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Based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, two new Lepiota sect. Lepiota species collected from southwestern China are described and illustrated, namely L. brunneophora and L. ochraceosquamea. Lepiota brunneophora has a pileus with yellowish-brown to brown squamules and striations, a reddish-brown to purplish-brown stipe covered with whitish, floccose squamules, and penguin-shaped basidiospores with a narrowed apex. Lepiota ochraceosquamea is characterized by dark yellowish-brown to light ochre squamules on the pileus, a whitish annulus, broadly fusiform basidiospores, and a trichodermal pileus covering composed of subcylindrical terminal elements, narrowing toward the apex and lacking basal short elements. A comprehensive phylogenetic framework within L. sect. Lepiota, including agaricoid and sequestrate species, is also provided.

The order Ophiostomatales includes many species important for forestry, causing plant diseases. They are common associates of bark- and wood-dwelling beetles. Two new ophiostomatalean fungi viz. Ophiostoma babimostense sp. nov. and Sporothrix europaea sp. nov. are proposed, based on morphological characters and multigene phylogenies. Ophiostoma babimostense belongs to the Ophiostoma ulmi species complex and was isolated from fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus species in Poland. The fungus is characterised by the production of a typical pesotum-like and sporothrix-like asexual morphs. Sporothrix europaea belongs to the Sporothrix gossypina complex and was isolated from hardwood-infested by ambrosia and bark beetles in Poland and Norway. It is characterised by the occurrence of both a sexual and asexual morphs, with long necked ascomata bearing ostiolar hyphae and a sporothrix-like asexual morph.

This study introduces a new family, Xenosporidesmiaceae, and describes a novel genus, Xenosporidesmium, along with a new species, Xenosporidesmium caohaiense, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Multi-locus phylogenetic reconstruction (LSU, SSU, ITS, and rpb2) revealed that the new family forms a distinct clade, diverging from Sporidesmiales and Distoseptisporales in Sordariomycetes, and supporting its taxonomic independence. The new species, X. caohaiense, is characterized by dark brown conidiophores and pale brown, distoseptate conidia with mucilaginous sheaths. Additionally, six previously described Sporidesmium species are reclassified into Xenosporidesmium. This study emphasizes the significance of molecular data in resolving taxonomic ambiguities among morphologically similar but phylogenetically divergent fungi, thereby contributing to the understanding of freshwater fungal diversity.

Laccaria is a large genus within the family Hydnangiaceae, and many potential species remain to be discovered in China. The present study describes three new species, L. carminostipes, L. mangshanensis and L. sinolateritia, and reports two new records, L. japonica and L. versiforma, which were originally discovered in Japan and Korea, respectively. These species were collected from subtropical mixed forests and identified based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Our phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated nucleotide sequences of ITS, LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 demonstrated that the three new species each formed a distinct clade, clearly separated from other known Laccaria species. A detailed description and illustrations of these species are also provided.

Entoloma is one of the top three genera in species diversity of Agaricomycotina. In this study, five species from Qilian Mountain in China were documented. One new species E. griseopileum belonging to subg. Leptonia was introduced based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. This new species is characterized by its gray basidiomes with fibrillose pileus and wood-decaying lifestyle. Four known species are E. glaucobasis, E. incanum, and E. verae in subg. Cyanula, and E. fuligineocinereum in subg. Nolanea. All five species are documented with descriptions, photo plates, and molecular data including ITS, LSU, and mtSSU sequences.

During a recent survey of freshwater fungi, four isolates were obtained from decaying wood in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, southern China. Based on phylogenetic analyses of a combined dataset (LSU, ITS, SSU, tef1-α, and rpb2) and detailed morphological comparisons, two novel species, Rhodoveronaea aquisubtropica and R. guizhouensis, are introduced. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, and results of the phylogenetic analyses supporting the taxonomic placement of these new taxa are provided. Additionally, a checklist of currently accepted Rhodoveronaea species supported by molecular data is included. Notably, R. aquisubtropica and R. guizhouensis represent the first records of Rhodoveronaea in the Chishui River Basin, thereby enriching the known diversity of subtropical freshwater habitats.

The genus Scleroderma (Sclerodermataceae) contains gasteroid ectomycorrhizal fungi and is distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. Fresh specimens were collected in Thailand and report three undescribed species and one new record for the country. These species were characterized by photographs of freshly collected basidiomes, and their macro- and microscopic features were compared with those of known species of Scleroderma. Additionally, DNA sequence data were generated for four loci, including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2). A multi-locus phylogeny was constructed to confirm their taxonomic placement.

While investigating culturable mycobiota in epiphytic soils found in urban tree holes from Guizhou Province, China, a new genus along with two new species of the family Wiesneriomycetaceae were discovered based on a combination of morphological characteristics, molecular evidence, and physiological features. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU, ITS, LSU, and tef1 sequences indicate that our new collections form a distinct clade; thus, Chlamydosporoides gen. nov. is proposed. This genus is distinguished from other genera in Wiesneriomycetaceae by the absence of acropetal conidial chains, setae, synnemata, sporodochia, or stromata. We describe and illustrate the new genus Chlamydosporoides and the new species (C. guizhouensis sp. nov. and C. sinensis sp. nov.) herein, and we discuss their phenotypic and genotypic differences from allied genera.

Beltraniaceae comprises mainly saprophytic fungi that occur on various substrates in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In our ongoing survey of terrestrial plant fungi in southern China, we collected Beltraniaceae isolates from Guizhou, Hainan, and Yunnan provinces. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on two genetic loci (ITS and LSU) were employed to determine the taxonomic position of the species. We confirmed that they represent two new species (Beltrania veri sp. nov. and Beltraniella danzhouensis sp. nov.), three newly recorded species (Beltrania sinensis, Beltraniella fertilis, and Beltraniella jiangxiensis), and one known species (Beltraniella jianfengensis). We provide detailed descriptions and micrographs of these species and compare them with other Beltraniaceae species.

Palm trees (Arecaceae) are among the most widely used ornamental plants in southern China. In this study, samples of senescent leaves and petioles from four species of palm plants were collected in Yunnan Province, China, and fungal isolations were performed. Species identification was conducted using a phylogenetic approach based on combined sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), actin gene (ACT), and translation elongation factor (TEF), together with morphological studies. As a result, three new species-Cladosporium menglunense, Sarocladium menglaense, and S. yunnanense-are proposed. By providing detailed morphological and molecular data, this study lays a foundation for future research on species diversity and diseases of palm plants.