Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1691
Albertus S. Louw, S. MacFadyen, Sam M. Ferreira, Cang Hui
No abstract available.
没有摘要。
{"title":"Erratum: Elephant population responses to increased density in Kruger National Park","authors":"Albertus S. Louw, S. MacFadyen, Sam M. Ferreira, Cang Hui","doi":"10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1691","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract available.","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75246031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1689
Petrus J. Van Staden, G. Bredenkamp, H. Bezuidenhout, L. Brown
The description and classification of vegetation are important for conservation and resource management. The aim of this study was to identify, reclassify and describe the plant communities present in the Waterberg Mountain vegetation of the Marakele National Park in the Limpopo province, South Africa. A phytosociological classification, mapping and description of sections of the Waterberg Mountain vegetation in the park were done in 1995. Since 1995, various farms adjacent to the park have been bought and incorporated into it. Little is known about the vegetation and habitat status of these newly acquired areas, which led to this study. The floristic data were analysed according to the Braun-Blanquet procedure using the Braun Blanquet Personal Computer (BBPC) suite as well as the JUICE software package, whilst the diversity of the plant communities was determined using the Shannon–Wiener and Gini–Simpson indices. A total of 12 plant communities were identified and are described according to their diagnostic, constant and dominant plant species as determined from the synoptic table analysis as well as their characteristic species as derived from the phytosociological table. Based on the topography and plant species composition, the vegetation can be grouped into five major groups, namely the: (1) lower midslope and plateau shrub- and woodlands, (2) high altitude midslope woodland, (3) high-lying plateau and midslope grass-, shrub- and woodlands, (4) ravine, footslope and drainage line forests and woodland, and (5) higher-lying plateau wetlands and forblands. The high altitude midslope grassland and shrubland and the lower midslope and plateau areas have the highest diversity. The high-lying vegetation has affinity with Bankenveld and Drakensberg vegetation, whilst the relatively low-lying plateaus and midslope vegetation are typical of the bushveld areas.Conservation implications: This reclassification, mapping and description of the Waterberg Mountain vegetation have been incorporated into the Management Plan for the park. It will enable managers to make scientifically based decisions on the management of the different ecosystems to ensure biodiversity conservation. This vegetation study also provides baseline information that allows for vegetation assessments to determine veld condition, carrying capacity and stocking density for the park.
植被的描述和分类对植被的保护和资源管理具有重要意义。本研究的目的是鉴定、重新分类和描述南非林波波省Marakele国家公园Waterberg山植被中的植物群落。1995年对公园内的沃特伯格山植被进行了植物社会学分类、制图和描述。自1995年以来，公园附近的多个农场被收购并并入公园。由于对这些新获得区域的植被和生境状况知之甚少，因此进行了这项研究。利用Braun Blanquet Personal Computer (BBPC)软件和JUICE软件对植物区系数据进行了分析，利用Shannon-Wiener指数和Gini-Simpson指数确定了植物群落的多样性。共鉴定出12个植物群落，并根据天气表分析确定的诊断、恒定和优势植物种类以及植物社会学表确定的特征物种进行了描述。根据地形和植物种类组成，可将植被分为五大类群，即:(1)低中坡和高原灌丛林地，(2)高海拔中坡林地，(3)高海拔高原和中坡草、灌木和林地，(4)沟壑、脚坡和水系森林和林地，(5)高海拔高原湿地和滩涂。高海拔中坡草原和灌丛、低海拔中坡和高原地区多样性最高。高海拔植被与Bankenveld和Drakensberg植被有亲缘关系，而相对低洼的高原和中坡植被是灌木原始区的典型植被。保护意义:对沃特伯格山植被的重新分类、制图和描述已纳入公园的管理计划。它将使管理者能够对不同生态系统的管理做出基于科学的决策，以确保生物多样性的保护。这项植被研究还提供了基线信息，用于植被评估，以确定该公园的草原状况、承载能力和放养密度。
{"title":"A reclassification and description of the Waterberg Mountain vegetation of the Marakele National Park, Limpopo province, South Africa","authors":"Petrus J. Van Staden, G. Bredenkamp, H. Bezuidenhout, L. Brown","doi":"10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1689","url":null,"abstract":"The description and classification of vegetation are important for conservation and resource management. The aim of this study was to identify, reclassify and describe the plant communities present in the Waterberg Mountain vegetation of the Marakele National Park in the Limpopo province, South Africa. A phytosociological classification, mapping and description of sections of the Waterberg Mountain vegetation in the park were done in 1995. Since 1995, various farms adjacent to the park have been bought and incorporated into it. Little is known about the vegetation and habitat status of these newly acquired areas, which led to this study. The floristic data were analysed according to the Braun-Blanquet procedure using the Braun Blanquet Personal Computer (BBPC) suite as well as the JUICE software package, whilst the diversity of the plant communities was determined using the Shannon–Wiener and Gini–Simpson indices. A total of 12 plant communities were identified and are described according to their diagnostic, constant and dominant plant species as determined from the synoptic table analysis as well as their characteristic species as derived from the phytosociological table. Based on the topography and plant species composition, the vegetation can be grouped into five major groups, namely the: (1) lower midslope and plateau shrub- and woodlands, (2) high altitude midslope woodland, (3) high-lying plateau and midslope grass-, shrub- and woodlands, (4) ravine, footslope and drainage line forests and woodland, and (5) higher-lying plateau wetlands and forblands. The high altitude midslope grassland and shrubland and the lower midslope and plateau areas have the highest diversity. The high-lying vegetation has affinity with Bankenveld and Drakensberg vegetation, whilst the relatively low-lying plateaus and midslope vegetation are typical of the bushveld areas.Conservation implications: This reclassification, mapping and description of the Waterberg Mountain vegetation have been incorporated into the Management Plan for the park. It will enable managers to make scientifically based decisions on the management of the different ecosystems to ensure biodiversity conservation. This vegetation study also provides baseline information that allows for vegetation assessments to determine veld condition, carrying capacity and stocking density for the park.","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87007113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1661
Isiah Nthenga, R. Knoetze, A. Malan
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are microscopic roundworms that are found in soil worldwide. They deliver an important ecosystem service through preventing natural flares in insect reproduction by means of utilising the soil stages of insects as a food source and by acting as natural biocontrol agents. A survey of EPNs was conducted in the JS Marais Nature Reserve, Stellenbosch, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Soil samples were baited with the larvae of three susceptible hosts, codling moth (Cydia pomonella), wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) to determine the presence of EPN. Of the 76 soil samples collected across the reserve, 39 were found to be positive for the presence of EPN (51.32%). Among the positive samples, 87% contained Steinernema isolates, 8% contained Heterorhabditis and 5% contained the Oscheius sp. Morphological and molecular studies were performed to characterise the isolates to species level. The Steinernema species were identified as Steinernema khoisanae in 34 samples, and as Steinernema nguyeni in five samples. The only species of Heterorhabditis found was H. safricana, which was identified from three samples. An unknown Oscheius sp. was found in two samples. The reserve’s population of S. khoisanae showed interesting inter-individual variation (93%) early in the internal transcribe spacer (ITS) region, leading to short single-usable sequences, which, in most cases, included only the ITS1 or ITS2 region. However, using the D2D3 confirmed their identity as S. khoisanae, with such occurring in all areas and soil types of the reserve.Conservation implications: The undisturbed alluvial fynbos and renosterveld of the JS Marais Nature Reserve showed high EPN abundance and diversity in stark contrast to the agro-ecosystems present in the Cape floristic region. This finding, on a micro level, should be conserved for future bioprospecting in the fynbos for EPNs with potential as biocontrol agents.
{"title":"Distribution and diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in a South African nature reserve","authors":"Isiah Nthenga, R. Knoetze, A. Malan","doi":"10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1661","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are microscopic roundworms that are found in soil worldwide. They deliver an important ecosystem service through preventing natural flares in insect reproduction by means of utilising the soil stages of insects as a food source and by acting as natural biocontrol agents. A survey of EPNs was conducted in the JS Marais Nature Reserve, Stellenbosch, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Soil samples were baited with the larvae of three susceptible hosts, codling moth (Cydia pomonella), wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) to determine the presence of EPN. Of the 76 soil samples collected across the reserve, 39 were found to be positive for the presence of EPN (51.32%). Among the positive samples, 87% contained Steinernema isolates, 8% contained Heterorhabditis and 5% contained the Oscheius sp. Morphological and molecular studies were performed to characterise the isolates to species level. The Steinernema species were identified as Steinernema khoisanae in 34 samples, and as Steinernema nguyeni in five samples. The only species of Heterorhabditis found was H. safricana, which was identified from three samples. An unknown Oscheius sp. was found in two samples. The reserve’s population of S. khoisanae showed interesting inter-individual variation (93%) early in the internal transcribe spacer (ITS) region, leading to short single-usable sequences, which, in most cases, included only the ITS1 or ITS2 region. However, using the D2D3 confirmed their identity as S. khoisanae, with such occurring in all areas and soil types of the reserve.Conservation implications: The undisturbed alluvial fynbos and renosterveld of the JS Marais Nature Reserve showed high EPN abundance and diversity in stark contrast to the agro-ecosystems present in the Cape floristic region. This finding, on a micro level, should be conserved for future bioprospecting in the fynbos for EPNs with potential as biocontrol agents.","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86513139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1672
M. E. Daemane, A. Ramoelo, S. Adelabu
The extreme variability in the topography, altitude and climatic conditions in the temperate Grassland Mountains of Southern Africa is associated with the complex mosaic of grassland communities with pockets of woodland patches. Understanding the relationships between plant communities and environmental parameters is essential in biodiversity conservation, especially for current and future climate change predictions. This article focused on the spatial distribution of woodland communities and their associated environmental drivers in the Golden Gate Highlands (GGHNP) National Park in South Africa. A generalized linear model (GLM) assuming a binomial distribution, was used to determine the optimal environmental variables influencing the spatial distribution of the woodland communities. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) was relatively higher for the topographic ruggedness index (68.78%), topographic roughness index (68.03), aspect (60.04%), coarse fragments (37.46%) and the topographic wetness index (31.33) whereas soil pH, bulk density, sandy and clay contents had relatively less variation (2.39%, 3.23%, 7.56% and 8.46% respectively). In determining the optimal number of environmental variables influencing the spatial distribution of woodland communities, roughness index, topographic wetness index, soil coarse fragments, soil organic carbon, soil cation exchange capacity and remote-sensing based vegetation condition index were significant (p 0.05) and positively correlated with the woodland communities. Soil nitrogen, clay content, soil pH, fire and elevation were also significant but negatively correlated with the woodland communities. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was 0.81. This was indicative of a Parsimonious Model with explanatory predictive power for determination of optimal environmental variables in vegetation ecology.Conservation implications: The isolated woodland communities are sources of floristic diversity and important biogeographical links between larger forest areas in the wider Drakensberg region. They provide suitable habitats for a larger number of forest species and harbour some of the endemic tree species of South Africa. They also provide watershed protection and other important ecosystem services. Understanding the drivers influencing the spatial distribution and persistence of these woodland communities is therefore key to conservation planning in the area.
{"title":"The spatial distribution of the woodland communities and their associated environmental drivers in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa","authors":"M. E. Daemane, A. Ramoelo, S. Adelabu","doi":"10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1672","url":null,"abstract":"The extreme variability in the topography, altitude and climatic conditions in the temperate Grassland Mountains of Southern Africa is associated with the complex mosaic of grassland communities with pockets of woodland patches. Understanding the relationships between plant communities and environmental parameters is essential in biodiversity conservation, especially for current and future climate change predictions. This article focused on the spatial distribution of woodland communities and their associated environmental drivers in the Golden Gate Highlands (GGHNP) National Park in South Africa. A generalized linear model (GLM) assuming a binomial distribution, was used to determine the optimal environmental variables influencing the spatial distribution of the woodland communities. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) was relatively higher for the topographic ruggedness index (68.78%), topographic roughness index (68.03), aspect (60.04%), coarse fragments (37.46%) and the topographic wetness index (31.33) whereas soil pH, bulk density, sandy and clay contents had relatively less variation (2.39%, 3.23%, 7.56% and 8.46% respectively). In determining the optimal number of environmental variables influencing the spatial distribution of woodland communities, roughness index, topographic wetness index, soil coarse fragments, soil organic carbon, soil cation exchange capacity and remote-sensing based vegetation condition index were significant (p 0.05) and positively correlated with the woodland communities. Soil nitrogen, clay content, soil pH, fire and elevation were also significant but negatively correlated with the woodland communities. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was 0.81. This was indicative of a Parsimonious Model with explanatory predictive power for determination of optimal environmental variables in vegetation ecology.Conservation implications: The isolated woodland communities are sources of floristic diversity and important biogeographical links between larger forest areas in the wider Drakensberg region. They provide suitable habitats for a larger number of forest species and harbour some of the endemic tree species of South Africa. They also provide watershed protection and other important ecosystem services. Understanding the drivers influencing the spatial distribution and persistence of these woodland communities is therefore key to conservation planning in the area.","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82445425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-06DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1687
Welsey L. Hartmann, Vicki Fishlock, A. Leslie
Wildlife science usually focusses on the study, monitoring and management of animals and their habitats (Chabot & Bird 2015). Although these goals may be relatively simple, achieving them can be extremely challenging, particularly as resources are often limited and target species can be elusive, wide-ranging, sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances and/or dangerous to approach (Chabot & Bird 2015). Additionally, many target animals occupy habitats that are extensive, remote and often impossible to access at ground-level. New technologies have greatly aided accessing these difficult subjects in their challenging habitats. Examples include motion-triggered camera traps (O’Connell, Nichols & Karanth 2011), aircraft (Fleming & Tracey 2008), remote sensing satellites (Kerr & Ostrovsky 2003), radar (Larkin 2005), thermal cameras (O’Neil et al. 2005), projectile-based animal-capturing devices and chemical immobilisation agents (Roffe, Sweeney & Aune 2005; Schemnitz 2005) and a vast array of electronic tracking devices and accompanying software (Thomas, Holland & Minot 2011). One technology that is rapidly gaining popularity are the aerial units known variously as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), remotely piloted aircraft systems or (mostly popularly) drones. The popularity of drones amongst wildlife biologists, ecologists and conservationists is clear from the many review articles investigating the applications and proliferation of drone use in remote sensing, natural resource sciences and ecology (Allan et al. 2015; Anderson & Gaston 2013; Christie et al. 2016; Colomina & Molina 2014; Jones, Pearlstine & Percival 2006; Koh & Wich 2012; Pajares 2015; Shahbazi, Theau & Menard 2014; Watts, Ambrosia & Hinkley 2012; Whitehead & Hugenholtz 2014; Whitehead et al. 2014). Chabot and Bird (2015) conducted an extensive review of drone use in wildlife management in which they highlighted optical surveying and observation of animals, uses of drones in autonomous wildlife telemetry tracking, habitat research and monitoring and a review of the broader potential for UAVs. Although the capabilities and Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones, are increasingly used in ecological management, conservation and research. Numerous reviews on drones tout almost unlimited potential within the wildlife sciences as they open up inaccessible habitats to observation. However, the influence of drones on the animals themselves is far less understood, and impact studies to construct protocols for best practices are urgently needed to minimise the potential for stress on target species. The impact of a quadcopter drone’s approach speed, angle of approach and initial starting altitude was tested on the behavioural responses of African elephants (Loxodonta africana), along with sustained speed and flight pattern. Seventy-nine approach flights and 70 presence flights were conducted. The speed and angle of approach significantly impacted the succ
{"title":"First guidelines and suggested best protocol for surveying African elephants (Loxodonta africana) using a drone","authors":"Welsey L. Hartmann, Vicki Fishlock, A. Leslie","doi":"10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1687","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife science usually focusses on the study, monitoring and management of animals and their habitats (Chabot & Bird 2015). Although these goals may be relatively simple, achieving them can be extremely challenging, particularly as resources are often limited and target species can be elusive, wide-ranging, sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances and/or dangerous to approach (Chabot & Bird 2015). Additionally, many target animals occupy habitats that are extensive, remote and often impossible to access at ground-level. New technologies have greatly aided accessing these difficult subjects in their challenging habitats. Examples include motion-triggered camera traps (O’Connell, Nichols & Karanth 2011), aircraft (Fleming & Tracey 2008), remote sensing satellites (Kerr & Ostrovsky 2003), radar (Larkin 2005), thermal cameras (O’Neil et al. 2005), projectile-based animal-capturing devices and chemical immobilisation agents (Roffe, Sweeney & Aune 2005; Schemnitz 2005) and a vast array of electronic tracking devices and accompanying software (Thomas, Holland & Minot 2011). One technology that is rapidly gaining popularity are the aerial units known variously as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), remotely piloted aircraft systems or (mostly popularly) drones. The popularity of drones amongst wildlife biologists, ecologists and conservationists is clear from the many review articles investigating the applications and proliferation of drone use in remote sensing, natural resource sciences and ecology (Allan et al. 2015; Anderson & Gaston 2013; Christie et al. 2016; Colomina & Molina 2014; Jones, Pearlstine & Percival 2006; Koh & Wich 2012; Pajares 2015; Shahbazi, Theau & Menard 2014; Watts, Ambrosia & Hinkley 2012; Whitehead & Hugenholtz 2014; Whitehead et al. 2014). Chabot and Bird (2015) conducted an extensive review of drone use in wildlife management in which they highlighted optical surveying and observation of animals, uses of drones in autonomous wildlife telemetry tracking, habitat research and monitoring and a review of the broader potential for UAVs. Although the capabilities and Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones, are increasingly used in ecological management, conservation and research. Numerous reviews on drones tout almost unlimited potential within the wildlife sciences as they open up inaccessible habitats to observation. However, the influence of drones on the animals themselves is far less understood, and impact studies to construct protocols for best practices are urgently needed to minimise the potential for stress on target species. The impact of a quadcopter drone’s approach speed, angle of approach and initial starting altitude was tested on the behavioural responses of African elephants (Loxodonta africana), along with sustained speed and flight pattern. Seventy-nine approach flights and 70 presence flights were conducted. The speed and angle of approach significantly impacted the succ","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73804129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1673
Haemish Melville, Robyn S. Hetem, W. M. Strauss
{"title":"Is climate change a concern for the ownership of game within fenced wildlife areas?","authors":"Haemish Melville, Robyn S. Hetem, W. M. Strauss","doi":"10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1673","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89844556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.4102/KOEDOE.V63I1.1683
D. Parker
South Africa boasts a network of 20 national parks that are situated across a range of vegetation biomes. The primary function of these national parks is to protect the ecological integrity of these various natural ecosystems for current and future generations (Bezuidenhout & Brown 2008). However, several national parks within this network were originally gazetted in an attempt to preserve a single species (often large mammals) because of pressure from over-hunting or poaching (e.g. Addo Elephant National Park and Bontebok National Park). The Mountain Zebra National Park (hereafter MZNP) is one such ‘single-species’ national park. The park was founded in 1937 to protect the endangered Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). To sustain the viability of the mountain zebra population, the park was extended in 1964 and 1996 by incorporating various farms adjacent to the park (Bezuidenhout & Brown 2008). The park was expanded again in 2002, but by this stage, the conservation and management focus had shifted more towards the conservation of biodiversity as a whole, rather than just the viability of the mountain zebra population (SANParks 2016).
南非拥有一个由20个国家公园组成的网络，这些公园位于一系列植被生物群系中。这些国家公园的主要功能是为当代和后代保护这些不同自然生态系统的生态完整性(Bezuidenhout & Brown 2008)。然而，由于过度狩猎或偷猎的压力，这个网络中的几个国家公园最初是为了保护单一物种(通常是大型哺乳动物)而在宪报上公布的(例如阿多大象国家公园和邦特博克国家公园)。山斑马国家公园(以下简称MZNP)就是这样一个“单一物种”的国家公园。该公园成立于1937年，旨在保护濒临灭绝的开普山斑马(马斑斑马)。为了维持山地斑马种群的生存能力，公园在1964年和1996年进行了扩展，合并了公园附近的各种农场(Bezuidenhout & Brown 2008)。该公园于2002年再次扩建，但在这个阶段，保护和管理的重点已经更多地转向保护整个生物多样性，而不仅仅是山地斑马种群的生存能力(SANParks 2016)。
{"title":"Mammals in the mountains: An historical review and updated checklist of the mammals of the Mountain Zebra National Park","authors":"D. Parker","doi":"10.4102/KOEDOE.V63I1.1683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/KOEDOE.V63I1.1683","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa boasts a network of 20 national parks that are situated across a range of vegetation biomes. The primary function of these national parks is to protect the ecological integrity of these various natural ecosystems for current and future generations (Bezuidenhout & Brown 2008). However, several national parks within this network were originally gazetted in an attempt to preserve a single species (often large mammals) because of pressure from over-hunting or poaching (e.g. Addo Elephant National Park and Bontebok National Park). The Mountain Zebra National Park (hereafter MZNP) is one such ‘single-species’ national park. The park was founded in 1937 to protect the endangered Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). To sustain the viability of the mountain zebra population, the park was extended in 1964 and 1996 by incorporating various farms adjacent to the park (Bezuidenhout & Brown 2008). The park was expanded again in 2002, but by this stage, the conservation and management focus had shifted more towards the conservation of biodiversity as a whole, rather than just the viability of the mountain zebra population (SANParks 2016).","PeriodicalId":48892,"journal":{"name":"Koedoe","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81949969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.4102/KOEDOE.V63I1.1660
Albertus S. Louw, S. MacFadyen, Sam M. Ferreira, Cang Hui
Despite threats of poaching and habitat loss, trends in the numbers of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in southern Africa contrast with their declining numbers in the rest of the continent (Chase et al. 2016). South Africa epitomises these trends with populations increasing in trans-frontier (Selier et al. 2016) and fence protected areas (Pretorius, Garaï & Bates 2019). Apart from being a key component of South Africa’s natural heritage, elephants are ecological engineers or habitat modifiers because of the substantial influence they exert on the habitats they share with other co-occurring species (Valeix et al. 2011). That is, elephants can change the structure of vegetation whilst browsing and can therefore become a catalyst for landscape state change (Eckhardt, Van Wilgen & Biggs 2000; Trollope et al. 1998). As a result, the influence of elephants on ecosystems has stimulated much debate (Van Aarde, Whyte & Pimm 1999; Van Wyk & Fairall 1969).
尽管受到偷猎和栖息地丧失的威胁，非洲南部非洲象(Loxodonta africana)的数量趋势与非洲大陆其他地区的数量下降形成鲜明对比(Chase et al. 2016)。南非是这些趋势的缩影，跨境(Selier等人，2016年)和围栏保护区的人口增加(Pretorius, Garaï & Bates, 2019年)。除了是南非自然遗产的重要组成部分外，大象还是生态工程师或栖息地调节剂，因为它们对与其他共生物种共享的栖息地产生了重大影响(Valeix et al. 2011)。也就是说，大象可以在浏览的同时改变植被的结构，因此可以成为景观状态变化的催化剂(Eckhardt, Van Wilgen & Biggs 2000;特罗洛普等人，1998)。因此，大象对生态系统的影响引发了很多争论(Van Aarde, Whyte & Pimm 1999;Van Wyk & Fairall 1969)。
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Pub Date : 2021-04-30DOI: 10.4102/KOEDOE.V63I1.1678
L. Richards
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Pub Date : 2021-04-20DOI: 10.4102/KOEDOE.V63I1.1663
C. McLoughlin, E. Riddell, R. Petersen, Jacques Venter
The Anthropocene is characterised by ubiquitous loss of biodiversity at unprecedented rates and scales (Kingsford, Bino & Porter 2017a). Globally, this biodiversity loss is severest across the freshwater realm (Albert et al. 2021; Vorosmarty et al. 2010), which exhibits the highest species diversity per unit area (Pittock et al. 2015). Over the last half century, alteration to natural flows in rivers – from land-use change, water over-abstraction and building of dams – has contributed towards more than 80% reduction in the freshwater species population (Harwood et al. 2017; WWF 2020 – Freshwater Living Planet Index). Currently, one-third of the world’s river basins are severely water depleted (Harwood et al. 2017), thereby, rendering the quality and quantity of water to Freshwater biodiversity loss in the Anthropocene escalates the need for successful environmental water management to sustain human benefitting ecosystem services. Of the world’s river basins, one-third are now severely water depleted, rendering the quality and quantity of water to maintain or restore freshwater ecosystem integrity increasingly urgent. However, managing environmental water is intricate because of complexity and uncertainty in interacting social and biophysical system components, and trade-offs between costs and benefits of implementing environmental flows. Learning enabled adaptive management – embracing the uncertainty – is essential; however, practising adaptive management (worldwide) is challenging; single-, doubleand triple-loop learning is required, along with social learning, to tackle complex problems. There is progressive realisation of environmental flows (Ecological Reserve) in the Crocodile River, South Africa, linked to the Kruger National Park, using Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM). In this research article, we reflected on adaptive (singleand double-loop) learning and transformative (triple-loop) learning capacity emergent in SAM between 2009 and 2019 whilst also considering social learning potentials. We found evidence of preconditions (e.g. transparency) for social learning within a burgeoning stakeholder ‘community-of-practice’, likely fostering capacities (e.g. information sharing) for sustained social learning. Adaptive and transformative learning is enabled by social learning, underpinned by ongoing nested feedbacks supporting assessment and reflection, which facilitates single-, doubleand triple-loop learning. Champions exist and are vital for sustaining the adaptive management system. Executing adaptive and transformative learning aids in positive change across the range of ecological, social and economic outcomes that are essential for success in environmental water programmes, worldwide.
人类世的特点是以前所未有的速度和规模普遍丧失生物多样性(Kingsford, Bino & Porter 2017a)。在全球范围内，淡水领域的生物多样性丧失最为严重(Albert et al. 2021;Vorosmarty et al. 2010)，其单位面积物种多样性最高(Pittock et al. 2015)。在过去的半个世纪里，河流自然流量的改变——土地利用变化、水资源过度抽取和水坝建设——导致淡水物种数量减少了80%以上(Harwood et al. 2017;世界自然基金会2020 -淡水地球生命力指数)。目前，世界上三分之一的河流流域严重缺水(Harwood et al. 2017)，因此，人类世淡水生物多样性的质量和数量下降，增加了对成功的环境水管理的需求，以维持对人类有益的生态系统服务。在世界上的河流流域中，有三分之一现在严重缺水，这使得维持或恢复淡水生态系统完整性所需的水的质量和数量日益紧迫。然而，由于社会和生物物理系统组成部分相互作用的复杂性和不确定性，以及实施环境流动的成本和收益之间的权衡，管理环境水是复杂的。通过学习实现适应性管理——拥抱不确定性——至关重要;然而，实践适应性管理(在全球范围内)是具有挑战性的;解决复杂问题需要单环、双环和三环学习，以及社会学习。南非鳄鱼河的环境流动(生态保护区)正在逐步实现，与克鲁格国家公园相连，使用战略适应性管理(SAM)。在这篇研究文章中，我们反思了自适应(单环和双环)学习和变革性(三环)学习能力在2009年至2019年期间出现的SAM，同时也考虑了社会学习潜力。我们在新兴的利益相关者“实践社区”中发现了社会学习的先决条件(例如透明度)的证据，这可能会促进持续社会学习的能力(例如信息共享)。社会学习使适应性和变革性学习成为可能，并以支持评估和反思的持续嵌套反馈为基础，从而促进单环、双环和三环学习。冠军是存在的，对维持适应性管理系统至关重要。实施适应性和变革性学习有助于在生态、社会和经济成果方面产生积极变化，这对全球环境水方案的成功至关重要。
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