Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788340
Ali Husnain, Aziz Aadam, Amir Borhani, Ahsun Riaz
Percutaneous endoscopy of the biliary system (cholangioscopy) and gallbladder (cholecystoscopy) has significantly impacted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to many diseases in interventional radiology, overcoming previous challenges related to scope size and rigidity. The current endoscopes offer enhanced maneuverability within narrow tubular structures such as bile ducts. Before endoscopy, reliance on 2D imaging modalities limited real-time visualization during percutaneous procedures. Percutaneous endoscopy provides 3D perspectives, enabling a better appreciation of normal structures, targeted biopsy of lesions, and accurate deployment of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to explore percutaneous endoscopic findings across various biliary and gallbladder pathologies.
{"title":"Atlas for Cholangioscopy and Cholecystoscopy: A Primer for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy in the Biliary Tree and Gallbladder.","authors":"Ali Husnain, Aziz Aadam, Amir Borhani, Ahsun Riaz","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788340","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788340","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Percutaneous endoscopy of the biliary system (cholangioscopy) and gallbladder (cholecystoscopy) has significantly impacted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to many diseases in interventional radiology, overcoming previous challenges related to scope size and rigidity. The current endoscopes offer enhanced maneuverability within narrow tubular structures such as bile ducts. Before endoscopy, reliance on 2D imaging modalities limited real-time visualization during percutaneous procedures. Percutaneous endoscopy provides 3D perspectives, enabling a better appreciation of normal structures, targeted biopsy of lesions, and accurate deployment of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to explore percutaneous endoscopic findings across various biliary and gallbladder pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788058
J Tyler Hammett, Milan N Patel, Bruno C Odisio, Ketan Shah
Image-guided ablation procedures have become a mainstay in cancer therapy. Typically performed from a percutaneous approach, thermal-based ablation procedures rely heavily on imaging guidance both prior to and during the procedure itself. Advances in imaging as they relate to ablation procedures are as important to successful treatments as advancements in the ablation technology itself. Imaging as it relates to procedural planning, targeting and monitoring, and assessment of procedural endpoint is the focus of this article.
{"title":"Imaging Guidelines during Percutaneous Liver Ablation to Optimize Outcomes and Patient Safety.","authors":"J Tyler Hammett, Milan N Patel, Bruno C Odisio, Ketan Shah","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788058","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Image-guided ablation procedures have become a mainstay in cancer therapy. Typically performed from a percutaneous approach, thermal-based ablation procedures rely heavily on imaging guidance both prior to and during the procedure itself. Advances in imaging as they relate to ablation procedures are as important to successful treatments as advancements in the ablation technology itself. Imaging as it relates to procedural planning, targeting and monitoring, and assessment of procedural endpoint is the focus of this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142010244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787833
Curtis HonShideler, Breyen Coffin, David Guez
This review explores the applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in interventional radiology, focusing on its role in endoleak detection after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), periprocedural thermal ablation guidance, and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CEUS offers a dynamic assessment for the detection of endoleak following EVAR, facilitating accurate diagnosis and classification. In periprocedural thermal ablation, CEUS enhances target lesion delineation with the visualization of real-time perfusion changes, optimizing treatment strategies and reducing residual tumor rates. Finally, CEUS has demonstrated efficacy in intraprocedural evaluation and postprocedural follow-up in TACE for HCC, offering early detection of residual tumor enhancement and providing an alternative for patients with contraindications to contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Overall, CEUS is a versatile and valuable tool with many applications to offer interventional radiologists enhanced diagnostic capabilities and improved patient management.
{"title":"Imaging in Interventional Radiology: Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound.","authors":"Curtis HonShideler, Breyen Coffin, David Guez","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1787833","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1787833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review explores the applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in interventional radiology, focusing on its role in endoleak detection after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), periprocedural thermal ablation guidance, and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CEUS offers a dynamic assessment for the detection of endoleak following EVAR, facilitating accurate diagnosis and classification. In periprocedural thermal ablation, CEUS enhances target lesion delineation with the visualization of real-time perfusion changes, optimizing treatment strategies and reducing residual tumor rates. Finally, CEUS has demonstrated efficacy in intraprocedural evaluation and postprocedural follow-up in TACE for HCC, offering early detection of residual tumor enhancement and providing an alternative for patients with contraindications to contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Overall, CEUS is a versatile and valuable tool with many applications to offer interventional radiologists enhanced diagnostic capabilities and improved patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142010245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788006
Benjamin J May, Resmi A Charalel
Transarterial treatment of liver tumors is becoming increasingly common and is considered first- or second-line therapy for many tumor types and stages. Such therapies are heavily dependent on imaging during the procedures; while angiography remains the mainstay of intraprocedural therapies, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is becoming increasingly commonly used to guide therapy. This article describes the role of CBCT during transarterial therapies and offers guidance as to how CBCT can be optimally used for these procedures.
{"title":"Cone Beam Computed Tomography for the Interventional Oncologist: A Practical Approach.","authors":"Benjamin J May, Resmi A Charalel","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788006","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transarterial treatment of liver tumors is becoming increasingly common and is considered first- or second-line therapy for many tumor types and stages. Such therapies are heavily dependent on imaging during the procedures; while angiography remains the mainstay of intraprocedural therapies, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is becoming increasingly commonly used to guide therapy. This article describes the role of CBCT during transarterial therapies and offers guidance as to how CBCT can be optimally used for these procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788056
Jonathan Lindquist, James Hart, Katherine Marchak, Eduardo Bent Robinson, Premal Trivedi
Hemorrhoid disease is very common, affecting greater than one-third of adults. Conservative management and several office-based procedures are useful in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. Patients with refractory hemorrhoid disease have traditionally been treated with surgical hemorrhoidectomy. Rectal artery embolization has emerged as an alternative to surgical hemorrhoidectomy and has been shown to be safe and effective in case series and clinical trials completed over the past decade. Embolization has significantly less postprocedure pain when compared with surgical hemorrhoidectomy with similar outcomes. Pre- and postprocedure imaging are not routinely performed. Intraprocedural imaging consists of selective catheterization of the superior rectal arteries from the inferior mesenteric artery, and the middle rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery. The inferior rectal artery is seldom embolized due to the supply of the levator ani muscle and skin. To date, intermediate and large particles and fibered and nonfibered coils have been used successfully.
{"title":"Imaging for Hemorrhoidal Disease: Navigating Rectal Artery Embolization from Planning to Follow-up.","authors":"Jonathan Lindquist, James Hart, Katherine Marchak, Eduardo Bent Robinson, Premal Trivedi","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788056","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hemorrhoid disease is very common, affecting greater than one-third of adults. Conservative management and several office-based procedures are useful in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. Patients with refractory hemorrhoid disease have traditionally been treated with surgical hemorrhoidectomy. Rectal artery embolization has emerged as an alternative to surgical hemorrhoidectomy and has been shown to be safe and effective in case series and clinical trials completed over the past decade. Embolization has significantly less postprocedure pain when compared with surgical hemorrhoidectomy with similar outcomes. Pre- and postprocedure imaging are not routinely performed. Intraprocedural imaging consists of selective catheterization of the superior rectal arteries from the inferior mesenteric artery, and the middle rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery. The inferior rectal artery is seldom embolized due to the supply of the levator ani muscle and skin. To date, intermediate and large particles and fibered and nonfibered coils have been used successfully.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788029
Maedeh Rouzbahani, Ali Husnain, Wali Badar, Osman Ahmed
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative condition impacting numerous individuals globally. Genicular artery embolization (GAE) has emerged as an effective minimally invasive therapy for managing medically refractory OA-related pain in patients who are not eligible for surgery. This intervention works by disrupting the inflammatory and neoangiogenic pathways that contribute to pain. The efficacy of GAE has been demonstrated in various clinical trials, yielding promising results. This review aims to explore recent advancements in the embolic materials used during GAE, examining their properties and potential benefits. Additionally, it will describe the use of pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging-particularly magnetic resonance imaging and other modalities-to optimize GAE outcomes.
膝关节骨性关节炎(OA)是一种退行性疾病,影响着全球无数人。膝关节动脉栓塞术(GAE)已成为一种有效的微创疗法,用于治疗不符合手术条件的患者因药物难治性 OA 引起的疼痛。这种疗法通过破坏导致疼痛的炎症和新血管生成途径发挥作用。GAE 的疗效已在多项临床试验中得到证实,并取得了令人鼓舞的成果。本综述旨在探讨 GAE 所用栓塞材料的最新进展,研究其特性和潜在益处。此外,它还将介绍如何使用术前、术中和术后成像(尤其是磁共振成像和其他模式)来优化 GAE 的疗效。
{"title":"Genicular Artery Embolization: Embolic Material and Imaging Review.","authors":"Maedeh Rouzbahani, Ali Husnain, Wali Badar, Osman Ahmed","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788029","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative condition impacting numerous individuals globally. Genicular artery embolization (GAE) has emerged as an effective minimally invasive therapy for managing medically refractory OA-related pain in patients who are not eligible for surgery. This intervention works by disrupting the inflammatory and neoangiogenic pathways that contribute to pain. The efficacy of GAE has been demonstrated in various clinical trials, yielding promising results. This review aims to explore recent advancements in the embolic materials used during GAE, examining their properties and potential benefits. Additionally, it will describe the use of pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging-particularly magnetic resonance imaging and other modalities-to optimize GAE outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788338
Divya Kumari, Elise de Bruyn, Faisal Al-Qawasmi
Neuroendocrine tumors are an indolent, heterogeneous group of tumors that primarily arise from the gastropancreatic tract and lungs. Most patients present with liver metastases at the time of diagnosis, which cause significant morbidity and mortality due to excess hormone secretion, bile duct obstruction, and liver damage. A small percentage of these patients are eligible for potential cure through surgical resection. However, interventional radiology provides liver-directed therapies, such as percutaneous ablation, transarterial embolization, chemoembolization, and radioembolization, for palliative care and potential bridging to debulking and surgical resection of neuroendocrine liver metastases. This article aims to provide a brief overview of these liver-directed therapies focusing on the pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging findings.
{"title":"Imaging for Interventional Radiology Liver-Directed Therapies for Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases.","authors":"Divya Kumari, Elise de Bruyn, Faisal Al-Qawasmi","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788338","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroendocrine tumors are an indolent, heterogeneous group of tumors that primarily arise from the gastropancreatic tract and lungs. Most patients present with liver metastases at the time of diagnosis, which cause significant morbidity and mortality due to excess hormone secretion, bile duct obstruction, and liver damage. A small percentage of these patients are eligible for potential cure through surgical resection. However, interventional radiology provides liver-directed therapies, such as percutaneous ablation, transarterial embolization, chemoembolization, and radioembolization, for palliative care and potential bridging to debulking and surgical resection of neuroendocrine liver metastases. This article aims to provide a brief overview of these liver-directed therapies focusing on the pre-, intra-, and postprocedural imaging findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788057
Charles E Ray
{"title":"Interventional Radiology: Secession or Reconciliation?","authors":"Charles E Ray","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788057","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788339
Tyler Park, Timothy Huber, Katherine Marchak, James Hart, Lisa Walker
Thyroid radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to treat patients with benign thyroid nodules and is a good alternative to thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine. Thyroid RFA is commonly performed with local lidocaine or minimal/moderate sedation and has a minimal risk profile and few side effects. The efficacy of thyroid RFA has been well documented in the literature, with a volume reduction rate of 67 to 75% at 1 year. Another emerging technique for nodule size reduction is thyroid artery embolization which is a minimally invasive procedure that may be performed in patients with nodular goiters, particularly with substernal thyroid nodule extension, and who are either poor surgical candidates or do not want surgery. This article reviews thyroid RFA, focusing on the relevant preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural imaging, as well as a discussion on the emerging role of thyroid artery embolization.
{"title":"Benign Thyroid Nodule Interventions: A Review and Imaging Considerations for the Interventional Radiologist.","authors":"Tyler Park, Timothy Huber, Katherine Marchak, James Hart, Lisa Walker","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788339","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to treat patients with benign thyroid nodules and is a good alternative to thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine. Thyroid RFA is commonly performed with local lidocaine or minimal/moderate sedation and has a minimal risk profile and few side effects. The efficacy of thyroid RFA has been well documented in the literature, with a volume reduction rate of 67 to 75% at 1 year. Another emerging technique for nodule size reduction is thyroid artery embolization which is a minimally invasive procedure that may be performed in patients with nodular goiters, particularly with substernal thyroid nodule extension, and who are either poor surgical candidates or do not want surgery. This article reviews thyroid RFA, focusing on the relevant preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural imaging, as well as a discussion on the emerging role of thyroid artery embolization.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19eCollection Date: 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788622
Andras Bibok, Bela Kis, Nainesh Parikh
Prostate artery embolization (PAE) is a technically challenging angiographic therapy that has been shown to have excellent clinical outcomes for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. Although clinical outcomes have been well documented, several questions remain regarding various technical details of the procedure. This article is a brief review of indications and technical parameters of PAE as well as commonly debated topics throughout the literature. Finally, the article serves to report tips and tricks from a high-volume center.
{"title":"Prostate Artery Embolization with 4D-CT.","authors":"Andras Bibok, Bela Kis, Nainesh Parikh","doi":"10.1055/s-0044-1788622","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0044-1788622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate artery embolization (PAE) is a technically challenging angiographic therapy that has been shown to have excellent clinical outcomes for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms. Although clinical outcomes have been well documented, several questions remain regarding various technical details of the procedure. This article is a brief review of indications and technical parameters of PAE as well as commonly debated topics throughout the literature. Finally, the article serves to report tips and tricks from a high-volume center.</p>","PeriodicalId":48689,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Interventional Radiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}