Freshwater mussels live partially or fully buried in river sediments, and burrowing by mussels causes bioturbation, increases benthic complexity, provides niche partitioning among other mussel species, and may reduce the chance of mussel dislodgment during high flows. However, there remains a need to better understand what influences the burrow position of mussels and how burrow position modifies physical and hydraulic habitat. In this study, we examined how mussel burrow position varied across species in 2 gravel-bedded rivers in the northeastern USA and how burrow position modified benthic habitat. We quantified the amount of benthic habitat mussels contributed to the riverbed and determined the contribution of burrow position to bed roughness and near-bed flow patterns. We found that burrow position varied by species, which was likely influenced by shell morphology, sculpture type, and river characteristics. We observed that the amount of shell exposed into the water column was similar to the coarse-sized sediment where mussels were found. We also found that mussel shells were exposed at a height greater than the median grain size and could, therefore, influence near-bed flows. Moreover, because larger grain sizes control sediment stability, the similar exposed length of burrowed mussels as coarse sediment could contribute to enhanced bed stability and reduce the risk of dislodgement. Better understanding of how mussel burrow position influences these important biophysical processes may help identify important Allee effects or minimum viable population indices, which may aid conservation and restoration efforts.
{"title":"Freshwater mussel burrow position and its relation to streambed roughness","authors":"B. Sansom, S. Bennett, J. Atkinson","doi":"10.1086/719993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719993","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater mussels live partially or fully buried in river sediments, and burrowing by mussels causes bioturbation, increases benthic complexity, provides niche partitioning among other mussel species, and may reduce the chance of mussel dislodgment during high flows. However, there remains a need to better understand what influences the burrow position of mussels and how burrow position modifies physical and hydraulic habitat. In this study, we examined how mussel burrow position varied across species in 2 gravel-bedded rivers in the northeastern USA and how burrow position modified benthic habitat. We quantified the amount of benthic habitat mussels contributed to the riverbed and determined the contribution of burrow position to bed roughness and near-bed flow patterns. We found that burrow position varied by species, which was likely influenced by shell morphology, sculpture type, and river characteristics. We observed that the amount of shell exposed into the water column was similar to the coarse-sized sediment where mussels were found. We also found that mussel shells were exposed at a height greater than the median grain size and could, therefore, influence near-bed flows. Moreover, because larger grain sizes control sediment stability, the similar exposed length of burrowed mussels as coarse sediment could contribute to enhanced bed stability and reduce the risk of dislodgement. Better understanding of how mussel burrow position influences these important biophysical processes may help identify important Allee effects or minimum viable population indices, which may aid conservation and restoration efforts.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"315 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43757985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colin Casey, M. Hartings, M. Knapp, E. Malloy, K. Knee
Over the past ∼15 y, unconventional oil and gas (UOG) production utilizing hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling has increased dramatically in the Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian region of the USA. The area also has a long history of conventional oil and gas (COG) production as well as coal mining, and the 3 extractive activities (UOG, COG, and coal mining) often occur in the same watersheds. Produced water and wastewater from oil and gas (OG) extraction can have very high concentrations of dissolved metals, radionuclides, and other solutes. Previous studies have documented streamwater pollution associated with spills and releases of these fluids, but it remains unclear whether OG development has broad regional effects on streamwater quality. This study assessed whether COG and UOG well densities in watersheds were associated with water-quality metrics, including specific conductance, dissolved metals, nutrients, radium isotopes, and anions, when controlling for coal mining and land cover. Water quality was measured at 120 stream sites with non-nested watersheds in the Marcellus Shale region. Linear modeling revealed that COG well density was associated with higher concentrations of Mg and Cl−, and UOG well density was associated with higher 228Ra:224Ra ratios, suggesting that this ratio might be a useful indicator of UOG development in watersheds. Adding OG well density to linear models explaining the concentrations of water-quality variables improved R2 by ≤0.04, indicating little increase in explanatory power. However, linear regression coefficients indicated that an increase in COG well density from 0 to 11 wells/km2 (the maximum well density observed in our study area) could be associated with 35× increases in Mg and Cl− concentrations, although the SE of these estimates was large. This research suggests that OG well density may have small but measurable effects on streamwater quality; however, the effects of other human activities and land uses, such as coal extraction and urban development, are likely larger and more environmentally relevant.
{"title":"Characterizing the association between oil and gas development and water quality at a regional scale","authors":"Colin Casey, M. Hartings, M. Knapp, E. Malloy, K. Knee","doi":"10.1086/719983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719983","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past ∼15 y, unconventional oil and gas (UOG) production utilizing hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling has increased dramatically in the Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian region of the USA. The area also has a long history of conventional oil and gas (COG) production as well as coal mining, and the 3 extractive activities (UOG, COG, and coal mining) often occur in the same watersheds. Produced water and wastewater from oil and gas (OG) extraction can have very high concentrations of dissolved metals, radionuclides, and other solutes. Previous studies have documented streamwater pollution associated with spills and releases of these fluids, but it remains unclear whether OG development has broad regional effects on streamwater quality. This study assessed whether COG and UOG well densities in watersheds were associated with water-quality metrics, including specific conductance, dissolved metals, nutrients, radium isotopes, and anions, when controlling for coal mining and land cover. Water quality was measured at 120 stream sites with non-nested watersheds in the Marcellus Shale region. Linear modeling revealed that COG well density was associated with higher concentrations of Mg and Cl−, and UOG well density was associated with higher 228Ra:224Ra ratios, suggesting that this ratio might be a useful indicator of UOG development in watersheds. Adding OG well density to linear models explaining the concentrations of water-quality variables improved R2 by ≤0.04, indicating little increase in explanatory power. However, linear regression coefficients indicated that an increase in COG well density from 0 to 11 wells/km2 (the maximum well density observed in our study area) could be associated with 35× increases in Mg and Cl− concentrations, although the SE of these estimates was large. This research suggests that OG well density may have small but measurable effects on streamwater quality; however, the effects of other human activities and land uses, such as coal extraction and urban development, are likely larger and more environmentally relevant.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"236 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42536406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Cooke, J. Vermaire, H. Baulch, K. Birnie‐Gauvin, W. Twardek, J. Richardson
Decades ago, Dr Noel Hynes eloquently summarized the inherent interconnectedness of a stream and its valley and made the case that human alteration of the valley would have direct negative consequences for freshwater systems. Currently, the freshwater biodiversity crisis extends across all continents and demands urgent attention from environmental planners, practitioners, and policymakers to protect streams and their valleys. As we work to slow losses of freshwater biodiversity and restore freshwater ecosystems, it is time to revisit the important messages from Hynes. One of the most obvious and immediate actions that could be undertaken is to “back off”—that is, to limit human activity and new development in floodplain and riparian areas immediately adjacent to freshwater systems, including streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands, while minimizing impacts and risks in areas with existing development. From reducing erosion and flood damage to maintaining cool water temperatures, filtering pollutants, protecting critical habitats, and enabling lateral connectivity, intact riparian zones mitigate many of the threats that degrade freshwater ecosystems. There has been much research to identify optimal setbacks and buffer-strip widths to protect against harm. As such, in many areas, our ability to protect the stream and its valley is not limited by natural science but rather our failure to consistently apply floodplain and riparian regulations and the absence of political will. We are too quick to trade off the environment for short-term economic development. In areas that are already developed, solutions are more complicated but, in many cases, represent a key priority for healing damaged ecosystems and for addressing economic and social risks of vulnerable development. We need to redefine our relationship with freshwater ecosystems, and the first step is to back off and give freshwater ecosystems the opportunity to heal while ensuring that as-of-yet intact riparian areas continue to support freshwater resiliency. In doing so, we will also gain climate adaptive benefits, given that maintaining intact riparian areas is an effective nature-based solution.
{"title":"Our failure to protect the stream and its valley: A call to back off from riparian development","authors":"S. Cooke, J. Vermaire, H. Baulch, K. Birnie‐Gauvin, W. Twardek, J. Richardson","doi":"10.1086/719958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719958","url":null,"abstract":"Decades ago, Dr Noel Hynes eloquently summarized the inherent interconnectedness of a stream and its valley and made the case that human alteration of the valley would have direct negative consequences for freshwater systems. Currently, the freshwater biodiversity crisis extends across all continents and demands urgent attention from environmental planners, practitioners, and policymakers to protect streams and their valleys. As we work to slow losses of freshwater biodiversity and restore freshwater ecosystems, it is time to revisit the important messages from Hynes. One of the most obvious and immediate actions that could be undertaken is to “back off”—that is, to limit human activity and new development in floodplain and riparian areas immediately adjacent to freshwater systems, including streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands, while minimizing impacts and risks in areas with existing development. From reducing erosion and flood damage to maintaining cool water temperatures, filtering pollutants, protecting critical habitats, and enabling lateral connectivity, intact riparian zones mitigate many of the threats that degrade freshwater ecosystems. There has been much research to identify optimal setbacks and buffer-strip widths to protect against harm. As such, in many areas, our ability to protect the stream and its valley is not limited by natural science but rather our failure to consistently apply floodplain and riparian regulations and the absence of political will. We are too quick to trade off the environment for short-term economic development. In areas that are already developed, solutions are more complicated but, in many cases, represent a key priority for healing damaged ecosystems and for addressing economic and social risks of vulnerable development. We need to redefine our relationship with freshwater ecosystems, and the first step is to back off and give freshwater ecosystems the opportunity to heal while ensuring that as-of-yet intact riparian areas continue to support freshwater resiliency. In doing so, we will also gain climate adaptive benefits, given that maintaining intact riparian areas is an effective nature-based solution.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"183 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42226736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ferreira, P. M. Omena, Thiago Gonçalves‐Souza, K. Cottenie, M. M. Júnior
Beta diversity patterns have been frequently used to investigate metacommunity structure. The metacommunity concept has focused primarily on the spatial beta component, but part of the unaccounted variation is likely associated with temporal beta patterns. Here, we examined the effect of seasonal variation in water availability on the spatiotemporal assembly of microcrustaceans living in temporary pools. Specifically, we sampled microcrustaceans in 5 pools monthly for 12 mo and tested how temporal fluctuations in physicochemical variables affected beta diversity. We also investigated whether species showed synchronous responses in tracking dry or wet conditions. Our study revealed that only those microcrustacean species associated with the wet season had temporally synchronous population dynamics. However, we did not find population synchrony in the dry season and in those comparisons including all microcrustacean species. Physicochemical variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and water transparency explained part of the spatial variation in beta diversity. These results suggest a strong influence of species sorting on metacommunity structure both in space and in time. Extreme climatic conditions, such as water scarcity, could affect population dynamics; thus, linking spatial and temporal patterns will be necessary to disentangle the effects of stochastic processes and environmental filtering on metacommunity dynamics.
{"title":"Water availability and quality determine temporal synchrony and beta diversity of microcrustaceans in temporary pools","authors":"N. Ferreira, P. M. Omena, Thiago Gonçalves‐Souza, K. Cottenie, M. M. Júnior","doi":"10.1086/719947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719947","url":null,"abstract":"Beta diversity patterns have been frequently used to investigate metacommunity structure. The metacommunity concept has focused primarily on the spatial beta component, but part of the unaccounted variation is likely associated with temporal beta patterns. Here, we examined the effect of seasonal variation in water availability on the spatiotemporal assembly of microcrustaceans living in temporary pools. Specifically, we sampled microcrustaceans in 5 pools monthly for 12 mo and tested how temporal fluctuations in physicochemical variables affected beta diversity. We also investigated whether species showed synchronous responses in tracking dry or wet conditions. Our study revealed that only those microcrustacean species associated with the wet season had temporally synchronous population dynamics. However, we did not find population synchrony in the dry season and in those comparisons including all microcrustacean species. Physicochemical variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and water transparency explained part of the spatial variation in beta diversity. These results suggest a strong influence of species sorting on metacommunity structure both in space and in time. Extreme climatic conditions, such as water scarcity, could affect population dynamics; thus, linking spatial and temporal patterns will be necessary to disentangle the effects of stochastic processes and environmental filtering on metacommunity dynamics.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"226 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42553981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Manning, A. Dere, Andrew Miller, Tracy J. Coleman
Watersheds in the Great Plains region of the United States are dominated by agriculture, interspersed with remnant or restored prairie vegetation. The pulse-shunt concept predicts these coexisting land uses likely have opposing effects on seasonal biogeochemical and hydrological controls of organic C (OC) fates in freshwater ecosystems, but few studies have focused on temporal patterns of OC fates in streams that are influenced by agriculture and tallgrass prairie. We estimated stream metabolism and OC spiraling in a stream (Glacier Creek, Omaha, Nebraska, USA) draining a mixed land-use watershed with restored tallgrass prairie and agriculture to answer: 1) Does a mixed land-use stream exhibit seasonal patterns of ecosystem metabolism? and 2) Does the balance between active OC processing vs passive OC transport change across seasons and years as predicted by the pulse-shunt concept? We hypothesized that the stream would be net heterotrophic, rapidly mineralize OC (Vf-OC), and exhibit short spiraling lengths (SOC) at baseflow, and that these functions would be modulated in opposing directions by seasonal patterns of nutrient availability and turbidity. Mean gross primary production was 0.30 g O2 m−2 d−1, mean ecosystem respiration was −1.25 g O2 m−2 d−1, and Glacier Creek was net heterotrophic throughout the study (mean net ecosystem production = −0.94 g O2 m−2 d−1; mean production:respiration = 0.19). Peak gross primary production and ecosystem respiration occurred in the spring driven by discharge and light. High-resolution OC-spiraling estimates revealed a continuum of OC processing and transport consistent with pulse-shunt fluxes. OC-spiraling lengths spanned 2 orders of magnitude (1–934 km), but most SOC ranged between distances of 4 to 15 km at baseflow. SOC was shorter with higher nutrient concentrations and longer with higher turbidity, consistent with the inverse pattern for Vf-OC. Our study confirms that the metabolic regime of a prairie stream was seasonal, while underscoring that factors that are modified by land-use change, such as nutrients and turbidity, can influence OC processing.
美国大平原地区的流域以农业为主，其间点缀着残余或恢复的草原植被。脉冲分流概念预测，这些共存的土地利用可能对淡水生态系统中有机碳（OC）命运的季节性生物地球化学和水文控制产生相反的影响，但很少有研究关注受农业和高脂草原影响的溪流中有机碳命运的时间模式。我们估计了溪流（冰川溪，奥马哈，内布拉斯加州，美国）中的溪流代谢和OC螺旋上升，该溪流排放了一个混合土地使用流域，该流域恢复了牛脂草草原和农业，以回答：1）混合土地使用流道是否表现出生态系统代谢的季节性模式？以及2）主动OC处理与被动OC传输之间的平衡是否如脉冲分流概念所预测的那样随季节和年份而变化？我们假设河流将是净异养的，快速矿化OC（Vf-OC），并在基流处表现出短的螺旋长度（SOC），这些功能将受到营养物质可用性和浊度的季节性模式的相反方向的调节。在整个研究过程中，平均初级生产总值为0.30 g O2 m−2 d−1，平均生态系统呼吸为−1.25 g O2 m–2 d−2，冰川溪为净异养（平均生态系统净生产=−0.94 g O2 m³2 d−l；平均生产：呼吸=0.19）。初级生产总值和生态系统呼吸峰值出现在春季，由流量和光照驱动。高分辨率OC螺旋估计揭示了与脉冲分流通量一致的OC处理和传输的连续性。OC螺旋长度跨度为2个数量级（1–934公里），但在基流下，大多数SOC的距离在4至15公里之间。SOC随着营养浓度的升高而缩短，随着浊度的升高而延长，这与Vf-OC的相反模式一致。我们的研究证实了草原溪流的代谢机制是季节性的，同时强调了受土地利用变化影响的因素，如营养物质和浊度，会影响OC的处理。
{"title":"Evidence for pulse-shunt carbon exports from a mixed land-use, restored prairie watershed","authors":"David Manning, A. Dere, Andrew Miller, Tracy J. Coleman","doi":"10.1086/719755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719755","url":null,"abstract":"Watersheds in the Great Plains region of the United States are dominated by agriculture, interspersed with remnant or restored prairie vegetation. The pulse-shunt concept predicts these coexisting land uses likely have opposing effects on seasonal biogeochemical and hydrological controls of organic C (OC) fates in freshwater ecosystems, but few studies have focused on temporal patterns of OC fates in streams that are influenced by agriculture and tallgrass prairie. We estimated stream metabolism and OC spiraling in a stream (Glacier Creek, Omaha, Nebraska, USA) draining a mixed land-use watershed with restored tallgrass prairie and agriculture to answer: 1) Does a mixed land-use stream exhibit seasonal patterns of ecosystem metabolism? and 2) Does the balance between active OC processing vs passive OC transport change across seasons and years as predicted by the pulse-shunt concept? We hypothesized that the stream would be net heterotrophic, rapidly mineralize OC (Vf-OC), and exhibit short spiraling lengths (SOC) at baseflow, and that these functions would be modulated in opposing directions by seasonal patterns of nutrient availability and turbidity. Mean gross primary production was 0.30 g O2 m−2 d−1, mean ecosystem respiration was −1.25 g O2 m−2 d−1, and Glacier Creek was net heterotrophic throughout the study (mean net ecosystem production = −0.94 g O2 m−2 d−1; mean production:respiration = 0.19). Peak gross primary production and ecosystem respiration occurred in the spring driven by discharge and light. High-resolution OC-spiraling estimates revealed a continuum of OC processing and transport consistent with pulse-shunt fluxes. OC-spiraling lengths spanned 2 orders of magnitude (1–934 km), but most SOC ranged between distances of 4 to 15 km at baseflow. SOC was shorter with higher nutrient concentrations and longer with higher turbidity, consistent with the inverse pattern for Vf-OC. Our study confirms that the metabolic regime of a prairie stream was seasonal, while underscoring that factors that are modified by land-use change, such as nutrients and turbidity, can influence OC processing.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"284 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45732722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hopkins, S. Woznicki, B. Williams, Charles C. Stillwell, Eric Naibert, M. Metes, Daniel K. Jones, D. Hogan, Natalie C. Hall, R. Fanelli, A. Bhaskar
Urban development is a well-known stressor for stream ecosystems, presenting a challenge to managers tasked with mitigating its effects. For the past 20 y, streamflow, water quality, geomorphology, and benthic communities were monitored in 5 watersheds in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. This study presents a synthesis of multiple studies of monitoring efforts in the study area and new analysis of more recent monitoring data to document the primary lessons learned from monitoring. The monitored watersheds include a forested control, an urban control with centralized stormwater management, and 3 suburban treatment watersheds featuring low-impact development and a high density of infiltration-focused stormwater facilities distributed across the watershed. Treatment watersheds were monitored before development, during construction, and after development. Monitoring was initiated to inform adaptive management of stormwater and impervious cover limits within the study area, with a focus on the impacts of distributed stormwater management. Results from our synthesis indicate that distributed stormwater management is advantageous compared with centralized stormwater management in numerous ways. Hydrologic benefits were greater with distributed stormwater infrastructure, demonstrating the ability to mitigate runoff volumes and peak flows and, for small storms, replicate predevelopment conditions. Baseflow temporarily increased during the construction phase in the treatment watersheds. Water-quality benefits were mixed, with declines in baseflow nitrate concentrations but limited changes to nitrate export and increases in specific conductance after development. Substantial topographic changes occurred during construction in the treatment watersheds, including changes within the riparian zone, despite riparian buffer protections. Ecological monitoring indicated that even though index of biotic integrity scores rebounded in some cases, sensitive benthic macroinvertebrate families did not fully recover in the treatment watersheds. Lessons learned from this synthesis highlight the importance of tracking multiple indicators of stream health and considering past land use and that more stormwater facilities distributed across the watershed is beneficial but cannot mitigate the effects of all urban stressors on aquatic ecosystems.
{"title":"Lessons learned from 20 y of monitoring suburban development with distributed stormwater management in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA","authors":"K. Hopkins, S. Woznicki, B. Williams, Charles C. Stillwell, Eric Naibert, M. Metes, Daniel K. Jones, D. Hogan, Natalie C. Hall, R. Fanelli, A. Bhaskar","doi":"10.1086/719360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719360","url":null,"abstract":"Urban development is a well-known stressor for stream ecosystems, presenting a challenge to managers tasked with mitigating its effects. For the past 20 y, streamflow, water quality, geomorphology, and benthic communities were monitored in 5 watersheds in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. This study presents a synthesis of multiple studies of monitoring efforts in the study area and new analysis of more recent monitoring data to document the primary lessons learned from monitoring. The monitored watersheds include a forested control, an urban control with centralized stormwater management, and 3 suburban treatment watersheds featuring low-impact development and a high density of infiltration-focused stormwater facilities distributed across the watershed. Treatment watersheds were monitored before development, during construction, and after development. Monitoring was initiated to inform adaptive management of stormwater and impervious cover limits within the study area, with a focus on the impacts of distributed stormwater management. Results from our synthesis indicate that distributed stormwater management is advantageous compared with centralized stormwater management in numerous ways. Hydrologic benefits were greater with distributed stormwater infrastructure, demonstrating the ability to mitigate runoff volumes and peak flows and, for small storms, replicate predevelopment conditions. Baseflow temporarily increased during the construction phase in the treatment watersheds. Water-quality benefits were mixed, with declines in baseflow nitrate concentrations but limited changes to nitrate export and increases in specific conductance after development. Substantial topographic changes occurred during construction in the treatment watersheds, including changes within the riparian zone, despite riparian buffer protections. Ecological monitoring indicated that even though index of biotic integrity scores rebounded in some cases, sensitive benthic macroinvertebrate families did not fully recover in the treatment watersheds. Lessons learned from this synthesis highlight the importance of tracking multiple indicators of stream health and considering past land use and that more stormwater facilities distributed across the watershed is beneficial but cannot mitigate the effects of all urban stressors on aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"459 - 476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shifts in the stable isotope signatures of C and N in ecological materials have the potential to indicate environmental disturbances. This study examined the δ13C‰ and δ15N‰ ratios of stream water and periphyton from low-order streams in a landscape influenced by agricultural activities. Our key purpose was to assess the influence of best management practice (BMP) presence and age on C and N isotope values as a potential water-quality assessment. We collected stream water and periphyton from 19 streams within the Upper Delaware River watershed in New York, USA, in each of 4 management categories: 1) recently applied BMP treatments, 2) long-standing BMPs, 3) streams lacking BMPs, and 4) minimally disturbed reference streams. We sampled and analyzed water and periphyton for δ13C‰ and δ15N‰ in a repeated-measures design (BMP category × time) from April to November 2013. There were large seasonal differences in stream water δ13C-dissolved organic C (DIC)‰ and δ15NO3-N‰, with strong differences between reference and agricultural streams. Periphyton δ13C‰ and δ15N‰ values also differed strongly across streams draining land with agricultural activities, with 85% higher periphyton δ15N‰ signals in all agricultural categories vs reference streams. Periphyton diatom and chlorophyte taxonomic proportions showed the strongest relationship with periphyton δ13C‰ values, where diatoms were negatively associated with increasing δ13C‰. These results suggest that aqueous and periphytic stable isotopes were sensitive in detecting persistent effects of agriculture on these streams despite BMP mitigation, where nutrient (orthosphosphate, nitrite, and ammonia) levels were non-indicative. These results also suggest that BMPs may not have fully eliminated the negative impacts of agricultural stressors on water quality in impacted streams.
{"title":"Periphyton C and N stable isotopes detect agricultural stressors in low-order streams","authors":"Sarah B. Whorley, J. Wehr","doi":"10.1086/719187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719187","url":null,"abstract":"Shifts in the stable isotope signatures of C and N in ecological materials have the potential to indicate environmental disturbances. This study examined the δ13C‰ and δ15N‰ ratios of stream water and periphyton from low-order streams in a landscape influenced by agricultural activities. Our key purpose was to assess the influence of best management practice (BMP) presence and age on C and N isotope values as a potential water-quality assessment. We collected stream water and periphyton from 19 streams within the Upper Delaware River watershed in New York, USA, in each of 4 management categories: 1) recently applied BMP treatments, 2) long-standing BMPs, 3) streams lacking BMPs, and 4) minimally disturbed reference streams. We sampled and analyzed water and periphyton for δ13C‰ and δ15N‰ in a repeated-measures design (BMP category × time) from April to November 2013. There were large seasonal differences in stream water δ13C-dissolved organic C (DIC)‰ and δ15NO3-N‰, with strong differences between reference and agricultural streams. Periphyton δ13C‰ and δ15N‰ values also differed strongly across streams draining land with agricultural activities, with 85% higher periphyton δ15N‰ signals in all agricultural categories vs reference streams. Periphyton diatom and chlorophyte taxonomic proportions showed the strongest relationship with periphyton δ13C‰ values, where diatoms were negatively associated with increasing δ13C‰. These results suggest that aqueous and periphytic stable isotopes were sensitive in detecting persistent effects of agriculture on these streams despite BMP mitigation, where nutrient (orthosphosphate, nitrite, and ammonia) levels were non-indicative. These results also suggest that BMPs may not have fully eliminated the negative impacts of agricultural stressors on water quality in impacted streams.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"153 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49555538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zanethia C. Barnett, S. Adams, J. Hoeksema, G. Easson, Clifford A. Ochs
Life-history timing, trophic interactions, and colonization potential of stream benthos are linked to a stream’s flow regime. Modifications to flow regimes often alter the composition of benthic assemblages. We assessed the impacts of relatively large storage dams (>15 m in height, >400-ha impoundments) on crayfish assemblages in southern Appalachian Mountain streams, Alabama, USA. We sampled crayfishes at multiple sites in flowing sections upstream and downstream of dams in 3 impounded streams and along similar lengths of 2 unimpounded streams in the Bear Creek and Cahaba River drainages. We analyzed at 2 scales: within and between drainages. This multi-scale approach allowed us to assess the effects of impoundments on crayfish assemblages in 1 drainage and then assess whether impoundment effects could be generalized across drainages. We compared crayfish assemblages between impounded and unimpounded streams and examined changes in crayfish assemblages with distance from impoundments, considering land-use history as a potential confounding factor. Adult densities averaged 45% higher, and sizes 10% smaller, in downstream sections of unimpounded streams compared with impounded streams. Densities and sizes of adults in upstream sections did not differ between unimpounded and impounded streams. In both drainages, unimpounded stream crayfish assemblage structure gradually shifted along the stream length, with species present upstream differing from those present downstream. Conversely, in all impounded streams, species assemblages did not differ between upstream and downstream sections, illustrating that dams diminish crayfish diversity. Nonetheless, finer-scale assessments showed that crayfish density and richness increased with distance downstream of impoundments. This suggests that assemblage recovery is possible with increasing distance downstream of impoundments. Additionally, we detected fewer crayfish assemblage differences between impounded and unimpounded streams in the Cahaba River drainage than the Bear Creek drainage. In the Cahaba River drainage, urbanization and the presence of an invasive crayfish species in both streams may have hindered our ability to distinguish impoundment effects on crayfishes. Our results show that large dams negatively affect crayfishes and may affect hundreds of crayfish species in thousands of stream km, possibly altering stream systems by interfering with the numerous ecosystem functions influenced by crayfishes.
{"title":"Effects of impoundments on stream crayfish assemblages","authors":"Zanethia C. Barnett, S. Adams, J. Hoeksema, G. Easson, Clifford A. Ochs","doi":"10.1086/719051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719051","url":null,"abstract":"Life-history timing, trophic interactions, and colonization potential of stream benthos are linked to a stream’s flow regime. Modifications to flow regimes often alter the composition of benthic assemblages. We assessed the impacts of relatively large storage dams (>15 m in height, >400-ha impoundments) on crayfish assemblages in southern Appalachian Mountain streams, Alabama, USA. We sampled crayfishes at multiple sites in flowing sections upstream and downstream of dams in 3 impounded streams and along similar lengths of 2 unimpounded streams in the Bear Creek and Cahaba River drainages. We analyzed at 2 scales: within and between drainages. This multi-scale approach allowed us to assess the effects of impoundments on crayfish assemblages in 1 drainage and then assess whether impoundment effects could be generalized across drainages. We compared crayfish assemblages between impounded and unimpounded streams and examined changes in crayfish assemblages with distance from impoundments, considering land-use history as a potential confounding factor. Adult densities averaged 45% higher, and sizes 10% smaller, in downstream sections of unimpounded streams compared with impounded streams. Densities and sizes of adults in upstream sections did not differ between unimpounded and impounded streams. In both drainages, unimpounded stream crayfish assemblage structure gradually shifted along the stream length, with species present upstream differing from those present downstream. Conversely, in all impounded streams, species assemblages did not differ between upstream and downstream sections, illustrating that dams diminish crayfish diversity. Nonetheless, finer-scale assessments showed that crayfish density and richness increased with distance downstream of impoundments. This suggests that assemblage recovery is possible with increasing distance downstream of impoundments. Additionally, we detected fewer crayfish assemblage differences between impounded and unimpounded streams in the Cahaba River drainage than the Bear Creek drainage. In the Cahaba River drainage, urbanization and the presence of an invasive crayfish species in both streams may have hindered our ability to distinguish impoundment effects on crayfishes. Our results show that large dams negatively affect crayfishes and may affect hundreds of crayfish species in thousands of stream km, possibly altering stream systems by interfering with the numerous ecosystem functions influenced by crayfishes.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"125 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44493037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Vendramin, M. M. Pires, R. F. Freiry, A. Schneider, Lidiane Martins, E. S. Medeiros, O. Rocha, C. Stenert, L. Maltchik
Dormancy termination in aquatic invertebrates depends on multiple environmental cues, notably hydration, and on the invertebrates’ ability to respond to each new flooding event. Hatching of dormant stages is important to ecological processes in intermittent wetlands, such as recolonization of biota after dry periods and maintenance of foodweb dynamics. However, hatching responses of invertebrates to hydration cues can show considerable spatial and taxonomic variation, and consequences of this variation to the hatchling assemblage structure are still unclear. In this study, we tested how multiple hydrations in series affect hatching dynamics and assemblage structure of invertebrate fauna that hatch from sediments of temporary ponds. We hypothesized that variable responses to flooding among taxa would influence the hatchling assemblage structure. We predicted that hatchling richness would show little or no variation across hydration events but that hatchling composition would vary among hydration events. We performed an ex-situ hatching experiment to expose the sediments of 12 temporary ponds in the southern Brazilian Coastal Plain to a sequence of 3 hydration events and to induce hatching of invertebrates from dormant stages in the sediments. Hatchling composition, but not richness, differed among the 3 hydration events. Additionally, hatchling composition showed marked short-term variation within each hydration event. We showed that dormancy dynamics of aquatic invertebrates in subtropical temporary ponds are influenced by multiple hydration cues. Our results have important implications for biodiversity assessment and management of temporary ponds and for understanding the effects of changing hydrologic regimes on the ecological processes of intermittently flooded ecosystems.
{"title":"Hatching dynamics of invertebrate dormant stages in temporary ponds are influenced by multiple hydrations","authors":"D. Vendramin, M. M. Pires, R. F. Freiry, A. Schneider, Lidiane Martins, E. S. Medeiros, O. Rocha, C. Stenert, L. Maltchik","doi":"10.1086/719129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719129","url":null,"abstract":"Dormancy termination in aquatic invertebrates depends on multiple environmental cues, notably hydration, and on the invertebrates’ ability to respond to each new flooding event. Hatching of dormant stages is important to ecological processes in intermittent wetlands, such as recolonization of biota after dry periods and maintenance of foodweb dynamics. However, hatching responses of invertebrates to hydration cues can show considerable spatial and taxonomic variation, and consequences of this variation to the hatchling assemblage structure are still unclear. In this study, we tested how multiple hydrations in series affect hatching dynamics and assemblage structure of invertebrate fauna that hatch from sediments of temporary ponds. We hypothesized that variable responses to flooding among taxa would influence the hatchling assemblage structure. We predicted that hatchling richness would show little or no variation across hydration events but that hatchling composition would vary among hydration events. We performed an ex-situ hatching experiment to expose the sediments of 12 temporary ponds in the southern Brazilian Coastal Plain to a sequence of 3 hydration events and to induce hatching of invertebrates from dormant stages in the sediments. Hatchling composition, but not richness, differed among the 3 hydration events. Additionally, hatchling composition showed marked short-term variation within each hydration event. We showed that dormancy dynamics of aquatic invertebrates in subtropical temporary ponds are influenced by multiple hydration cues. Our results have important implications for biodiversity assessment and management of temporary ponds and for understanding the effects of changing hydrologic regimes on the ecological processes of intermittently flooded ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"143 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46483416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominique R. Lujan, Lusha M. Tronstad, M. A. Briggs, L. K. Albertson, H. C. Glassic, C. S. Guy, T. Koel
The native Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri Jordan and Gilbert, 1883) population in Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, is in decline because of competition from the introduced, invasive Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum in Artedi, 1792). Gillnetting is used to suppress adult Lake Trout; however, methods are being developed to suppress embryos, including adding Lake Trout carcasses and carcass-analog pellets to spawning sites. Decomposing carcasses and analog pellets cause decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations thereby leading to Lake Trout embryo mortality, but the effects of these methods on primary producers are unknown. We deployed in-situ nutrient diffusing substrates (NDS) at 3 spawning sites. The 1st site was treated with carcasses, the 2nd site was treated with analog pellets, and a 3rd lacked treatment (control). To estimate how suppression measures may alter nutrient limitation, we measured algal biomass in 6 NDS amendments at each site: nothing (control), N, P, N + P, ground carcasses, or pulverized analog pellets. We deployed 5 replicates of each amendment at each site before and after treating whole sites. N and P co-limited periphyton before carcasses or analog pellets were added to spawning sites (p < 0.01); however, nutrients were not limiting after the treatments were added to spawning sites (p = 0.31–1). Algal biomass was 4× higher after whole-site carcass treatments. In contrast, analog pellets appeared to suppress algal biomass in the amendments (20% of NDS at the control site post-treatment) and in the treatment plot (33% of pre-treatment biomass at analog pellet site). We also measured how individual ingredients in analog pellets altered periphyton biomass, which suggested that vitamin E, estrogen, and soybean oil ingredients reduced the growth of primary producers. Suppression methods may stimulate or reduce algal biomass, depending on the methods used, which could have cascading effects on food webs and potentially reduce the success of the control measures. Estimating how different Lake Trout suppression methods may alter basal resources in the littoral zone of Yellowstone Lake will help natural resource agencies develop effective plans to control invasive predators at early life stages while minimally altering ecosystems.
在美国怀俄明州黄石国家公园黄石湖，原生的黄石切喉鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri Jordan and Gilbert, 1883)种群数量正在下降，因为来自引进的入侵湖鳟鱼(Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)的竞争。刺网用于抑制成年湖鳟鱼;然而，人们正在开发抑制胚胎的方法，包括在产卵地点添加湖鳟鱼尸体和类似尸体的颗粒。分解尸体和类似颗粒导致溶解氧浓度降低，从而导致湖鳟鱼胚胎死亡，但这些方法对初级生产者的影响尚不清楚。我们在3个产卵地点放置了原位营养物扩散基质(NDS)。第1个点用尸体处理，第2个点用模拟颗粒处理，第3个点没有处理(对照)。为了估计抑制措施如何改变营养限制，我们在每个站点测量了6种NDS修正中的藻类生物量:无(对照)、N、P、N + P、地面尸体或粉碎的模拟颗粒。在处理整个位点之前和之后，我们在每个位点部署了每种修改的5个重复。产卵地点在尸体前添加氮磷共限外植体或模拟微球(P < 0.01);然而，在产卵地添加营养物质后，营养物质并没有受到限制(p = 0.31-1)。整块胴体处理后藻类生物量提高4倍。相比之下，模拟颗粒似乎抑制了修正案(处理后对照场地NDS的20%)和处理地块(模拟颗粒场地预处理生物量的33%)中的藻类生物量。我们还测量了模拟颗粒中的单个成分如何改变周围植物生物量，这表明维生素E、雌激素和豆油成分降低了初级生产者的生长。抑制方法可能刺激或减少藻类生物量，这取决于所使用的方法，这可能对食物网产生级联效应，并可能降低控制措施的成功率。估计不同的湖鳟鱼抑制方法如何改变黄石湖沿岸地区的基础资源，将有助于自然资源机构制定有效的计划，在生命早期控制入侵掠食者，同时尽量减少对生态系统的改变。
{"title":"Response of nutrient limitation to invasive fish suppression: How carcasses and analog pellets alter periphyton","authors":"Dominique R. Lujan, Lusha M. Tronstad, M. A. Briggs, L. K. Albertson, H. C. Glassic, C. S. Guy, T. Koel","doi":"10.1086/718647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718647","url":null,"abstract":"The native Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri Jordan and Gilbert, 1883) population in Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, is in decline because of competition from the introduced, invasive Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush Walbaum in Artedi, 1792). Gillnetting is used to suppress adult Lake Trout; however, methods are being developed to suppress embryos, including adding Lake Trout carcasses and carcass-analog pellets to spawning sites. Decomposing carcasses and analog pellets cause decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations thereby leading to Lake Trout embryo mortality, but the effects of these methods on primary producers are unknown. We deployed in-situ nutrient diffusing substrates (NDS) at 3 spawning sites. The 1st site was treated with carcasses, the 2nd site was treated with analog pellets, and a 3rd lacked treatment (control). To estimate how suppression measures may alter nutrient limitation, we measured algal biomass in 6 NDS amendments at each site: nothing (control), N, P, N + P, ground carcasses, or pulverized analog pellets. We deployed 5 replicates of each amendment at each site before and after treating whole sites. N and P co-limited periphyton before carcasses or analog pellets were added to spawning sites (p < 0.01); however, nutrients were not limiting after the treatments were added to spawning sites (p = 0.31–1). Algal biomass was 4× higher after whole-site carcass treatments. In contrast, analog pellets appeared to suppress algal biomass in the amendments (20% of NDS at the control site post-treatment) and in the treatment plot (33% of pre-treatment biomass at analog pellet site). We also measured how individual ingredients in analog pellets altered periphyton biomass, which suggested that vitamin E, estrogen, and soybean oil ingredients reduced the growth of primary producers. Suppression methods may stimulate or reduce algal biomass, depending on the methods used, which could have cascading effects on food webs and potentially reduce the success of the control measures. Estimating how different Lake Trout suppression methods may alter basal resources in the littoral zone of Yellowstone Lake will help natural resource agencies develop effective plans to control invasive predators at early life stages while minimally altering ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":48926,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"88 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：