and again at a 4-month follow-up, when they were also administered a structured diagnostic interview. Participants in the CBT condition showed more dramatic and continuous depressive symptom improvement between baseline and follow-up than did participants in the other two conditions. In addition, significantly fewer individuals in CBT condition met diagnostic criteria for major depression at follow-up than in the other conditions. These findings have important implications for future early intervention research and practice.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719842502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47145163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greater body appreciation moderates the association between maladaptive attentional biases and body dissatisfaction in undergraduate women","authors":"Leah N. Tobin, Amy Barron, C. Sears, K. V. von Ranson","doi":"10.1177/2043808719838937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719838937","url":null,"abstract":"Attentional biases for weight-related information are thought to contribute to maintenance of body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Women with greater body appreciation may pay less attention to thin-ideal cues if body appreciation protects them from negative effects of thin-ideal media, and if so, they may be less susceptible to development of maladaptive attentional biases. The present study used eye-gaze tracking to measure attention to weight-related words/images in 167 body-dissatisfied undergraduate women (aged 17–39 years) to examine the associations among body dissatisfaction, body appreciation, and attentional biases. Participants viewed displays of thin-related, fat-related, and neutral words/images while their eye fixations were tracked over 8-s intervals. We hypothesized body appreciation (as measured by the Body Appreciation Scale) would moderate the documented association between body dissatisfaction and attentional biases for thin-related information only, such that as body appreciation increased, the strength of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and attentional biases would decrease. Results indicated that body appreciation moderated the association between body dissatisfaction and attentional biases for thin-related words only. With low body appreciation, body dissatisfaction was positively associated with attention to thin-related words. With high body appreciation, there was an inverse association between body dissatisfaction and attention to thin-related words. Results suggest that body appreciation may be an effective prevention target for reducing maladaptive attentional biases.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719838937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45283185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-concept certainty in adaptive and maladaptive perfectionists","authors":"Alice Lo, Maree J. Abbott","doi":"10.1177/2043808719843455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719843455","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined the content of self-related beliefs (i.e., the self-concept) and the level of certainty associated with these beliefs (i.e., self-concept certainty) across adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism. A sample of 103 university students (26 adaptive perfectionists, 28 maladaptive perfectionists, and 49 non-perfectionists) completed a series of questionnaires and a reaction-timed computer task assessing their self-concept content and level of self-concept certainty. Results revealed significant differences in the content of self-beliefs about personality attributes between perfectionist groups, such that those classified as adaptive perfectionists held more positive beliefs and less negative-related beliefs about their personality attributes when compared to maladaptive perfectionists. Results regarding self-concept certainty were less clear, with adaptive perfectionists being most certain in general on self-report measures, but more certain for positive personality attributes only when compared to maladaptive perfectionists on a reaction-timed decision-making task. Findings from the present study are discussed in terms of the way that self-concept certainty may differ across adaptive and maladaptive subtypes of perfectionists.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719843455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46528197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metacognition in psychosis","authors":"A. Pinkham","doi":"10.1177/2043808719841146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719841146","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychopathology is designed to provide an overview of metacognition in psychosis. While the term metacognition has been used extensively in the psychological literature since it was formally defined by Flavell in 1979, the application of the construct to psychotic disorders, specifically schizophrenia, has been much slower and has only recently gained significant interest (Figure 1). Reasons for the relatively slow shift of attention to metacognition are unclear; however, several developments likely support the increased, and now sustained, focus on this topic. First, the definition of metacognition, and how it may conceptually relate to schizophrenia, has recently been clarified. Instead of presenting metacognition as “thinking about thinking,” which could be assumed to be a singular construct that is either intact or impaired in schizophrenia, it is now acknowledged as an overarching term that includes a spectrum of processes spanning discrete to more integrated activities. At the discrete end of the continuum are activities consistent with self-assessment such as immediate awareness of the accuracy of one’s judgments (i.e., introspective accuracy (IA)). Knowledge of cognitive processes, and the biases that may be present within them, is also included along this continuum as well as the ability to regulate or improve these processes. And, as Lysaker and colleagues argue (this issue), metacognition also includes more complex and integrated processes that allow individuals to combine multiple pieces of information into an idea or representation about the self. For example, multiple episodes of forgetting important information may lead to the idea that one has a poor memory. Recent formulations of social processes, such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework of the National Institute of Mental Health, have also helped to refine the conceptualization of metacognition and separate it from related constructs like mentalizing or Theory of Mind. Specifically, the RDoC matrix parses the perception and understanding of the self (e.g., self-knowledge) from perception and understanding of others (e.g., understanding mental states). Thus, metacognitive processes like IA or metacognitive regulation can be distinguished from related constructs in that they are primarily self-focused. Metacognition therefore represents a distinct domain, and as demonstrated by the articles included in this Special Issue, the spectrum view provides numerous avenues for metacognitive research to improve our understanding of psychosis and to help promote functional recovery. Second, multiple strategies and measures are now available to assess metacognition. To address the more discrete activities, such as IA, participant reports of ability can be compared to objective task performance (e.g., Koren, Seidman, Goldsmith, & Harvey, 2006; Pinkham, Klein, Hardaway, Kemp, & Harvey, 2018) or to reports of knowledgeable informant","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719841146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47888478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the effects of imagery rescripting on emotional memory: A series of analogue studies","authors":"A. Kunze, A. Arntz, M. Kindt","doi":"10.1177/2043808719850733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719850733","url":null,"abstract":"Imagery rescripting (IR) is a promising treatment for a variety of disorders, but its working mechanisms remain largely unknown. To elucidate the associative and evaluative learning processes underlying IR, we exposed participants to an aversive film clip followed by an instructed fear-conditioning procedure. The acquired fear memory was subsequently manipulated by either rescripting- (IR) or exposure-based (imaginal exposure; IE) interventions and their effects were examined on subjective and psychophysiological fear responses in three successive studies. Though the interpretation of the results was challenged with respect to the employed analogue IR intervention (Exp 1) and unexpected findings in the control condition (Exp 3), the present results establish preliminary evidence for the hypothesis that IR produces differential effects on fear responding when compared to IE. For example, in line with stimulus devaluation theory, IR effectively reduced subjective distress to the conditioned stimulus (Exp 2). Also, IR resulted in decreased physiological fear responses after fear reinstatement (Exp 3). The findings advance our general understanding of the processes involved in IR and they tentatively indicate that rescripting- and exposure-based treatments may work through different mechanisms. Moreover, this line of research demonstrates the challenges encountered when working with analogue models to test mechanisms of therapeutic change.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719850733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48983051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, body composition, and attentional bias to body stimuli evaluated using visual search","authors":"Danielle Talbot, Evelyn Smith, J. Cass","doi":"10.1177/2043808719848292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719848292","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the relationship between body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and attentional bias to images of male bodies using a compound visual search task. Sixty-three male participants searched for a horizontal or vertical target line among tilted lines. A separate male body image was presented within proximity to each line. Overall, search times were faster when the target line was paired with a muscular or obese body and distractor lines were paired with bodies of average muscularity and body fat (congruent trials) than on neutral trials, in which only average muscularity and body fat images were shown. Attentional bias for muscular bodies was correlated with muscle dissatisfaction, eating restraint, and shape concern, and attentional bias for obese bodies was correlated with eating restraint. For incongruent trials, in which a single muscular or obese body was paired with a distractor line, search times were indistinguishable from neutral trials. Unexpectedly, we found a negative association between search times and both body fat dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms in conditions where obese bodies were paired with distracting stimuli. This result implicates a potential role for attentional filtering and/or avoidance of obese bodies in predicting body fat dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomology.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719848292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42194572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How malleable are attentional biases in women with body dissatisfaction? Priming effects and their impact on attention to images of women’s bodies","authors":"Samantha J Withnell, C. Sears, K. V. von Ranson","doi":"10.1177/2043808719837137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719837137","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding attentional biases associated with body dissatisfaction can aid in devising and refining programs to reduce body dissatisfaction. This study compared attention to images of women’s bodies before and after a body satisfaction or body dissatisfaction priming task. Attention was assessed using eye-gaze tracking, by measuring participants’ fixations to images of “thin” models, “fat” models, and images of average women over an 8-s presentation. Women with high (n = 65) and low (n = 43) levels of trait body dissatisfaction, as measured by the Body Shape Questionnaire, were randomly assigned to a body satisfaction or body dissatisfaction priming task. Results indicated that both priming tasks were effective at modifying participants’ state body satisfaction. Women with high body dissatisfaction exhibited an attentional bias to thin and fat model images prior to the priming procedure, replicating previous findings. Contrary to predictions, body dissatisfaction priming increased attention to body images for women with both high and low body dissatisfaction, whereas body satisfaction priming had no effect on attention for either group. These findings show that women with high and low body dissatisfaction are vulnerable to the effects of body dissatisfaction priming.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719837137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44030151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary test of the therapeutic potential of written exposure with rescripting for generalized anxiety disorder","authors":"M. Ovanessian, N. Koerner, M. Antony, M. Dugas","doi":"10.1177/2043808719841529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719841529","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment tested a novel written exposure intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) that consisted of guided rescripting of participants’ worst fear. After describing their worst fear, adults with GAD (N = 79) were randomly assigned to one of three writing interventions, each consisting of three sessions on consecutive days: (1) standard written exposure (WE), (2) written exposure with rescripting (RWE), and (3) neutral control writing (NC). Measures of symptoms and worry-associated processes were administered at pre- and post-intervention, and at 1-week and 1-month follow-ups. Worry declined significantly in all three conditions. Participants in WE reported significant reductions in fear of anxiety, whereas those in RWE reported significant reductions in fear of anger. Participants in RWE and NC reported a significant decrease in fear of positive emotion. Following RWE, participants perceived their feared scenario as less costly and perceived themselves as better able to cope with it, whereas participants in the WE and NC did not show these changes. Cognitive avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative problem orientation did not change. Findings suggest overall, RWE was not superior to WE, and that more research is needed to assess their therapeutic potential. Strengths and limitations are discussed for the benefit of future research on exposure for GAD.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719841529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43471727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}