S. Tischew, H. Dierschke, A. Schwabe, E. Garve, T. Heinken, N. Hölzel, E. Bergmeier, D. Remy, Werner Haerdtle
Aiming at a better promotion of topics related to the conservation of ecosystems and plant communities, the board of the „Floristisch-Soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (FlorSoz)” has launched the initiative to announce a “Plant Community of the Year”. Therewith we hope to raise awareness and stimulate civil society and politics in promoting more efficient conservation strategies. For the forthcoming year, we choose the oatgras meadow as Plant Community of the Year 2019. These lowland hay Manuskript eingereicht am 18. Mai 2018, angenommen am 25. Juni 2018 288 meadows belong to the most threatened plant communities in Germany. Concepts and schemes aiming at the conservation and restoration of lowland hay meadows are urgently needed. This article provides a short overview of the high nature-conservation value of lowland hay meadows and their ecosystem services as well as of the floristic-phytosociological research, reasons for their sharp decline and appropriate countermeasures.
{"title":"Plant Community of the Year 2019: Oatgras Meadow","authors":"S. Tischew, H. Dierschke, A. Schwabe, E. Garve, T. Heinken, N. Hölzel, E. Bergmeier, D. Remy, Werner Haerdtle","doi":"10.14471/2018.38.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2018.38.011","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at a better promotion of topics related to the conservation of ecosystems and plant communities, the board of the „Floristisch-Soziologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (FlorSoz)” has launched the initiative to announce a “Plant Community of the Year”. Therewith we hope to raise awareness and stimulate civil society and politics in promoting more efficient conservation strategies. For the forthcoming year, we choose the oatgras meadow as Plant Community of the Year 2019. These lowland hay Manuskript eingereicht am 18. Mai 2018, angenommen am 25. Juni 2018 288 meadows belong to the most threatened plant communities in Germany. Concepts and schemes aiming at the conservation and restoration of lowland hay meadows are urgently needed. This article provides a short overview of the high nature-conservation value of lowland hay meadows and their ecosystem services as well as of the floristic-phytosociological research, reasons for their sharp decline and appropriate countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"1 1","pages":"287-295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bryophytes constitute an important and permanent component of the grassland flora and diversity in Europe. As most bryophyte species are sensitive to habitat change, their diversity is likely to decline following land-use intensification. Most previous studies on bryophyte diversity focused on specific habitats of high bryophyte diversity, such as bogs, montane grasslands, or calcareous dry grasslands. In contrast, mesic grasslands are rarely studied, although they are the most common grassland habitat in Europe. They are secondary vegetation, maintained by agricultural use and thus, are influenced by different forms of land use. We studied bryophyte species richness in three regions in Germany, in 707 plots of 16 m2 representing different land-use types and environmental conditions. Our study is one of the few to inspect the relationships between bryophyte richness and land use across contrasting regions and using a high number of replicates.Among the managed grasslands, pastures harboured 2.5 times more bryophyte species than mead-ows and mown pastures. Similarly, bryophyte cover was about twice as high in fallows and pastures than in meadows and mown pastures. Among the pastures, bryophyte species richness was about three times higher in sheep grazed plots than in the ones grazed by cattle or horses. In general, bryophyte species richness and cover was more than 50% lower in fertilized than in unfertilized plots. Moreover, the amount of suitable substrates was linked to bryophyte diversity. Species richness of bryophytes growing on stones increased with stone cover, and the one of bryophytes growing on bark and deadwood increased with larger values of woody plant species and deadwood cover. Our findings highlight the importance of low-intensity land use and high structural heterogeneity for bryophyte conservation. They also caution against an intensification of traditionally managed pastures. In the light of our results, we recommend to maintain low-intensity sheep grazing on sites with low productivity, such as slopes on shallow soils.
{"title":"Low-intensity management promotes bryophyte diversity in grasslands","authors":"S. Boch, Jörg C Müller, D. Prati, M. Fischer","doi":"10.14471/2018.38.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2018.38.014","url":null,"abstract":"Bryophytes constitute an important and permanent component of the grassland flora and diversity in Europe. As most bryophyte species are sensitive to habitat change, their diversity is likely to decline following land-use intensification. Most previous studies on bryophyte diversity focused on specific habitats of high bryophyte diversity, such as bogs, montane grasslands, or calcareous dry grasslands. In contrast, mesic grasslands are rarely studied, although they are the most common grassland habitat in Europe. They are secondary vegetation, maintained by agricultural use and thus, are influenced by different forms of land use. We studied bryophyte species richness in three regions in Germany, in 707 plots of 16 m2 representing different land-use types and environmental conditions. Our study is one of the few to inspect the relationships between bryophyte richness and land use across contrasting regions and using a high number of replicates.Among the managed grasslands, pastures harboured 2.5 times more bryophyte species than mead-ows and mown pastures. Similarly, bryophyte cover was about twice as high in fallows and pastures than in meadows and mown pastures. Among the pastures, bryophyte species richness was about three times higher in sheep grazed plots than in the ones grazed by cattle or horses. In general, bryophyte species richness and cover was more than 50% lower in fertilized than in unfertilized plots. Moreover, the amount of suitable substrates was linked to bryophyte diversity. Species richness of bryophytes growing on stones increased with stone cover, and the one of bryophytes growing on bark and deadwood increased with larger values of woody plant species and deadwood cover. Our findings highlight the importance of low-intensity land use and high structural heterogeneity for bryophyte conservation. They also caution against an intensification of traditionally managed pastures. In the light of our results, we recommend to maintain low-intensity sheep grazing on sites with low productivity, such as slopes on shallow soils.","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"38 1","pages":"311-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dušanka Cvijanović, D. Lakušić, Milica Živković, Maja Novković, A. Anđelković, D. Pavlović, D. Vukov, S. Radulović
{"title":"An overview of aquatic vegetation in Serbia","authors":"Dušanka Cvijanović, D. Lakušić, Milica Živković, Maja Novković, A. Anđelković, D. Pavlović, D. Vukov, S. Radulović","doi":"10.14471/2018.38.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2018.38.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"1 1","pages":"269-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Gazdic, A. Reif, M. Knežević, D. Petrović, M. Stojanović, Klara Dolos
The current state of forests as well as tree species composition in stands is the result of past development and somehow a record of all previous influences. As a base for better projections of future forest development and the development of sustainable management strategies we should recognize developmental processes in forests and understand their drivers. Mixed mountain forests in Montenegro, with an exceptionally large variation of environmental conditions, provide an excellent opportunity to study eastern-Mediterranean mixed mountain forests near their southern distribution limit. The goals of this study were 1) to floristically characterize mountain forests in an Eastern Mediterranean region and 2) to assess their physical site properties as determinants of forest types. Research was based on data collected from 158 sampling plots in the territory of the mountain Bjelasica, north-east Montenegro. The influence of topographic, climatic and edaphic site characteristics on the differentiation of vegetation and formation of forest types was assessed using numerical ordination and classification. Three types of mountain forests were separated based on their floristic composition, which can be easily characterized by the composition of their tree layer: 1) Mixed forests with spruce, silver fir and beech, 2) monodominant beech forests resulting from over-exploitation of type 1, and 3) heliophytic mixed forests with pioneer species (pine, aspen and birch) and European hop-hornbeam. The types are discussed regarding their physical site characteristics and put in a European context. Mountain forests of Montenegro are quite similar to forests in other regions of Europe and can be arranged into the existing “Classification of European beech forests” (WILLNER et al. 2017) and according to WILLNER & GRABHERR (2007).
森林的现状以及林分中的树种组成是过去发展的结果，在某种程度上是以前所有影响的记录。作为更好地预测未来森林发展和制定可持续管理战略的基础，我们应该认识到森林的发展进程并了解其驱动因素。黑山的混合山林环境条件变化特别大，为研究靠近其南部分布界限的东地中海混合山林提供了极好的机会。本研究的目的是:1)对东地中海地区山林的区系特征进行研究;2)评估其作为森林类型决定因素的地理位置特征。研究基于黑山东北部比耶拉西卡山境内158个采样点收集的数据。采用数值排序和分类方法，评价了地形、气候和地理立地特征对植被分异和森林类型形成的影响。根据区系组成划分出3种类型的山林林，其树层组成可以很容易地描述为:1)云杉、银杉和山毛榉混交林，2)过度开发造成的单优势山毛榉林，3)先锋种(松、白杨、桦木)和欧洲蛇麻混交林。讨论了这些类型的物理站点特征，并将其置于欧洲背景下。黑山的山林与欧洲其他地区的森林非常相似，可以被纳入现有的“欧洲山毛榉林分类”(WILLNER et al. 2017)和WILLNER & GRABHERR(2007)。
{"title":"Diversity and ecological differentiation of mixed forest in northern Montenegro (Mt. Bjelasica) with reference to European classification","authors":"M. Gazdic, A. Reif, M. Knežević, D. Petrović, M. Stojanović, Klara Dolos","doi":"10.14471/2018.38.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2018.38.024","url":null,"abstract":"The current state of forests as well as tree species composition in stands is the result of past development and somehow a record of all previous influences. As a base for better projections of future forest development and the development of sustainable management strategies we should recognize developmental processes in forests and understand their drivers. Mixed mountain forests in Montenegro, with an exceptionally large variation of environmental conditions, provide an excellent opportunity to study eastern-Mediterranean mixed mountain forests near their southern distribution limit. The goals of this study were 1) to floristically characterize mountain forests in an Eastern Mediterranean region and 2) to assess their physical site properties as determinants of forest types. Research was based on data collected from 158 sampling plots in the territory of the mountain Bjelasica, north-east Montenegro. The influence of topographic, climatic and edaphic site characteristics on the differentiation of vegetation and formation of forest types was assessed using numerical ordination and classification. Three types of mountain forests were separated based on their floristic composition, which can be easily characterized by the composition of their tree layer: 1) Mixed forests with spruce, silver fir and beech, 2) monodominant beech forests resulting from over-exploitation of type 1, and 3) heliophytic mixed forests with pioneer species (pine, aspen and birch) and European hop-hornbeam. The types are discussed regarding their physical site characteristics and put in a European context. Mountain forests of Montenegro are quite similar to forests in other regions of Europe and can be arranged into the existing “Classification of European beech forests” (WILLNER et al. 2017) and according to WILLNER & GRABHERR (2007).","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Dengler, T. Becker, Timo Conradi, Christian Dolnik, Bärbel Heindl-Tenhunen, Kai Jensen, J. Kaufmann, M. Klotz, Claudia Maria Kurzböck, Nancy Langer, Britta Marquardt, D. Putfarken, M. Rahmlow, O. Schuhmacher, J. Went
{"title":"GrassVeg.DE: die neue kollaborative Vegetationsdatenbank für alle Offenlandhabitate Deutschlands","authors":"J. Dengler, T. Becker, Timo Conradi, Christian Dolnik, Bärbel Heindl-Tenhunen, Kai Jensen, J. Kaufmann, M. Klotz, Claudia Maria Kurzböck, Nancy Langer, Britta Marquardt, D. Putfarken, M. Rahmlow, O. Schuhmacher, J. Went","doi":"10.21256/ZHAW-3473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21256/ZHAW-3473","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"37 1","pages":"447-455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44407471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Vukelić, Irena Šapić, A. Alegro, V. Šegota, Igor Stankić, D. Baričevič
This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the results of phytocoenological research into Alnus incana forests from the alliance Alnion incanae in the Dinarides. Stands from the south-eastern Dinar-ides (Alnetum incanae = Oxali-Alnetum incanae) were analyzed and compared with those from the north-western Dinarides (Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae). The comparison reveals significant differ-ences in the floristic composition and in the degree of differentiation – and particularly in the presence of the species of the Illyrian floristic geoelement. Focus was placed on the area of western Croatia where a geographic variant of Helleborus dumetorum had previously been de-fined within the association Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae. Two of its subtypes, Salix alba and Alnus glutinosa, were determined in our research. The former subtype thrives on occasionally flooded, moist sites, where the floristic composition is dominated by hygrophytes. The latter subtype grows on elevat-ed and drier terraces and is richer in mesophilous species from the surrounding zonal forests. A floris-tic-sociological comparison of the Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae with the related syntaxa indicates the presence of about fourty diagnostic species which accentuate its independence and the need to assess it at the level of an independent, regional association within the alliance Alnion incanae.
{"title":"Phytocoenological analysis of grey alder (Alnus incana L.) forests in the Dinarides of Croatia and their relationship with affiliated communities","authors":"J. Vukelić, Irena Šapić, A. Alegro, V. Šegota, Igor Stankić, D. Baričevič","doi":"10.14471/2017.37.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2017.37.014","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the results of phytocoenological research into Alnus incana forests from the alliance Alnion incanae in the Dinarides. Stands from the south-eastern Dinar-ides (Alnetum incanae = Oxali-Alnetum incanae) were analyzed and compared with those from the north-western Dinarides (Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae). The comparison reveals significant differ-ences in the floristic composition and in the degree of differentiation – and particularly in the presence of the species of the Illyrian floristic geoelement. Focus was placed on the area of western Croatia where a geographic variant of Helleborus dumetorum had previously been de-fined within the association Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae. Two of its subtypes, Salix alba and Alnus glutinosa, were determined in our research. The former subtype thrives on occasionally flooded, moist sites, where the floristic composition is dominated by hygrophytes. The latter subtype grows on elevat-ed and drier terraces and is richer in mesophilous species from the surrounding zonal forests. A floris-tic-sociological comparison of the Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae with the related syntaxa indicates the presence of about fourty diagnostic species which accentuate its independence and the need to assess it at the level of an independent, regional association within the alliance Alnion incanae.","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"37 1","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pamela Baur, Gregory Eggert, E. Lautsch, Sebastian Schmidtlein
{"title":"Ecology and development of Typha minima illustrated by a re-introduced population at the Upper Drava River (Austria) [Ökologie und Entwicklung des Zwerg-Rohrkolbens (Typha minima) dargestellt am Beispiel der wieder eingebürgerten Population an der Oberen Drau (Österreich)]","authors":"Pamela Baur, Gregory Eggert, E. Lautsch, Sebastian Schmidtlein","doi":"10.14471/2017.37.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2017.37.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Godó, O. Valkó, B. Tóthmérész, P. Török, A. Kelemen, B. Deák
Extensively managed pastures harbour rare and endangered species and have a decisive role in maintaining grassland biodiversity. Traditional herding of local robust cattle breeds is considered as a feasible tool for preserving these habitats. We studied the scale-dependent effects of grazing on the species richness and composition of three dry grassland types in the Great Hungarian Plain: Achilleo setaceae-Festucetum pseudovinae and Artemisio santonici-Festucetum pseudovinae alkaline grasslands, and Potentillo arenariae-Festucetum pseudovinae sand grassland. We asked the following questions: (1) Does extensive grazing have a scale-dependent effect on plant species richness of alkaline and sand grasslands? (2) How does grazing affect the proportion of specialists, generalists and weeds in the three grassland types? We sampled ten sites of each grassland type, including five extensively grazed and five non-grazed sites (altogether we had 30 sites). We used a series of nested plots each consisting of 10 plots from the size of 0.01 m² to 16 m². We revealed that grazing has contrasting effects in the three grassland types, and had a considerable effect on their species richness even at small scales. In both alkaline grassland types, total species richness was overall higher in grazed plots but it increased in a similar manner for both ungrazed and grazed habitats across plot sizes. Small-scale heterogeneity likely due to the uneven distribution of grazing, trampling and defecation together with mitigated rate of competition allowed more species to co-exist even at small scales in grazed alkaline grasslands. Grazing increased the richness of specialists, but likely due to the salt stress, establishment of weeds was hampered. Open gaps formed by trampling likely supported the establishment of several specialist species such as Plantago tenuiflora and Puccinellia limosa which are typical to open alkali grasslands. Contrary, in sand grasslands, we did not detect any effect of grazing on total species richness, likely due to the adverse effect of grazing on the species richness of specialists and weeds. In contrast with the former findings we detected significantly higher species richness in 0.01 m² and 0.0625 m² plots in the grazed sand grasslands, but found no differences at larger scales. Whilst species richness of specialists was significantly decreased, richness of weeds was increased by grazing. Decrease in the specialist species richness was likely due to the lack of their evolutionary adaptation to grazing. Degradation caused by grazing and trampling together with the propagule pressure from the neighbouring anthropo-genic habitats resulted in an increased richness of weeds in the grazed sites.
{"title":"Scale-dependent effects of grazing on the species richness of alkaline and sand grasslands","authors":"Laura Godó, O. Valkó, B. Tóthmérész, P. Török, A. Kelemen, B. Deák","doi":"10.14471/2017.37.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2017.37.016","url":null,"abstract":"Extensively managed pastures harbour rare and endangered species and have a decisive role in maintaining grassland biodiversity. Traditional herding of local robust cattle breeds is considered as a feasible tool for preserving these habitats. We studied the scale-dependent effects of grazing on the species richness and composition of three dry grassland types in the Great Hungarian Plain: Achilleo setaceae-Festucetum pseudovinae and Artemisio santonici-Festucetum pseudovinae alkaline grasslands, and Potentillo arenariae-Festucetum pseudovinae sand grassland. We asked the following questions: (1) Does extensive grazing have a scale-dependent effect on plant species richness of alkaline and sand grasslands? (2) How does grazing affect the proportion of specialists, generalists and weeds in the three grassland types? We sampled ten sites of each grassland type, including five extensively grazed and five non-grazed sites (altogether we had 30 sites). We used a series of nested plots each consisting of 10 plots from the size of 0.01 m² to 16 m². We revealed that grazing has contrasting effects in the three grassland types, and had a considerable effect on their species richness even at small scales. In both alkaline grassland types, total species richness was overall higher in grazed plots but it increased in a similar manner for both ungrazed and grazed habitats across plot sizes. Small-scale heterogeneity likely due to the uneven distribution of grazing, trampling and defecation together with mitigated rate of competition allowed more species to co-exist even at small scales in grazed alkaline grasslands. Grazing increased the richness of specialists, but likely due to the salt stress, establishment of weeds was hampered. Open gaps formed by trampling likely supported the establishment of several specialist species such as Plantago tenuiflora and Puccinellia limosa which are typical to open alkali grasslands. Contrary, in sand grasslands, we did not detect any effect of grazing on total species richness, likely due to the adverse effect of grazing on the species richness of specialists and weeds. In contrast with the former findings we detected significantly higher species richness in 0.01 m² and 0.0625 m² plots in the grazed sand grasslands, but found no differences at larger scales. Whilst species richness of specialists was significantly decreased, richness of weeds was increased by grazing. Decrease in the specialist species richness was likely due to the lack of their evolutionary adaptation to grazing. Degradation caused by grazing and trampling together with the propagule pressure from the neighbouring anthropo-genic habitats resulted in an increased richness of weeds in the grazed sites.","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"37 1","pages":"229-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last millennium, urbanization has considerably changed natural ecosystems and formed new artificial habitats. Habitat loss and changes in the abiotic environment are seriously affecting urban biodiversity. We investigated the vegetation composition of three urban habitat types, vacant lots, urban parks, and peri-urban grasslands, which are characterised by species typical to semi-natural grasslands and ruderal assemblages in the city of Debrecen (East-Hungary). We used five spatial replicates of each habitat type and five random plots (5 m × 5 m) in every site for our analyses. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) lower species numbers and Shannon diversity, and a higher proportion of weeds and disturbance-tolerant species are present in the city centre (i.e. urban parks) compared to more peripheral habitats (vacant lots and peri-urban grasslands), (2) the proportion of warmand nitrogen-demanding species increases, while the proportion of moisture-demanding species decreases in habitats typical to city centres (3) we also tested the increase in cosmopolitan and alien species and the decrease in species of the natural flora in habitats typical to city centres as predicted by the urban homogenisation hypothesis. We found that species composition of urban habitat types is considerably affected by the specific disturbances and site histories associated with the certain habitats. The most urbanised habitats, the urban parks harboured the lowest number of species and the lowest Shannon diversity. The ratio of weeds and disturbance-tolerants was the highest in the city centre likely due to the high-intensity trampling and soil disturbances. Plant species of city centre were more drought-tolerant compared to periurban grasslands, which is likely due to the increased level of drainage. The ratio of nitrogendemanding species was lower in urban parks and peri-urban grasslands than in vacant lots, likely due to the high level of recent soil disturbance in this habitat type. The proportion of alien species was high both in vacant lots and peri-urban grasslands, even though their disturbance regimes differed considerably. The proportion of cosmopolitan species was significantly higher in urban parks compared to vacant lots and peri-urban grasslands. The large proportion of alien and cosmopolitan species together with the continuous human disturbance put native species at a competitive disadvantage, and accordingly the proportion of these species was lowest in the city centre. Even though the studied urban habitat patches did not contribute considerably to the preservation of rare or endangered plant species, they have an essential role in preserving the last remnants of grasslands in intensively used landscapes, and can be a good basis for urban greening projects. Manuscript received 18 January 2016, accepted 07 May 2016 Co-ordinating Editor: Laura Sutcliffe 380
在过去的一千年里，城市化极大地改变了自然生态系统，形成了新的人工栖息地。生境丧失和非生物环境变化严重影响着城市生物多样性。研究了德布勒森(匈牙利东部)3种城市生境类型的植被组成，即空地、城市公园和城郊草原，它们的特征是典型的半自然草原和原始草原。我们在每个站点使用5个空间重复和5个随机样地(5 m × 5 m)进行分析。我们测试了以下假设:(1)与周边生境(空地和城郊草原)相比，城市中心(即城市公园)的物种数量和Shannon多样性较低，杂草和耐干扰物种的比例较高;(2)需要温暖和氮的物种比例增加;虽然在城市中心的典型生境中，需要水分的物种的比例减少(3)，但我们也测试了城市中心的典型生境中，世界性和外来物种的增加以及自然植物群的减少，这是由城市均质化假说预测的。研究发现，城市生境类型的物种组成受到与特定生境相关的特定干扰和立地历史的显著影响。作为城市化程度最高的栖息地，城市公园拥有最少的物种数量和最低的香农多样性。杂草和耐扰植物的比例在市中心最高，可能是由于高强度的踩踏和土壤干扰。与城郊草原相比，城市中心的植物物种更耐旱，这可能是由于排水水平的提高。城市公园和城郊草原的需氮物种比例低于空地，这可能是由于该生境类型近期土壤扰动程度高所致。在空地和城郊草原，外来物种的比例都很高，尽管它们的干扰程度不同。城市公园的世界性物种比例显著高于空地和城郊草原。外来物种和世界性物种所占的比例较大，加之持续的人为干扰，使本地物种处于竞争劣势，因此这些物种在市中心的比例最低。尽管所研究的城市生境斑块对保护稀有或濒危植物物种的贡献不大，但它们在保护集约利用景观中最后残余的草地方面具有重要作用，可以作为城市绿化工程的良好基础。2016年1月18日收稿，2016年5月7日收稿
{"title":"Grassland vegetation in urban habitats – testing ecological theories","authors":"B. Deák, Bernadett Hüse, B. Tóthmérész","doi":"10.14471/2016.36.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2016.36.017","url":null,"abstract":"During the last millennium, urbanization has considerably changed natural ecosystems and formed new artificial habitats. Habitat loss and changes in the abiotic environment are seriously affecting urban biodiversity. We investigated the vegetation composition of three urban habitat types, vacant lots, urban parks, and peri-urban grasslands, which are characterised by species typical to semi-natural grasslands and ruderal assemblages in the city of Debrecen (East-Hungary). We used five spatial replicates of each habitat type and five random plots (5 m × 5 m) in every site for our analyses. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) lower species numbers and Shannon diversity, and a higher proportion of weeds and disturbance-tolerant species are present in the city centre (i.e. urban parks) compared to more peripheral habitats (vacant lots and peri-urban grasslands), (2) the proportion of warmand nitrogen-demanding species increases, while the proportion of moisture-demanding species decreases in habitats typical to city centres (3) we also tested the increase in cosmopolitan and alien species and the decrease in species of the natural flora in habitats typical to city centres as predicted by the urban homogenisation hypothesis. We found that species composition of urban habitat types is considerably affected by the specific disturbances and site histories associated with the certain habitats. The most urbanised habitats, the urban parks harboured the lowest number of species and the lowest Shannon diversity. The ratio of weeds and disturbance-tolerants was the highest in the city centre likely due to the high-intensity trampling and soil disturbances. Plant species of city centre were more drought-tolerant compared to periurban grasslands, which is likely due to the increased level of drainage. The ratio of nitrogendemanding species was lower in urban parks and peri-urban grasslands than in vacant lots, likely due to the high level of recent soil disturbance in this habitat type. The proportion of alien species was high both in vacant lots and peri-urban grasslands, even though their disturbance regimes differed considerably. The proportion of cosmopolitan species was significantly higher in urban parks compared to vacant lots and peri-urban grasslands. The large proportion of alien and cosmopolitan species together with the continuous human disturbance put native species at a competitive disadvantage, and accordingly the proportion of these species was lowest in the city centre. Even though the studied urban habitat patches did not contribute considerably to the preservation of rare or endangered plant species, they have an essential role in preserving the last remnants of grasslands in intensively used landscapes, and can be a good basis for urban greening projects. Manuscript received 18 January 2016, accepted 07 May 2016 Co-ordinating Editor: Laura Sutcliffe 380","PeriodicalId":48870,"journal":{"name":"Tuexenia","volume":"36 1","pages":"379-393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66680740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：