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Vegetation change in meso-xeric grasslands of the Swiss Jura Mts. over 40 years 瑞士汝拉中干草原40年来植被变化
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-31 DOI: 10.21256/ZHAW-23430
Kévin Charmillot, Christian Hedinger, Manuel Babbi, S. Widmer, Jürgen Dengler
Meso-xeric grasslands have declined sharply in Central Europe during the last century. These species-rich habitats are threatened by intensification or abandonment of agricultural use, eutrophication, climate change and landscape fragmentation. However, different studies in various regions of Central Europe are inconsistent in their findings about degree and direction of changes. We thus resurveyed the historical vegetation plots of the alliance Mesobromion in the Swiss Jura Mts. In 2020, we re-sampled 28 quasi-permanent vegetation plots originally recorded in 1980 to quantify potential vegetation change. Frequency of individual species, species diversity, 11 ecological indicator values and four functional traits, as well as the presence of diagnostic species of phytosociological alliances, were analysed. Further, a habitat classification and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were also performed. Species richness, indicator values for light availability and temperature, seed dispersal by animals and seed persistence had significantly decreased by 2020. Conversely, ecological indicator values for nutrient availability and soil moisture as well as community-weighted means for seed mass and canopy height had significantly increased. There were significantly fewer ruderal species, stresstolerators, therophytes and herbaceous chamaephytes in 2020. In contrast, highly competitive species and hemicryptophytes had increased. Together, these findings indicate an increase in productivity over time. There were fewer specialized species in 2020 than in 1980, indicating a homogenization of the vegetation and a shift towards nutrient-rich pastures and meadows. The shift towards a later successional stage might indicate reduced grazing disturbance. Most of these sites are currently not included in an agri-environmental scheme. Partial differences of our findings from those reported elsewhere in Central Europe highlight the importance of regionally adapted conservation strategies in order to stop biodiversity loss in meso-xeric grasslands.
在上个世纪,中欧的中干旱草地急剧减少。这些物种丰富的栖息地受到农业利用的集约化或放弃、富营养化、气候变化和景观破碎化的威胁。然而,中欧不同地区的不同研究在变化程度和方向上的发现是不一致的。因此,我们重新调查了瑞士汝拉山脉联盟中色统的历史植被样地。在2020年,我们重新采样了28个1980年记录的准永久植被样地,以量化潜在的植被变化。分析了植物社会学联盟的物种个体频率、物种多样性、11个生态指标值和4个功能性状以及诊断种的存在情况。此外,还进行了生境分类和非趋势对应分析(DCA)。到2020年,物种丰富度、光效和温度指示值、动物种子传播和种子持久性显著下降。相反,养分有效性和土壤水分的生态指标值以及种子质量和冠层高度的群落加权平均值显著增加。2020年野生物种、应激恢复植物、植生植物和草本变色虫数量明显减少。相反,高度竞争的物种和半隐植物增加了。总之,这些发现表明,随着时间的推移,生产力会提高。与1980年相比,2020年的特殊物种较少,表明植被同质化,向营养丰富的牧场和草甸转移。向后期演替阶段的转变可能表明放牧干扰减少。这些地点大多数目前没有列入农业环境计划。我们的研究结果与中欧其他地方报告的部分差异突出了区域适应保护策略的重要性,以阻止中干旱草原的生物多样性丧失。
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引用次数: 0
Vegetation changes in urban grasslands over 25 years in the city of Zurich, Switzerland 瑞士苏黎世25年来城市草原的植被变化
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-10-31 DOI: 10.21256/ZHAW-23429
Julia Kummli, S. Widmer, M. Wilhelm, Jürgen Dengler, R. Billeter
Many studies have demonstrated significant alterations in the species composition of grasslands in Central Europe over the past decades due to multiple drivers of anthropogenic environmental change. Most such studies deal with dry, acidic, wet or alpine grassland types, while little is known about changes in mesic grasslands, particularly in urban areas. To investigate the effects of anthropogenic environmental change on such grasslands, we resurveyed a selection of plots in the city of Zurich (Switzerland) approximately 25 years after their original recording. First, we checked whether 241 extensively used mesic grasslands (belonging to the Arrhenatheretalia elatioris) in the city were still grasslands, and whether their management had changed. Then we resurveyed a representative subset of 30 quasi-permanent plots of 50 m2. We tested whether biodiversity metrics, mean ecological indicator values, community weighted means (CWMs) of functional traits or the presence of individual vascular plant species had changed. We found that 15% of the original grasslands had been lost due to changes in land use during this period. Of the remaining grasslands, most of the former meadows were still mown, while many of the former pastures had been transformed into meadows. Measures of alpha diversity had not changed significantly for the 30 plots. However, species composition now indicated nutrient poorer, less base-rich and less ruderal site conditions, while CWMs of specific leaf area (SLA) had decreased and that of seed mass increased. In stands that were managed by mowing in both periods there was practically no change, while there was a pronounced change in those that had been transformed from grazing to mowing. In general, five species showed a significant increase and 16 species a significant decrease in frequency, with no obvious ecological difference between winners and losers. Alien species were rare in both periods and showed hardly any trend, except Veronica persica, which became rarer. In conclusion, more extensively used grasslands have survived to date than would be anticipated in such a rapidly growing city as Zurich. Their quality has hardly changed during the past Manuscript received 09 May 2021, accepted 07 August 2021 Published online 31 October 2021 Co-ordinating Editor: Valentin Klaus 424 quarter century, and if changes occurred, they are rather attributable to the intentional change of management from grazing to mowing. The relatively good ecological state of these urban grasslands might be due to a lower agricultural land use pressure than outside urban areas, as well as a constant management of many of these grasslands with a conservation focus. By maintaining these grasslands in their current state, they may have the potential to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in urban areas.
许多研究表明,由于人为环境变化的多种驱动因素,中欧草原的物种组成在过去几十年中发生了重大变化。大多数此类研究涉及干旱、酸性、潮湿或高山草原类型,而对中生草原的变化知之甚少,尤其是在城市地区。为了调查人为环境变化对这些草原的影响,我们在苏黎世市(瑞士)的一些地块原始记录大约25年后重新进行了调查。首先,我们检查了该市241片广泛使用的梅斯草原(属于阿氏草原)是否仍然是草原,以及它们的管理是否发生了变化。然后,我们重新测量了30块50平方米的准永久地块的代表性子集。我们测试了生物多样性指标、平均生态指标值、功能性状的群落加权平均值(CWM)或单个维管植物物种的存在是否发生了变化。我们发现,由于这一时期土地利用的变化,15%的原始草原已经消失。在剩下的草原中,大部分以前的草地仍然被割草,而许多以前的牧场已经变成了草地。30个地块的阿尔法多样性指标没有显著变化。然而,物种组成现在表明营养较差,富碱较少,场地条件较差,而比叶面积(SLA)的CWM降低,种子质量的CWM增加。在这两个时期都通过割草管理的林分中,几乎没有变化,而那些从放牧转变为割草的林分则发生了明显变化。总体而言,5个物种的频率显著增加,16个物种的出现频率显著减少,赢家和输家之间没有明显的生态差异。外来物种在这两个时期都很罕见,几乎没有任何趋势,除了越来越罕见的波斯维罗妮卡。总之,迄今为止,在苏黎世这样一个快速发展的城市,使用范围更广的草原比预期的要大。在过去的手稿中,它们的质量几乎没有变化,2021年5月9日收到,2021年8月7日接受。2021年10月31日在线发布。协调编辑:Valentin Klaus 424四分之一世纪,如果发生了变化,则可归因于管理从放牧到割草的有意变化。这些城市草原相对良好的生态状态可能是由于农业用地压力低于城市以外地区,以及对许多草原的持续管理和保护。通过保持这些草原的现状,它们可能有潜力为保护城市地区的生物多样性做出贡献。
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引用次数: 2
Traditional land use, management and biodiversity of European semi-natural grasslands : editorial to the 15th EDGG Special Feature 欧洲半天然草原的传统土地利用、管理和生物多样性:EDGG第15期特辑社论
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.14471/2020.40.026
S. Boch, T. Becker, Balasz Deák, Jürgen Dengler, V. Wagner
1WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; 2Regional and Environmental Sciences/Geobotany, University of Trier, Behringstr. 21, 54296 Trier, Germany; 3MTA-ÖK Lendület Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány út 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary; 4Vegetation Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüentalstr. 14, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; 5Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; 6German Centre for Integrated Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, DeutscherPlatz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;7Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada *Corresponding author, e-mail: steffen.boch@wsl.ch
1瑞士联邦研究所,z rcherstr。111,8903 Birmensdorf,瑞士;2特里尔大学区域与环境科学/地球植物学研究所,德国特里尔21,54296;3MTA-ÖK lend生态研究中心生态学与植物学研究所种子生态学研究组,Alkotmány út 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163;4苏黎世应用科学大学(ZHAW)自然资源科学研究所植被生态组,grentalstr;14、8820 Wädenswil,瑞士;5德国拜罗伊特大学植物生态学拜罗伊特生态与环境研究中心(BayCEER), Universitätsstr。30,95447拜罗伊特,德国;6德国生物多样性综合研究中心(iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, DeutscherPlatz 5e, 04103莱比锡;7加拿大阿尔伯塔大学生物科学系,加拿大埃德蒙顿,T6G 2E9 *通讯作者,e-mail: steffen.boch@wsl.ch
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引用次数: 4
Optimal site conditions for dry grasslands of high conservation value in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland 瑞士苏黎世州具有高保护价值的干燥草原的最佳场地条件
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.14471/2020.40.021
M. Büchler, R. Billeter, Jürgen Dengler
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引用次数: 4
Wenn Gämsen Schafe ersetzen : Fallstudie zu den Auswirkungen auf die Diversität von alpinen Rasen 当羚羊被替换:研究表明牧场多样性带来的影响
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.14471/2020.40.013
Stefan Widmer, M. Riesen, B. Krüsi, J. Dengler, Regula Billeter
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引用次数: 1
Broad-scale diversity patterns of Central European Carex humilis steppes 中欧苔草大草原的大规模多样性格局
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.14471/2020.40.018
M. Janišová, N. Bauer, J. Csiky, Jürgen Dengler, T. Hlásny, C. Hobohm, I. Škodová, T. Willner
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引用次数: 2
Determination of habitat requirements of the glacial relict Nuphar pumila as basis for successful (re-)introductions 确定冰川遗迹浮石的栖息地需求,作为成功(重新)引入的基础
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.14471/2020.40.022
S. Keller, Manuel Babbi, S. Widmer, Jamyra Gehler, S. Hausmann, C. Berg, F. Landucci, Patrick Schwager, Kateřina Šumberová, Jürgen Dengler
Nuphar pumila is a glacial relict, which is nowadays rare throughout Europe and red-listed in most European regions. In Switzerland only three autochthonous populations and one population of the hybrid with N. lutea (N. ×spenneriana) have survived to date, one of them in the canton of Zurich. To protect this species regionally, the canton of Zurich has commissioned the ex situ propagation of speci-mens, which then had been introduced to 37 water bodies in protected areas, including one known former site. Since only about 10% of these introductions had been successful, there was a wish to identify causes of this lack of success. To this end, we compared the vegetation and physical-chemical parameters of the four natural sites in Switzerland with the successful and unsuccessful introduction sites. Additionally, for a subset of sites, we assessed diatom genus composition as a proxy of water quality. Moreover, we derived vegetation plots of N. pumila and N. lutea from across Europe from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) to compare their site conditions, using mean ecological indicator values and bioclimatic variables of the localities. We found that inside Switzerland the main differences were between the natural sites and all introduction sites, while successful and unsuccessful introduction sites hardly differed in the determined parameters. Natural sites had cooler water with lower magnesi-um content, and according to mean ecological indicator values, also lower nutrient status. The diatom data, though limited in amount, point into the same direction. The EVA data demonstrate that stands of N. pumila are mainly more oligotrophic, but also cooler and more acidic than those of N. lutea. We could not find any factor that explains the success vs. lack of success of plantations of N. pumila in multiple sites in the canton of Zurich, but our results rather indicate that due to the relatively warm climate, the high atmogenic nitrogen input and the predominantly base-rich bedrock, the sites in the canton are generally not particularly well suited for N. pumila. We consider it therefore more promising to protect and possibly (re-)introduce N. pumila in other cantons with higher elevation, base-poor bedrock and lower atmogenic nitrogen input.
Nuphar pumila是一种冰川遗迹,如今在整个欧洲都很罕见,在大多数欧洲地区都被列为红色。在瑞士,迄今为止,只有三个本地种群和一个与N.lutea杂交的种群存活下来,其中一个在苏黎世州。为了在区域范围内保护该物种,苏黎世州委托物种迁地繁殖,然后将其引入保护区的37个水体,包括一个已知的旧址。由于这些介绍中只有大约10%是成功的,因此希望找出这种缺乏成功的原因。为此,我们将瑞士四个自然地点的植被和物理化学参数与成功和不成功的引种地点进行了比较。此外,对于一个子集的地点,我们评估了硅藻属的组成,作为水质的代表。此外,我们从欧洲植被档案(EVA)中获得了欧洲各地的N.pumila和N.lutea的植被图,以使用当地的平均生态指标值和生物气候变量来比较它们的现场条件。我们发现,在瑞士境内,自然地点和所有引入地点之间的主要差异,而成功和不成功的引入地点在确定的参数上几乎没有差异。天然场地的水较冷,镁含量较低,根据平均生态指标值,营养状况也较低。硅藻的数据虽然数量有限,但指向相同的方向。EVA数据表明,与木犀相比,浮萍林分主要更贫营养,但也更凉爽,酸性更强。我们找不到任何因素来解释在苏黎世州的多个地点种植N.pumila的成功与否,但我们的研究结果表明,由于相对温暖的气候、高的大气氮输入和主要富含碱的基岩,该州的地点通常不太适合种植N.pumilla。因此,我们认为在海拔较高、基岩较差、大气氮输入较低的其他州保护并可能(重新)引入N.pumila更有希望。
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引用次数: 1
Pseudosteppes and related grassland vegetation in the Pamir-Alai and western Tian Shan Mts : the borderland of the Irano-Turanian and Euro-Siberian regions 帕米尔-阿莱和天山西部的假草原和相关草原植被:Irano Turanian和Euro西伯利亚地区的边界
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.21256/ZHAW-21150
S. Świerszcz, M. Nobis, Grzegorz Swacha, Z. Kącki, I. Dembicz, K. Waindzoch, S. Nowak, A. Nowak
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引用次数: 8
Ancient settlements in Southern Ukraine : how do local and landscape factors shape vascular plant diversity patterns in the last remnants of grass steppe vegetation? 乌克兰南部的古代聚落:当地和景观因素如何在草原植被的最后残余中塑造维管植物多样性模式?
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.21256/ZHAW-21149
Antike Siedlungen, P. Dayneko, Ivan I. Moysiyenko, I. Dembicz, M. Zachwatowicz, B. Sudnik-Wójcikowska
Agricultural intensification in the last century resulted in a significant loss and fragmentation of steppe habitats. As a result, steppes are scattered and rarely preserved in highly transformed landscapes. Steppe patches have often remained on sites with cultural importance, such as ancient burial mounds (kurgans), old cemeteries or ancient settlements (earthworks). Thus, not only natural but also cultural objects could show a high conservation value. We hypothesised that ancient settlements (3rd – 2nd century BC) may act as steppe habitat islands, equally important as e.g. burial mounds for steppe plant protection. The aim of this study was to examine the local and landscape factors affecting vascular plants’ richness patterns in ancient settlements and to check the importance of such ancient settlements for nature conservation. We asked the following questions: 1) How high is the species richness of vascular plants on ancient settlements? 2) Do ancient settlements have a nature conservation value comparable to other steppe enclaves of the studied zone? 3) Which factors are the most important for the species richness and species composition in ancient settlements? We analysed total richness and its separate categories as dependent variables in simple regressions against seven environmental variables such as ancient settlement’s area, microhabitat variety index, afforestation degree, steppe cover in 1 km buffer around an ancient settlement, distance to the closest settlements, area of settlements in 1 km buffer around an ancient settlement and mean annual precipitation. In 18 studied ancient settlements located in the Lower Dnipro basin (Southern Ukraine), we recorded a considerable number of native (396 species, 75.6%), steppe (239 species, 45.6%) and non-synanthropic plants (225 species, 42.9%), which indicated a good state of preservation of the steppe on these objects. The microhabitat variety index, as a measure of habitat heterogeneity, appeared to be the most significant positive predictor of total species richness, followed by ancient settlement’s area, afforestation degree and steppe cover around the ancient settlements. The same factors were significant for the richness of non-synanthropic plants. Distance to settlements was a significant negative predictor for established alien species richness. Our study confirmed that ancient settlements are valuable enclaves of steppe flora, surprisingly species-rich and of relatively Manuscript received 15 March 2020, accepted 29 May 2020 Co-ordinating Editor: Balázs Deák 460 high ratio of steppe and non-synanthropic plants compared to the flora of nature reserves and kurgans. Our results could help to better plan active protection of plant diversity on ancient settlements, e.g. through steppe restoration around the ancient settlements, maintenance of small-scale disturbance and microhabitat diversity (pastures, mown areas, burnt areas, loess or limestone extraction sites etc.) and limiting affor
上个世纪的农业集约化导致了草原生境的大量丧失和破碎化。因此,在高度变化的景观中,草原是分散的,很少被保存下来。草原斑块通常保留在具有重要文化意义的遗址上,例如古代墓丘(kurgans)、古老墓地或古代定居点(土方工程)。因此,不仅是自然的,而且文物也具有很高的保护价值。我们假设古代定居点(公元前3 - 2世纪)可能作为草原栖息地岛屿,与草原植物保护的埋葬丘同等重要。本研究旨在探讨影响古聚落维管植物丰富度格局的地方因素和景观因素,并探讨古聚落在自然保护中的重要性。我们提出了以下问题:1)古聚落维管植物的物种丰富度有多高?2)古聚落是否具有与研究区内其他草原飞地相当的自然保护价值?3)哪些因素对古聚落物种丰富度和物种组成最重要?以古聚点面积、微生境多样性指数、造林程度、古聚点周围1 km缓冲带草原覆盖、到最近的聚落距离、古聚点周围1 km缓冲带聚落面积、年平均降水量等7个环境变量为变量,对总丰富度及其分类进行简单回归分析。在乌克兰南部下第聂伯罗盆地的18个古聚落中,记录到相当数量的原生植物(396种,占75.6%)、草原植物(239种,占45.6%)和非共生植物(225种,占42.9%),表明草原植物保存状况良好。微生境多样性指数对物种总丰富度的正向预测作用最为显著,其次是古聚落面积、古聚落周围的植被覆盖率和草原覆盖度。对非共生植物的丰富度也有同样的影响。到聚落的距离是外来物种丰富度的显著负向预测因子。我们的研究证实,古代定居点是有价值的草原植物飞地,物种丰富,相对而言,手稿收到2020年3月15日,接受2020年5月29日协调编辑:Balázs Deák 460与自然保护区和库尔干地区的植物区系相比,草原和非共生植物的比例很高。研究结果有助于更好地规划古聚点植物多样性的积极保护,如恢复古聚点周围的草原,维持小规模干扰和微生境多样性(牧场、刈割区、烧毁区、黄土或石灰岩采掘地等),并在一定程度上限制造林。
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引用次数: 5
Mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) forests of the Central and Southern Alps (Grisons and Ticino, Switzerland – Prov. Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, N-Italy): Plant ecological and phytosociological aspects 瑞士中部和南部阿尔卑斯山脉(格里松和提契诺州)的山灰林(Sorbus aucuparia)。Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, N-Italy):植物生态学和植物社会学方面
IF 1.2 4区 生物学 Q3 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.14471/2019.39.016
C. Burga, S. Bührer, F. Klötzli
Mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) is widespread in Europe from sea level to the timberline and reaches its most northern range in N-Norway at 71 °N. Sorbus aucupariaoccurs on acid, dry to moist and mesotrophic to oligotrophic soils. The species often grows in secondary forests together with Alnus viridis, Sambucus racemosa, Betula pendula, Frangula alnus and some Salix spp. In most climax forests mountain ash grows only in the shrub layer. In the subalpine belt, the tree is present in green alder scrub and European larch-Swiss stone pine forests. On some N-exposed mountain slopes of the S-Alps, small mountain ash forests with green alder build the upper forest limit above 1500 m. In this study, ecological and phytosociological aspects of this particular forest community along a N-S-transect from the Swiss Central Alps (Grisons) to the South Alps (Ticino/ N-Italy) were investigated. We consider site conditions, local spread, rejuvenation, tree age structure, infestation and phytosociological aspects of S. aucuparia. The occurrence of A. viridis in the N-S-transect and the role of S. aucupariain the secondary and climax forests have been investigated. While in the green alder scrub (Alnetum viridis) of the North single mountain ash trees are present, alder-mountain ash forests have been found at the S-Alpine sites with S. aucupariacovers 25–80%. Here, the Alnetum viridis is absent, and A.viridis is element of the mountain ash forests. In the montane and lower subalpine zone, S. aucupariawill often be replaced later by beech or other climax trees. Above the upper beech limit, we consider the green alder-mountain ash forests as climax forests. At the driest forest sites, grass species are pre-dominant – mainly Calamagrostis spp. and Avenella flexuosa. Based on the earlier provisional phytosociological name of S-Alpine green alder-mountain ash forests, we suggest the name Alno viridi-Sorbetum aucupariae Hari, Leisinger et Zysset 1993 – according to the first description by HARI et al. (1993). Based on our vegetation records of green alder-mountain ash forests, we propose a new sub-association Alno viridi-Sorbetum aucupariae calamagrostietosum subass. nov.
山灰(Sorbus aucuparia)广泛分布于欧洲,从海平面到树带线,在北纬71°的挪威北部到达其最北的范围。花楸属植物生长在酸性、干到湿、中营养到少营养土壤上。该树种常与绿桤木、总状桑、白桦、白桦及部分柳属植物一起生长在次生林中。在顶极林中,山灰树仅生长在灌木层。在亚高山带,这种树存在于绿色桤木灌丛和欧洲落叶松-瑞士石松林中。在南阿尔卑斯山脉一些暴露氮的山坡上,小的山灰林和绿桤木构成了1500米以上的森林上限。在这项研究中,研究了从瑞士中阿尔卑斯(Grisons)到南阿尔卑斯(Ticino/ N-Italy)的n - s样带这一特殊森林群落的生态学和植物社会学方面。我们考虑了地点条件、局部传播、再生、树龄结构、侵染和植物社会学方面的问题。本文研究了绿桫椤在n - s样带的分布及其在次生林和顶极林中的作用。在北部单一山白蜡树的绿桤木灌丛(Alnetum viridis)中存在,而在S-Alpine遗址发现了桤木山白蜡林,其中南高山白蜡树覆盖了25-80%。在这里,没有绿木桐,而绿木桐是山灰林的元素。在山地和低亚高山地带,山毛榉后来经常被山毛榉或其他顶极乔木所取代。在山毛榉上限以上,我们认为绿桤木灰林为顶极林。在最干燥的林点,禾本科物种占优势,主要是菖蒲和弯纹草。根据先前S-Alpine绿桤木山灰林的植物社会学临时名称,我们建议将其命名为Alno viridi-Sorbetum aucupariae Hari, Leisinger et Zysset 1993 -根据Hari等人(1993)的第一次描述。根据绿桤木山灰林的植被记录,提出了一个新的亚群Alno viridi-Sorbetum aucupariae calamagrostietosum亚群。11月。
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引用次数: 2
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