Hugo Yves Ruellan, Kirk W. Stodola, Alison P. Stodola, J. Tiemann
Freshwater mussels are among the most imperiled freshwater taxa, and translocation of these endangered species is one option for conservation. However, the long-term success of translocations is difficult to determine, in part because the amount of suitable habitat for a translocated species is often not known. Two federally endangered freshwater mussel species, the Northern Riffleshell Epioblasma rangiana (Lea, 1837) and the Clubshell Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819), were recently translocated to the Middle Fork and Salt Fork of the Vermilion River in East Central Illinois, USA; however, the total amount of suitable habitat in both rivers remains unknown. To identify potential suitable habitat for these mussels in the Middle Fork and Salt Fork of the Vermilion River, we sampled 79 sites for surrogate mussel species of E. rangiana and P. clava along with their host fishes. We investigated habitat suitability by modeling presence/absence and abundance of surrogate mussel species to determine the landscape variables most strongly associated with surrogate mussel species presence/absence and abundance. We used these model results to create a habitat suitability index. We then validated our model predictions using timed searches in y 2 of our study. Our results indicate there may be more suitable habitat than previously believed throughout both rivers and that ample habitat is available to support large populations of mussels. Our approach also demonstrates how landscape variables can be used to successfully identify potential sites for future translocations.
{"title":"Predicting suitable habitat for surrogate species of critically imperiled freshwater mussels to aid in translocations","authors":"Hugo Yves Ruellan, Kirk W. Stodola, Alison P. Stodola, J. Tiemann","doi":"10.1086/726740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726740","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater mussels are among the most imperiled freshwater taxa, and translocation of these endangered species is one option for conservation. However, the long-term success of translocations is difficult to determine, in part because the amount of suitable habitat for a translocated species is often not known. Two federally endangered freshwater mussel species, the Northern Riffleshell Epioblasma rangiana (Lea, 1837) and the Clubshell Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819), were recently translocated to the Middle Fork and Salt Fork of the Vermilion River in East Central Illinois, USA; however, the total amount of suitable habitat in both rivers remains unknown. To identify potential suitable habitat for these mussels in the Middle Fork and Salt Fork of the Vermilion River, we sampled 79 sites for surrogate mussel species of E. rangiana and P. clava along with their host fishes. We investigated habitat suitability by modeling presence/absence and abundance of surrogate mussel species to determine the landscape variables most strongly associated with surrogate mussel species presence/absence and abundance. We used these model results to create a habitat suitability index. We then validated our model predictions using timed searches in y 2 of our study. Our results indicate there may be more suitable habitat than previously believed throughout both rivers and that ample habitat is available to support large populations of mussels. Our approach also demonstrates how landscape variables can be used to successfully identify potential sites for future translocations.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"296 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44098595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Moss Imberger, B. Hatt, Stephanie Brown, M. J. Burns, R. Burrows, C. J. Walsh
Headwater streams are critical to the integrity of the stream network, yet they are being rapidly degraded, channelized, or lost through land-cover and land-use change, particularly in urbanizing areas. We refined the definition of a headwater stream, reviewed the headwater stream ecosystem literature using examples from southeastern Australia and globally, and identified 4 critical knowledge gaps that are hampering the management of these unique systems: 1) inadequate high-resolution mapping and, thus, low-accuracy estimates of headwater stream locations and extents within catchments; 2) insufficient characterization of headwater stream typologies across varying geological, topographical, climatic, and anthropogenic conditions; 3) incomplete quantification of headwater stream structure, function, and ecosystem services across varying scales; and 4) limited understanding of the effects of urbanization on headwater streams against a backdrop of climate change. We propose a series of research questions to address these gaps and, finally, hypothesize and discuss the most effective ways to protect headwater streams in urbanizing environments given our current state of understanding. Of particular importance are the need to 1) shift perceptions of these systems as dry, insignificant depressions in the landscape; 2) manage both the headwater stream catchment and the channel; and 3) prioritize protection of the natural flow regime.
{"title":"Headwater streams in an urbanizing world","authors":"Moss Imberger, B. Hatt, Stephanie Brown, M. J. Burns, R. Burrows, C. J. Walsh","doi":"10.1086/726682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726682","url":null,"abstract":"Headwater streams are critical to the integrity of the stream network, yet they are being rapidly degraded, channelized, or lost through land-cover and land-use change, particularly in urbanizing areas. We refined the definition of a headwater stream, reviewed the headwater stream ecosystem literature using examples from southeastern Australia and globally, and identified 4 critical knowledge gaps that are hampering the management of these unique systems: 1) inadequate high-resolution mapping and, thus, low-accuracy estimates of headwater stream locations and extents within catchments; 2) insufficient characterization of headwater stream typologies across varying geological, topographical, climatic, and anthropogenic conditions; 3) incomplete quantification of headwater stream structure, function, and ecosystem services across varying scales; and 4) limited understanding of the effects of urbanization on headwater streams against a backdrop of climate change. We propose a series of research questions to address these gaps and, finally, hypothesize and discuss the most effective ways to protect headwater streams in urbanizing environments given our current state of understanding. Of particular importance are the need to 1) shift perceptions of these systems as dry, insignificant depressions in the landscape; 2) manage both the headwater stream catchment and the channel; and 3) prioritize protection of the natural flow regime.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"323 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49560549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The supply of nutrients in streams is an important driver of biofilm production, ecosystem process rates, and basal resource availability. Current understanding of bottom-up drivers of microbial processes derives from studies of N and P, even though algal biofilms require a much larger set of elements to sustain growth. Studies in marine and lake ecosystems demonstrate that trace metals like Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mo can limit the growth of primary producers, but it is not known if these patterns hold in streams. We used trace metal nutrient diffusing substrata to experimentally enrich biofilms with N, P, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mo alone and in specific combinations to test for macronutrient (i.e., N and P) limitation and trace metal–macronutrient colimitation. We completed enrichment experiments in 5 low-macronutrient streams in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, and 5 high-macronutrient streams in northeast Ohio, USA. As expected, biofilm chlorophyll a was most frequently colimited by N and P (40% of streams), with macronutrient limitation more common in the Upper Peninsula streams. At least 1 trace metal was limiting or colimiting with a macronutrient in 9/10 study streams, including streams that showed no evidence of N or P limitation. Trace metal colimitation with macronutrients was more frequent in streams with low inorganic N and P surface-water concentrations. In 4 streams, we observed algal biomass responses consistent with biochemically dependent colimitation, in which a trace metal alleviates N or P limitation by increasing access to an alternative source (e.g., organic P, N2). In biochemically dependent, colimited biofilms, the growth enrichment was less for trace metals than the inorganic nutrient (<15%), which suggests a substantial energy trade-off when relying on alternate nutrient sources. Overall, we demonstrated that trace metals are critical nutrients for stream primary producers, and that trace metal limitation may be an overlooked bottom-up driver that can have unexplored consequences for the structure and function of streams.
{"title":"Trace metal–macronutrient colimitation of algal biofilms in streams with differing ambient inorganic nutrients","authors":"Andrea S. Fitzgibbon, D. Costello","doi":"10.1086/726684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726684","url":null,"abstract":"The supply of nutrients in streams is an important driver of biofilm production, ecosystem process rates, and basal resource availability. Current understanding of bottom-up drivers of microbial processes derives from studies of N and P, even though algal biofilms require a much larger set of elements to sustain growth. Studies in marine and lake ecosystems demonstrate that trace metals like Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mo can limit the growth of primary producers, but it is not known if these patterns hold in streams. We used trace metal nutrient diffusing substrata to experimentally enrich biofilms with N, P, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mo alone and in specific combinations to test for macronutrient (i.e., N and P) limitation and trace metal–macronutrient colimitation. We completed enrichment experiments in 5 low-macronutrient streams in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, and 5 high-macronutrient streams in northeast Ohio, USA. As expected, biofilm chlorophyll a was most frequently colimited by N and P (40% of streams), with macronutrient limitation more common in the Upper Peninsula streams. At least 1 trace metal was limiting or colimiting with a macronutrient in 9/10 study streams, including streams that showed no evidence of N or P limitation. Trace metal colimitation with macronutrients was more frequent in streams with low inorganic N and P surface-water concentrations. In 4 streams, we observed algal biomass responses consistent with biochemically dependent colimitation, in which a trace metal alleviates N or P limitation by increasing access to an alternative source (e.g., organic P, N2). In biochemically dependent, colimited biofilms, the growth enrichment was less for trace metals than the inorganic nutrient (<15%), which suggests a substantial energy trade-off when relying on alternate nutrient sources. Overall, we demonstrated that trace metals are critical nutrients for stream primary producers, and that trace metal limitation may be an overlooked bottom-up driver that can have unexplored consequences for the structure and function of streams.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"285 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43616051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Fritz, R. Kashuba, G. Pond, J. Christensen, L. Alexander, Benjamin J. Washington, B. Johnson, D. Walters, W. Thoeny, Paul C. Weaver
Streamflow-duration assessment methods (SDAMs) are rapid, indicator-based tools for classifying streamflow duration (e.g., intermittent vs perennial flow) at the reach scale. Indicators are easily assessed stream properties used as surrogates of flow duration, which is too resource intensive to measure directly for many reaches. Invertebrates are commonly used as SDAM indicators because many are not highly mobile, and different species have life stages that require flow for different durations and times of the year. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify invertebrate taxa that can be used as SDAM indicators to distinguish between stream reaches having intermittent and perennial flow, 2) to compare indicator strength across different taxonomic and numeric resolutions, and 3) to assess the relative importance of season and habitat type on the ability of invertebrates to predict streamflow-duration class. We used 2 methods, random forest models and indicator species analysis, to analyze aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate data (presence/absence, density, and biomass) at the family and genus levels from 370 samples collected from both erosional and depositional habitats during both wet and dry seasons. In total, 36 intermittent and 53 perennial reaches were sampled along 31 forested headwater streams in 4 level II ecoregions across the United States. Random forest models for family- and genus-level datasets had stream classification accuracy ranging from 88.9 to 93.2%, with slightly higher accuracy for density than for presence/absence and biomass datasets. Season (wet/dry) tended to be a stronger predictor of streamflow-duration class than habitat (erosional/depositional). Many taxa at the family (58.8%) and genus level (61.6%) were collected from both intermittent and perennial reaches, and most taxa that were exclusive to 1 streamflow-duration class were rarely collected. However, 23 family-level or higher taxa (20 aquatic and 3 terrestrial) and 44 aquatic genera were identified as potential indicators of streamflow-duration class for forested headwater streams. The utility of the potential indicators varied across level II ecoregions in part because of representation of intermittent and perennial reaches in the dataset but also because of variable ecological responses to drying among species. Aquatic invertebrates have been an important field indicator of perennial reaches in existing SDAMs, but our findings highlight how including aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates as indicators of intermittent reaches can further maximize the data collected for streamflow-duration classifications.
{"title":"Identifying invertebrate indicators for streamflow duration assessments in forested headwater streams","authors":"K. Fritz, R. Kashuba, G. Pond, J. Christensen, L. Alexander, Benjamin J. Washington, B. Johnson, D. Walters, W. Thoeny, Paul C. Weaver","doi":"10.1086/726081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726081","url":null,"abstract":"Streamflow-duration assessment methods (SDAMs) are rapid, indicator-based tools for classifying streamflow duration (e.g., intermittent vs perennial flow) at the reach scale. Indicators are easily assessed stream properties used as surrogates of flow duration, which is too resource intensive to measure directly for many reaches. Invertebrates are commonly used as SDAM indicators because many are not highly mobile, and different species have life stages that require flow for different durations and times of the year. The objectives of this study were to 1) identify invertebrate taxa that can be used as SDAM indicators to distinguish between stream reaches having intermittent and perennial flow, 2) to compare indicator strength across different taxonomic and numeric resolutions, and 3) to assess the relative importance of season and habitat type on the ability of invertebrates to predict streamflow-duration class. We used 2 methods, random forest models and indicator species analysis, to analyze aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate data (presence/absence, density, and biomass) at the family and genus levels from 370 samples collected from both erosional and depositional habitats during both wet and dry seasons. In total, 36 intermittent and 53 perennial reaches were sampled along 31 forested headwater streams in 4 level II ecoregions across the United States. Random forest models for family- and genus-level datasets had stream classification accuracy ranging from 88.9 to 93.2%, with slightly higher accuracy for density than for presence/absence and biomass datasets. Season (wet/dry) tended to be a stronger predictor of streamflow-duration class than habitat (erosional/depositional). Many taxa at the family (58.8%) and genus level (61.6%) were collected from both intermittent and perennial reaches, and most taxa that were exclusive to 1 streamflow-duration class were rarely collected. However, 23 family-level or higher taxa (20 aquatic and 3 terrestrial) and 44 aquatic genera were identified as potential indicators of streamflow-duration class for forested headwater streams. The utility of the potential indicators varied across level II ecoregions in part because of representation of intermittent and perennial reaches in the dataset but also because of variable ecological responses to drying among species. Aquatic invertebrates have been an important field indicator of perennial reaches in existing SDAMs, but our findings highlight how including aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates as indicators of intermittent reaches can further maximize the data collected for streamflow-duration classifications.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"247 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41562779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Kopp, J. Stoddard, R. Hill, Jessie M. Doyle, P. Kaufmann, A. Herlihy, S. Paulsen
Taxon–environment relationships can elucidate a taxon’s tolerance or sensitivity to specific environmental conditions. We use a joint species distribution modeling framework to quantify relationships between ∼1700 benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams and rivers across the contiguous United States and several environmental gradients that are susceptible to human alteration (e.g., nutrients, salinity, physical habitat, and climate). We found that the predicted occurrence probability for sampling units where a taxon actually occurs was 0.15 to 0.24 greater than the predicted occurrence probability for sampling units where a taxon does not occur, and a relatively large percentage (32–58%) responded to gradients of substrate diameter, mean summer air temperature, or total P. At the assemblage level, genus richness could change along environmental gradients by as many as 5 to 17 taxa depending on the ecoregion. Often, the largest change in genus richness was associated with sediment diameter. We also investigated whether a suite of traits (i.e., clinger, scraper, pollution tolerance, and thermal optima) were related to a genus’ association with an environmental gradient and found that some traits are positively related to an organism’s occurrence along one environmental gradient but negatively related to its occurrence along another. For example, in several ecoregions, thermal preference was positively related to mean summer air temperature but negatively related to nutrient concentrations. Collectively, our results showcase a multivariate approach for modeling biotic assemblages that can integrate multiple sources of information (i.e., environmental factors, biological traits, phylogenetic relationships, and co-occurrences) that are routinely collected by biomonitoring programs.
{"title":"Joint species distribution models reveal taxon-specific sensitivities to potential anthropogenic alteration","authors":"D. Kopp, J. Stoddard, R. Hill, Jessie M. Doyle, P. Kaufmann, A. Herlihy, S. Paulsen","doi":"10.1086/726283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726283","url":null,"abstract":"Taxon–environment relationships can elucidate a taxon’s tolerance or sensitivity to specific environmental conditions. We use a joint species distribution modeling framework to quantify relationships between ∼1700 benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams and rivers across the contiguous United States and several environmental gradients that are susceptible to human alteration (e.g., nutrients, salinity, physical habitat, and climate). We found that the predicted occurrence probability for sampling units where a taxon actually occurs was 0.15 to 0.24 greater than the predicted occurrence probability for sampling units where a taxon does not occur, and a relatively large percentage (32–58%) responded to gradients of substrate diameter, mean summer air temperature, or total P. At the assemblage level, genus richness could change along environmental gradients by as many as 5 to 17 taxa depending on the ecoregion. Often, the largest change in genus richness was associated with sediment diameter. We also investigated whether a suite of traits (i.e., clinger, scraper, pollution tolerance, and thermal optima) were related to a genus’ association with an environmental gradient and found that some traits are positively related to an organism’s occurrence along one environmental gradient but negatively related to its occurrence along another. For example, in several ecoregions, thermal preference was positively related to mean summer air temperature but negatively related to nutrient concentrations. Collectively, our results showcase a multivariate approach for modeling biotic assemblages that can integrate multiple sources of information (i.e., environmental factors, biological traits, phylogenetic relationships, and co-occurrences) that are routinely collected by biomonitoring programs.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"268 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47007596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Freshwater science has grown and evolved extensively since its inception in the late 1800s. Many of the models and conceptual frameworks developed for and used in freshwater research were originally proposed by researchers in the Global North to explain patterns and processes in temperate streams. This view of freshwater ecosystems has extended to research in Latin America, potentially limiting our ability to understand unique ecological and socioeconomic attributes of the watersheds found in our region. Recently, there has been an increase in freshwater research being conducted by Latin American scientists, who may be able to apply and validate more suitable models and conceptual frameworks given their personal experiences and insights about local realities. In this BRIDGES cluster, we feature the work of early career Latin American researchers who are addressing environmental concerns pertinent to the region through research that challenges some of the ideas developed for river networks in the Global North.
{"title":"Context matters: An insider’s view on freshwater ecosystem research in Latin America","authors":"Pablo E. Gutiérrez-Fonseca, Marina Tagliaferro","doi":"10.1086/725026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725026","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater science has grown and evolved extensively since its inception in the late 1800s. Many of the models and conceptual frameworks developed for and used in freshwater research were originally proposed by researchers in the Global North to explain patterns and processes in temperate streams. This view of freshwater ecosystems has extended to research in Latin America, potentially limiting our ability to understand unique ecological and socioeconomic attributes of the watersheds found in our region. Recently, there has been an increase in freshwater research being conducted by Latin American scientists, who may be able to apply and validate more suitable models and conceptual frameworks given their personal experiences and insights about local realities. In this BRIDGES cluster, we feature the work of early career Latin American researchers who are addressing environmental concerns pertinent to the region through research that challenges some of the ideas developed for river networks in the Global North.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135381327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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