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Use of sediments and soils (paleosols) in construction fills of La Joya archaeological site, Veracruz, Mexico: micromorphological evidence 沉积物和土壤(古土壤)在墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯拉霍亚考古遗址建筑填充物中的使用:微形态学证据
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a100422
Thania A. García-Zeferino, A. Daneels, J. Diaz-Ortega, E. Solleiro‐Rebolledo
In this paper, we study the materials used for the construction of earthen structure in the La Joya archaeological site, on the Gulf of Mexico coast, built on top of a paleodune, from the Late Preclassic (400 BC) to the Classic period (AD 100-1000). The first constructions arise around 100 BC, on a paleodune top rising slightly above the surrounding alluvial terraces of the Jamapa river; then it grows into a 15-ha monumental compound. The total construction volume reaches 250,000 m3, all made of earth, surrounded by large artificial water pounds (reservoirs). To understand the kind of components found in the structures and their provenance, we compare the micromorphological features of the materials from the earthen constructions with the sediments and paleosols located in the surrounding areas. Samples were taken from the fills of three first building stages, as well as from a natural soil profile and the natural paleosol horizons found beneath the structures. Micromorphological features found in fills permit to establish the correlation between them and their parent material. The fills from the first stage of construction have fragments of a Btb horizon, mixed with an A horizon, compacted and crushed, in which abundant artifacts are identified. However, these artifacts were not intentionally incorporated to the fills, but had been accumulated on the pre-occupation A horizon as residential and agriculture trash. Particular attention was paid to a gley material occurring in the third building stage, that was believed to come from the sediments accumulated in the original borrow pits transformed into water reservoirs, enclosing the main architectural compound. These reservoir fills share properties of the natural sediments and paleosols but transformed by the waterlogging conditions. In consequence, these materials are interpreted as a case of anthropogenic pedogenesis, where the gley micromorphology indicates waterlogging conditions, but in artificially made reservoirs, as they do not have dark organic sediments that would result of the vegetation typical of a natural pond in a humid tropical environment.
在本文中,我们研究了墨西哥湾沿岸La Joya考古遗址中用于建造土结构的材料,该遗址建于古沙丘之上,从前古典主义晚期(公元前400年)到古典主义时期(公元100-1000年)。第一批建筑出现在公元前100年左右,位于古沙丘顶部,略高于周围的Jamapa河冲积阶地;然后它就长成了一个15公顷的纪念性建筑群。总建筑量达到25万立方米,全部由泥土制成,周围有大型人工水磅(水库)。为了了解在结构中发现的成分及其来源,我们将土建筑材料的微观形态特征与周围地区的沉积物和古土壤进行了比较。样本取自三个第一建造阶段的填土,以及在结构下方发现的天然土壤剖面和天然古土壤层。在填充物中发现的微观形态特征允许建立它们与其母体材料之间的相关性。施工第一阶段的填土有Btb层的碎片,与a层混合,压实并压碎,其中发现了大量的人工制品。然而,这些文物并不是故意融入填充物中的,而是在占领前的A地平线上作为住宅和农业垃圾堆积起来的。特别注意的是第三个建筑阶段出现的一种潜育物,据信它来自原始取土坑中积累的沉积物,这些取土坑被改造成蓄水池,包围着主要的建筑群。这些储层填充物具有天然沉积物和古土壤的共同特性,但受到内涝条件的影响。因此,这些材料被解释为人为成土的一种情况,潜育微形态表明了内涝条件,但在人工建造的水库中,因为它们没有深色有机沉积物,这将是潮湿热带环境中天然池塘典型植被的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Paleosols and ancient societies: from early humans to the industrial revolution 古土壤与古代社会:从早期人类到工业革命
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3p021122
G. Ibarra-Arzave, E. Solleiro‐Rebolledo, M. Bronnikova
Paleopedology, the study of soils developed on ancient landscapes (Yaalon, 1971), was born in Russia through the efforts of Boris B. Polynov (1927), but considering the previous work done by Vasilli V. Dokuchaev in 1883 (Dokuchaev, 1967) and later with the support of Constantin C. Nikiforoff (1943). The Commission on Paleopedology was established in 1965, in Denver, USA, by Dan Yaalon and Hans van Baren (Retallack, 2013) during the 7th Congress of the International Association for Quaternary Research (INQUA) and later, in 1968, the Commission was affiliated to the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS). After the Denver conference, the Commission published a volume with research papers focused on the recognition and classification of paleosols, methods of dating, and soil stratigraphy (Yaalon, 1971). This volume was the beginning of an extensive series of the Commission publications in different special issues of international and national scientific media. Two of these collections were published in open-access Mexican geological journals: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas v. 20 no. 3 (2003) and v. 21 no. 1 (2004), and Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, v. 64 no. 1 and 64 no. 2 (2012). The current issue is a continuation of this series. There are two concepts necessary for understanding paleosols. The first is the use of the uniformitarian principle, which suggests that past geologic processes are similar to those acting today on the Earth’s surface. In other words, the basis of modern soil geography and soil genesis is used as directly analogous to reconstruct ancient environments and landscapes. This approach is more precise when applied to Quaternary paleosols and more limited to pre-Cambrian or Paleozoic paleosols, as the environmental conditions under which they were formed are pretty different from the modern ones (Retallack, 2001). The second concept is “soil memory” (Targulian and Goriachkin, 2004), related to a set of properties that can remember ancient environmental conditions. These properties result from pedogenetic processes and soil-forming factors and are time-resistant to environmental changes remaining stable during extended periods (Targulian and Goriachkin, 2004). In recent years, paleopedology has extended its applications to reconstruct past climates, establish variations in the atmospheric composition, trace the ecosystem evolution, and identify geomorphological changes (e.g., Cerling, 1991; Retallack, 1998, 2009; Goudi, 1990; Klinge et al., 2022). Some efforts have also been made to develop models to quantify pedogenetic trends associated with environmental change (e.g., Yaalon, 1975; Sheldon and Tabor, 2009). An essential application of paleopedology has been devoted to solving archaeological problems, as soils can be considered repositories of human activities: agriculture, forestry, material for construction or ceramic production, dwelling and householding (Holliday, 2009; Costa et al., 2021; Yalçın et
古土壤学是研究在古代景观上发展起来的土壤(Yaalon, 1971),在Boris B. Polynov(1927)的努力下诞生于俄罗斯,但考虑到Vasilli V. Dokuchaev在1883年(Dokuchaev, 1967)和后来在Constantin C. Nikiforoff(1943)的支持下所做的工作。1965年,Dan Yaalon和Hans van Baren (Retallack, 2013)在第七届国际第四纪研究协会(INQUA)大会期间,在美国丹佛成立了古生物学委员会。1968年,该委员会隶属于国际土壤科学联合会(IUSS)。丹佛会议之后,委员会出版了一卷研究论文,重点是古土壤的识别和分类、年代测定方法和土壤地层学(Yaalon, 1971)。本卷是委员会在国际和国家科学媒体的不同特刊上广泛出版的一系列出版物的开始。其中两组发表在开放获取的墨西哥地质期刊上:《墨西哥科学研究》Geológicas第20期。第3(2003)号和第21号。1(2004年)和Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, v. 64 no. 1。1和64不。2(2012)。本期杂志是本系列的续篇。理解古土壤有两个必要的概念。第一个是均变说原理的应用,该原理认为过去的地质过程与今天在地球表面发生的地质过程相似。换句话说,现代土壤地理学和土壤成因的基础被用作重建古代环境和景观的直接类比。这种方法应用于第四纪古土壤时更为精确,但更局限于前寒武纪或古生代古土壤,因为它们形成的环境条件与现代的环境条件有很大的不同(Retallack, 2001)。第二个概念是“土壤记忆”(Targulian and Goriachkin, 2004),与一系列能够记住古代环境条件的属性有关。这些特性是由成土过程和土壤形成因素造成的,对环境变化具有时间抗性,在较长时间内保持稳定(Targulian和Goriachkin, 2004)。近年来,古土壤学在重建过去气候、确定大气成分变化、追踪生态系统演化和识别地貌变化等方面的应用得到了扩展(例如,Cerling, 1991;Retallack, 1998,2009;Goudi, 1990;Klinge et al., 2022)。还作出了一些努力来发展模式,以量化与环境变化有关的成土趋势(例如,亚阿隆,1975年;Sheldon and Tabor, 2009)。古土壤学的一个基本应用一直致力于解决考古问题,因为土壤可以被认为是人类活动的储存库:农业、林业、建筑或陶瓷生产材料、住宅和家庭(Holliday, 2009;Costa等人,2021;Yalçın et al., 2021)。过去人类活动的影响一直被记录在土壤记忆中,从第一个狩猎和采集群体到工业社会。然而,人与环境之间的关系(反之亦然)是复杂的,需要应用不同的方法,研究现场和场外的方法(Butzer, 2008),将考古发掘中直接获得的信息与周围地区的信息相结合。从这个意义上说,古土壤考古调查有了更可靠的解释。2021年6月,美国科学院古古生物学委员会、美国国家科学研究委员会古古生物学工作组和墨西哥国立交通大学地质研究所组织了为期三天的在线会议,并举行了科学会议。会议主题涉及古土壤、人类相互作用的历史和环境之间的联系。这期特刊就是这次会议的结果。这里收录的文章旨在提高我们对古代建筑材料的理解,以及过去人类与环境的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Lithodiversity and cultural use of desert varnish in the Northern Desert of Mexico 墨西哥北部沙漠的岩石多样性和沙漠清漆的文化用途
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a100622
P. U. Martínez-Pabello, B. Menéndez Iglesias, Rafael Antonio López Martínez, T. Pi-Puig, J. Solé, Aldo Izaguirre Pompa, S. Sedov
Rock varnish is a thin layer (1-40 microns every 1000 years), dark-reddish in color (30% Mn and Fe oxides, 70% clay minerals), that coats a rock surfaces in the northern Mexican deserts. This accretion has been used as a canvas by ancestral human groups to record different types of motifs (zoomorphic, geometric and anthropomorphic) in the northern Mexican desert (Sonora and Chihuahua). These petroglyphs reflect the cultural and artistic nature of past inhabitants and the varnish preserves them through the millennia. Rock varnish coats a variety of rock types, and this paper explores differences in the chemical composition and interaction of varnish and the underlying rock. We studied varnish from three different sites: Samalayuca (Chihuahua); El Álamo (Sonora); and La Proveedora (Sonora). The analytical techniques of microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Laser Breakdown Spectra (LIBS), reveals a similar chemical composition (Mn, Fe, Ca and Al mainly) that it does not depend on the lithodiversity or location (Samalayuca -sandstone-, El Álamo -sandstone- and La Proveedora -granite-). We observed differences in the contact between the varnish and the underlying rock. Varnish penetrate into decayed minerals such as plagioclase; thick accumulations can occur on hard minerals such as quartz. Like prior research, we find little important contribution of material from the underlying to its varnish coating and conclude its main component derives mostly from aeolian deposition.
岩石清漆是一层薄薄的(每1000年1-40微米),颜色为深红色(30%的锰和铁氧化物,70%的粘土矿物),覆盖在墨西哥北部沙漠的岩石表面。这种吸积被祖先人类群体用作画布,记录墨西哥北部沙漠(索诺拉和奇瓦瓦)中不同类型的图案(动物化、几何化和拟人化)。这些岩画反映了过去居民的文化和艺术性质,清漆将他们保存了数千年。岩石清漆覆盖了各种类型的岩石,本文探讨了清漆与下伏岩石在化学成分和相互作用方面的差异。我们研究了三个不同地点的清漆:萨马拉尤卡(吉娃娃);ElÁlamo(索诺拉);和La Provedora(索诺拉)。显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)和激光击穿光谱(LIBS)的分析技术揭示了类似的化学成分(主要是Mn、Fe、Ca和Al),它不取决于岩石多样性或位置(Samalayuca-砂岩-、ElÁlamo-砂岩-和La Provedora-花岗岩-)。我们观察到清漆和下层岩石之间的接触存在差异。清漆渗透到腐烂的矿物中,如斜长石;石英等坚硬矿物上可能会出现厚厚的堆积物。与之前的研究一样,我们发现底层材料对其清漆涂层的重要贡献很小,并得出结论,其主要成分主要来自风积沉积。
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引用次数: 0
Provenance of Upper Devonian Ilanqareh Formation (NW Iran), assessed using petrography and major element geochemistry 伊朗西北部上泥盆统Ilanqareh组物源区岩石学及主元素地球化学评价
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a160722
Javad Anjerdi, M. Jafarzadeh, Adel Najafzadeh, R. Mahari
In this study, a combination of petrographic and major element geochemical methods was employed on sandstones and shales of Upper Devonian Ilanqareh Formation, northwest of Iran, aimed at investigating the tectonic setting and the weathering degree of rocks in the source area. The index of compositional variability (ICV below 1) indicated that the studied quartzarenite and subarkose sandstones were not in the first cycle. Petrographic studies showed the existence of a craton interior provenance for these sandstones and geochemical studies identified recycling of older formations as an important source of these deposits. The chemical index of alteration (CIA values of 78.18 to 90.42 for sandstones and 91.55 to 91.93 for shale samples) indicated that the samples were affected by the high degree of weathering due to the humid climate in the source areas. Geochemical discrimination diagrams revealed that the samples were deposited in a passive margin. According to the paleogeography, this passive margin was the margin of a rift basin in the northwest of Gondwana, and the Ilanqareh deposits were derived from the Arabian-Nubian shield and the recycling of the Lower Palaeozoic sandstones in the region.
本研究采用岩石学和主元素地球化学相结合的方法,对伊朗西北部上泥盆统Ilanqareh组砂岩和页岩进行了研究,探讨了烃源区构造背景和岩石风化程度。成分变异性指数(ICV < 1)表明所研究的石英岩和亚粗砂岩不在第一旋回。岩石学研究表明,这些砂岩存在克拉通内部物源,地球化学研究表明,旧地层的再循环是这些矿床的重要来源。砂岩蚀变化学指数(CIA)为78.18 ~ 90.42,页岩蚀变化学指数为91.55 ~ 91.93,表明烃源区气候湿润,风化程度较高。地球化学判别图显示样品沉积于被动边缘。古地理研究表明,该被动边缘为冈瓦纳西北裂谷盆地边缘,Ilanqareh矿床形成于阿拉伯-努比亚盾构和下古生界砂岩的再循环作用。
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引用次数: 0
Soil modification in the manufacturing process of Mesoamerican earthen architecture 中美洲土制建筑制造过程中的土壤改良
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a080422
A. Daneels, M. Mateu, Hugo Fernández, Salvador Piña, H. Cabadas-Báez
This paper presents a micromorphological analysis of a sample series from three Mesoamerican earthen architecture sites. It compares a soil, a sample from a construction fill and a sample of a soil mixture used for mud-brick and facing, resulting from different manufacturing steps. The purpose is to identify the soil features that remain and those that are transformed in the process. This is of interest both to geologists, who encounter anthropically modified soils, and archaeologists interested in understanding the provenance of the raw materials and the manufacturing processes. In contrast to previous research based predominantly on earthen architecture from Europe and the Near East, this study is the first comparative analysis of Mesoamerican sites, where earthen construction developed independently from the Old World, using volcanic soils developed in a range of tropical environments. The results show that similar building techniques existed in different environments, that the non-expansive clays and fine fraction derived from volcanic deposits may have presented advantages for construction, while some features reflect the addition of mineral or vegetal temper to improve the mechanical properties of some soils.
本文对三个中美洲土制建筑遗址的样品系列进行了微观形态学分析。它比较了一种土壤,一种来自建筑填充物的样本和一种用于泥砖和饰面的土壤混合物样本,这些样本来自不同的制造步骤。目的是确定在这个过程中保留的土壤特征和那些被改变的土壤特征。这对遇到人为修改土壤的地质学家和对了解原材料和制造过程的来源感兴趣的考古学家都很感兴趣。与之前主要基于欧洲和近东的土建筑的研究相反,这项研究是对中美洲遗址的第一次比较分析,在中美洲遗址中,土建筑独立于旧世界发展,使用了在一系列热带环境中发展的火山土壤。结果表明,不同环境下存在相似的施工技术,非膨胀粘土和火山沉积物的细粒可能在施工中具有优势,而某些特征反映了添加矿物或植物脾气以改善某些土壤的力学性能。
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引用次数: 0
Micromorphological features of medieval cultural layers formed in different environmental backgrounds 不同环境背景下中世纪文化层的微观形态特征
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a080822
M. Bronnikova, Julia O. Karpova, V. Murasheva, A. Kochkina, Dmitry A Stashenkov, I. Arzhantseva, H. Härke
This research compares results of micromorphological case studies conducted on four early medieval archaeological sites with differentiated spatialization of human impacts and a varied craft production located in different background environments: humid climate, subzone of mixed forests, floodplain of the Dnieper River (Gnezdovo site); semi-humid climate, subzone of forest-steppe, Middle Volga region (Muromsky Gorodok and Malaya Ryazan’ sites); arid climate, cold desert of the Aral region, ancient delta-alluvial plain of the Syr-Darya River (Dzhankent site). Micromorphological studies of habitation deposits revealed clear geographical and geochemical regularities in the occurrence of geogenic (soil, sedimentary and post-sedimentary) features. Intrasoil migration and accumulation of clay and coarser silicate material in textural pedofeatures were described in cultural layers of sites located in forest and the forest-steppe zones. An anthropogenic input of phosphates provokes simultaneous migration and illuvial accumulation of phosphates and clay. In the habitation deposits in steppe landscapes with calcareous lithology, the key background soil process is redistribution and intrasoil accumulation of calcium carbonates. In the alluvial desert landscape, major soil processes are accumulation of gypsum and readily soluble salts. All layers are or were affected by at least some seasonal over-moisturizing that resulted in a variety of redoximorphic features depending on their palaeo- and/or contemporary water regime. The high variety of anthropogenic processes and corresponding microfeatures was grouped as follows: (1) input, output, turbation, compaction; (2) neoformation and migration; (3) pyrogenic processes (products); technological processes (products). The set of anthropogenic features records past human impact in the locality. The higher the variety of anthropogenic features and their general abundance is, the more intensive and variable the human impact which had occurred in the past. At the same time, the occurrence of certain anthropogenic features may indicate not only human-related processes of their formation (or input), but also a contemporary soil environment. This environment can be favorable, or, in the opposite, deteriorative for earlier formed anthropogenic features.
本研究比较了四个早期中世纪考古遗址的微观形态研究结果,这些遗址位于不同的背景环境中,人类影响的空间化程度不同,工艺生产也不同:湿润气候、混交林分区、第聂伯河漫滩(格涅兹多沃遗址);伏尔加河中部地区森林草原亚带半湿润气候(Muromsky Gorodok和Malaya梁赞遗址);干旱气候,咸海地区寒冷的沙漠,锡尔河的古三角洲冲积平原(Dzhankent遗址)。居住矿床的微形态研究揭示了成矿(土壤、沉积和后沉积)特征的明显地理和地球化学规律。在位于森林和森林草原地区的文化层中,描述了土壤结构特征中粘土和较粗硅酸盐物质的层内迁移和积累。人为输入的磷酸盐引起了磷酸盐和粘土的同时迁移和淤积。在具有钙质岩性的草原人居沉积物中,土壤背景过程的关键是碳酸钙的再分配和土内富集。在冲积沙漠景观中,主要的土壤过程是石膏和易溶盐的积累。所有层都受到或曾经受到至少一些季节性过度保湿的影响,这导致了各种各样的氧化氧形态特征,这取决于它们的古和/或当代的水状况。多种多样的人为过程及其微特征可归纳为:(1)输入、输出、扰动、压实;(2)新生和迁移;(3)热原过程(产品);工艺流程(产品)。这组人为特征记录了过去人类对该地区的影响。人类活动特征的多样性和总体丰度越高,过去发生的人类影响就越强烈和多变。同时,某些人为特征的出现不仅表明其形成(或输入)与人类有关的过程,也可能表明当代土壤环境。对于早期形成的人为特征,这种环境可能是有利的,或者相反,是不利的。
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引用次数: 0
Geoarchaeological interpretations of the formation and environment of Samaca H-8, Ica Valley, south coast Peru (c. AD 900–1550) 对秘鲁南海岸伊卡山谷Samaca H-8的形成和环境的地质考古解释(约公元900–1550年)
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a080622
Lady Santana Quispe, C. French, D. Beresford-Jones, Carlos Enrique Rengifo Chunga
Today the Lower Ica Valley (Peru) exhibits evidence of environmental degradation, strong activity of deposition and erosion processes through modifying agents such as water and wind. All of this is the product of a long process of environmental transformation both during and since pre-Columbian times. Archaeological remains present in this valley evidence a long and important pre-Columbian cultural trajectory. We provide a case study of the geoarchaeology of the Samaca H-8 archaeological site that was founded sometime towards the end of the Middle Horizon (c. AD 900-1000) and consolidated its development during the Late Intermediate period (AD 1000-1400). This work contemplates the analysis of soils and sediments using micromorphology, geochemical-geophysical analyzes and radiocarbon dating. The results reveal that the construction and first occupation of Samaca H-8 (or at least the eastern part of the site), during the transition from the Middle Horizon period to the Late Intermediate Period, was marked by environmental dynamics and drastic landscape change toward more arid conditions. Recurrent deposition of windblown materials took place, perhaps due to a lack of protection offered by riparian dry forest cover. The Samaca H-8 site was established under these environmental conditions around AD 900.
如今,下伊卡河谷(秘鲁)显示出环境退化、强烈的沉积活动和通过水和风等改性剂进行的侵蚀过程的证据。所有这些都是前哥伦布时代及其后漫长的环境转型过程的产物。该山谷中的考古遗迹证明了前哥伦布时期漫长而重要的文化轨迹。我们提供了Samaca H-8考古遗址的地质考古案例研究,该遗址建立于中地平线末期(约公元900-1000年),并在中后期(公元1000-1400年)巩固了其发展。这项工作考虑使用微观形态、地球化学地球物理分析和放射性碳年代测定来分析土壤和沉积物。结果表明,Samaca H-8(或至少该场地的东部)的建造和首次占用,在从中地平线时期到中后期的过渡时期,以环境动力学和向更干旱条件的剧烈景观变化为标志。风吹材料的反复沉积可能是由于河岸干燥森林覆盖缺乏保护。Samaca H-8遗址是在公元900年左右的环境条件下建立的。
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引用次数: 0
Soil-archaeological studies of Koy-Gunzhar Scythian tumuli (Kazakhstan): building materials and techniques, diagenetic transformations of buried paleosols Koy Gunzhar Scythian tumuli(哈萨克斯坦)的土壤考古研究:建筑材料和技术,埋藏古土壤的成岩转变
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a061022
D. Gavrilov, M. Bronnikova, M. Khabdulina, Alexey Sviridov
The tumuli of the Koy-Gunzhar burial ground (2400-2000 cal years BP) in the North Kazakhstan are monumental earthen mounds, built in honour of the Scythian elite. The tumuli, besides representing the diversity of the building techniques for such earth burial mounds, also provide a unique opportunity to study the direction and character of the paleosol diagenesis for nearly 2400 years. This soil-archaeological study aimed to reveal mound building techniques, the characteristics of materials used for construction, and diagenetic changes of the buried paleosols. The comparative analysis of tumulus embankments and buried soils (their genesis and diagenetic transformations) provided the opportunity to establish the source of the building material and to reconstruct some details of the building technologies. For instance, the Calcic Someric Kastanozem (Arenic, Protosodic), buried by loam-sandy and sandy substrate of the tumulus 3, corresponds to dry steppe conditions and has no considerable signs of diagenetic transformations, whereas the paleosol under the tumulus 1 was affected by strong diagenetic transformation supposedly due to acid drainage from the embankment which originally contained sulfidic material being subjected to oxidation and acidification after the tumulus construction. Diagenesis was manifested in the redistribution of pedogenic carbonates and enrichment in iron, magnesium, manganese, and aluminum compounds in the upper 32 cm of the buried soil. These elements were partially accumulated at the carbonate geochemical barrier (over Bk horizon of the buried soil). This soil was transformed by diagenesis from Kasrtanozem to Mollic Cambic Umbrisol (Epiloamic, Katoarenic). The builders of the tumulus 1 used a loamier substrate to construct the mound, different from the parent material for adjacent soils (loamy sands and sands). The loamier substrate ensured the firmness of the mound construction. The builders employed an uncommon technique to produce a mound with defined properties and used foreign building materials brought from the distance.
北哈萨克斯坦Koy Gunzhar墓地(英国石油公司2400-2000年)的土丘是纪念斯基泰人精英而建造的纪念土丘。土丘不仅代表了这种土丘建造技术的多样性,还为研究近2400年来古土壤成岩作用的方向和特征提供了独特的机会。这项土壤考古研究旨在揭示土堆的建造技术、建造材料的特征以及埋藏古土壤的成岩变化。对土丘路堤和埋藏土壤的对比分析(它们的成因和成岩转变)为确定建筑材料的来源和重建建筑技术的一些细节提供了机会。例如,钙质Someric Kastanozem(Arenic,Protosodic),被tumulus 3的壤土-沙质和砂质基底掩埋,对应于干燥的草原条件,没有明显的成岩转变迹象,而tumulus 1下的古土壤受到强烈的成岩作用转变的影响,这可能是由于最初含有硫化物材料的路堤的酸性排水在tumulus建造后受到氧化和酸化的影响。成岩作用表现为成土碳酸盐的重新分布以及埋藏土壤上部32厘米中铁、镁、锰和铝化合物的富集。这些元素部分聚集在碳酸盐地球化学屏障(埋藏土壤的Bk层之上)。该土壤通过成岩作用从卡斯特黑钙土转变为软体寒武统伞形土(Epiloamic,Katoarenic)。土丘1的建造者使用了一种更肥沃的基质来建造土丘,不同于相邻土壤的母体材料(壤土和沙子)。松软的基质确保了土堆结构的牢固性。建筑商采用了一种不同寻常的技术来建造一个具有特定性质的土堆,并使用了从远处带来的外国建筑材料。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental variation in the early and middle Holocene Tequendama and Aguazuque archaeological sites, Colombia 哥伦比亚Tequendama和Aguazuque考古遗址全新世早期和中期的环境变化
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a140622
Angélica Viviana Triana Vega, Víctor Adrián Pérez Crespo
This study focuses on identifying possible environmental variations and plant availability during the occupation in two archaeological sites: Tequendama and Aguazuque, located in Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia. Those sites represent periods of occupation during the early to middle Holocene that contributes valuable information about hunter-gatherers who occupied this area. Data obtained and recovered archaeological material during excavations shed light on relatively continuous occupations until the late Holocene. The presence of lithic artefacts, human and fauna bone remains offered relevant information to comprehend social dynamics among these human groups; likewise, phytolith and stable isotope analysis on sediments and fauna were carried out to identify environmental variations, and the presence of plant remains in these archaeological contexts. Carbon isotope analysis in sediments indicated the prevalence of plants C3 from the early Holocene. In turn, isotopic relationships in carbon obtained from mammals’ dental enamel found in both sites suggest that those animals consumed such types of plants. Also, isotopic values in oxygen from dental enamel show humid and possibly cold environmental conditions in both locations. Also, phytolith analyses provide evidence on the types of plants available in determined contexts and reconstruct environments, use, and availability. Those three types of analysis were applied to archaeological contexts to determine the presence of plants type C3 or C4 available in the sites, which permitted to evidence of environmental changes, humid conditions, and, in a few cases, drought across occupation, as well as the differences in terms of the presence or absence of certain types of plants during chronological periods, suggesting a possible association of horticultural processes and domestication during middle Holocene in Aguazuque archaeological site.
本研究的重点是确定两个考古遗址在占领期间可能的环境变化和植物可用性:位于哥伦比亚萨巴纳德波哥大的特昆达马和阿瓜苏克。这些遗址代表了全新世早期到中期的占领时期,为占领该地区的狩猎采集者提供了宝贵的信息。在发掘过程中获得的数据和恢复的考古材料揭示了直到全新世晚期相对连续的职业。石器制品、人类和动物骨骼遗骸的存在为理解这些人类群体之间的社会动态提供了相关信息;同样,对沉积物和动物进行了植物岩和稳定同位素分析,以确定环境变化,以及这些考古背景下植物遗骸的存在。沉积物碳同位素分析表明,C3植物在全新世早期普遍存在。反过来,从两个地点发现的哺乳动物牙釉质中获得的碳同位素关系表明,这些动物食用了这类植物。此外,牙釉质中氧的同位素值显示,这两个地方的环境都很潮湿,可能很冷。此外,植物岩分析提供了在特定环境中可用植物类型的证据,并重建了环境、用途和可用性。这三种类型的分析被应用于考古背景,以确定遗址中可用的C3或C4类型植物的存在,这使得环境变化,潮湿条件,以及在少数情况下,跨越职业的干旱,以及某些类型植物在年代期间存在或不存在的差异成为证据。表明阿瓜苏克考古遗址全新世中期的园艺过程与驯化可能存在关联。
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引用次数: 0
A LiDAR-based geopedologic approach to address pre-Hispanic agricultural landscapes in Northern Michoacán, West Mexico 一种基于激光雷达的地球物理方法,用于解决墨西哥西部米却肯州北部西班牙裔之前的农业景观
IF 0.8 4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.18268/bsgm2022v74n3a180622
Antoine Dorison, Christina Siebe Grabach, Michelle Elliott, Grégory Pereira
The methodical exploitation of arable lands in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica has been recognized since the 16th century, but the Spanish Conquest caused cultivated landscapes to be dramatically modified. Thus, general amazement remains great when remote sensing techniques (RS) like airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) uncover fossilized farmlands. Recent studies demonstrated that agrarian features are widespread among the remains revealed by LiDAR-derived models. Efforts are being made to map these features but few studies have focused directly on the landforms and soils which they modify. Concurrently, while paleopedology has refined the identification of anthropogenic features within soils, spatial approaches correlating soil covers and archaeological sites have received less attention as perspectives often diverge between archaeological mapping, which often focuses on intra-site elements, and soil mapping, which generally encompasses broader areas. Yet, geoscientists have used RS to predict soil parameters and demonstrated that it could increase accuracy in knowledge-based soil maps. Today, while LiDAR-derived data are facilitating archaeological mapping beyond settlement limits, high-resolution RS also offers opportunities for more accurate soil mapping and calls for harmonization of perspectives. We present a method that combines LiDAR-based RS and fieldwork in archaeology and soil science to address pre-Hispanic cultivated landscapes based on a case study in West Mexico. It focuses on the Zacapu area, where long-lasting archaeological and geoecological research offered a solid background. We used LiDAR visualizations, modeling, and satellite images to detect anthropogenic and geopedologic features. The latter was verified through field surveys and test pits. Archaeological material and soil analyses followed. All data were mapped on GIS. As a result, we were able to update and improve significantly both the archaeological and geopedologic maps. The approach further provided an unprecedented reconstruction of landscape appropriation from the 6th to the 15th century AD. It demonstrates that archaeology, geomorphology, and pedology can efficiently complete each other to address more comprehensively pre-Hispanic cultivated landscapes.
自16世纪以来,前西班牙裔中美洲对耕地的有条不紊的开发就得到了认可,但西班牙的征服使耕地景观发生了巨大的变化。因此,当机载激光扫描(LiDAR)等遥感技术发现农田化石时,人们仍然感到非常惊讶。最近的研究表明,激光雷达衍生模型揭示的遗骸中普遍存在农业特征。目前正在努力绘制这些特征的地图,但很少有研究直接关注它们所改变的地貌和土壤。与此同时,尽管古土壤学已经完善了对土壤中人为特征的识别,但将土壤覆盖层和考古遗址联系起来的空间方法却没有受到太多关注,因为考古测绘和土壤测绘之间的观点往往存在分歧,前者通常侧重于遗址内元素,后者通常涵盖更广泛的区域。然而,地球科学家已经使用RS来预测土壤参数,并证明它可以提高基于知识的土壤地图的准确性。如今,虽然激光雷达衍生的数据有助于超越定居点界限进行考古测绘,但高分辨率遥感也为更准确的土壤测绘提供了机会,并呼吁统一观点。基于墨西哥西部的一个案例研究,我们提出了一种将基于激光雷达的遥感与考古和土壤科学的实地调查相结合的方法,以解决西班牙裔之前的耕地景观问题。它的重点是扎卡普地区,那里长期的考古和地质生态研究提供了坚实的背景。我们使用激光雷达可视化、建模和卫星图像来探测人类活动和地质活动特征。后者通过实地调查和探坑进行了验证。随后进行了考古材料和土壤分析。所有数据都绘制在GIS上。因此,我们能够更新和改进考古和地质地质图。该方法进一步对公元6世纪至15世纪的景观占用进行了前所未有的重建。它表明考古学、地貌学和土壤学可以有效地相互补充,以更全面地解决西班牙裔之前的耕地景观。
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引用次数: 1
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Boletin De La Sociedad Geologica Mexicana
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