Ekaterina Chebykina (Maksimova), G. Shamilishvilly, S. Kouzov, E. Abakumov
External islands of the Gulf of Finland are an archipelago of relatively small islands located in central-eastern parts of the gulf. These islands are unique natural environments that represent an informative model for the evaluation of former agricultural soil dynamics in abandoned agricultural landscapes. Soils of these islands have been in a fallow state for about 70 years, although before that, they were arable vegetable soils of Finnish settlements for a long time. The morphological pedodiversity of external islands of the Gulf of Finland was studied during a complex expedition that took place within the framework of the program “My Region” in 2019 and was supported by Nord Stream 2 AG. The determination of main soil characteristics was carried out using standard analysis procedures. The unique soils of these areas could be used for the evaluation of the long-term evolution of anthropogenically developed soils after being in an abandoned (fallow) state. Data on soil morphology, taxonomy state and agrochemical soil characteristics are discussed, as are current soil pollution processes of these remote areas based on trace elements. Lands of external islands of the Gulf of Finland are characterised by a wide diversity of soil patterns at different stages of development.
{"title":"Soils of external islands of the Gulf of Finland: Soil pollution status and dynamics in abandoned agricultural ecosystems","authors":"Ekaterina Chebykina (Maksimova), G. Shamilishvilly, S. Kouzov, E. Abakumov","doi":"10.17221/14/2022-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/14/2022-swr","url":null,"abstract":"External islands of the Gulf of Finland are an archipelago of relatively small islands located in central-eastern parts of the gulf. These islands are unique natural environments that represent an informative model for the evaluation of former agricultural soil dynamics in abandoned agricultural landscapes. Soils of these islands have been in a fallow state for about 70 years, although before that, they were arable vegetable soils of Finnish settlements for a long time. The morphological pedodiversity of external islands of the Gulf of Finland was studied during a complex expedition that took place within the framework of the program “My Region” in 2019 and was supported by Nord Stream 2 AG. The determination of main soil characteristics was carried out using standard analysis procedures. The unique soils of these areas could be used for the evaluation of the long-term evolution of anthropogenically developed soils after being in an abandoned (fallow) state. Data on soil morphology, taxonomy state and agrochemical soil characteristics are discussed, as are current soil pollution processes of these remote areas based on trace elements. Lands of external islands of the Gulf of Finland are characterised by a wide diversity of soil patterns at different stages of development.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48721801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Kincl, P. Formánek, J. Vopravil, P. Nerušil, L. Menšík, J. Janků
More than 50% of agricultural land is threatened by water erosion in the Czech Republic. With respect to soil erosion, maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the most problematic crops; one of the possibilities to increase protection against erosion is intercropping. In this study, we attempted to find out the effects of individual intercrops and their mixtures (sown 4–6 weeks after sowing maize) or a mixed culture (maize plus lupine) on the soil losses and surface runoff in the period 2019–2021. The study was realised in a sugar beet growing region (Haplic Luvisol); a field rainfall simulator was used. From the used variants with Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L., Vicia villosa Roth, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Triticum aestivum L. or a mixture (Vicia villosa plus a Trifolium hybrid diploid), the variants with Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia villosa or Vicia villosa plus the Trifolium hybrid diploid, established between the maize rows (hybrid maize, cultivar Walterinio) on May 27, were the most efficient in case of both the soil losses and runoff reductions in the year 2019. For example, Triticum aestivum between the maize rows mostly reduced the soil losses and the surface runoff was similar (or higher) compared with the control (maize without any intercrop). The variant with Trifolium repens had mostly higher (or similar) soil loss values (compared with the control); in this variant, the runoff was lower compared with the control. We proved our hypothesis with regards to the higher reduction in the soil losses than with the runoff in the variant with Lolium perenne. The results from the years 2020 (the used variants with Lolium multiflorum, Secale cereale L., Trifolium incarnatum L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum, Lolium multiflorum plus Vicia pannonica Crantz) and 2021 (the variants with Lolium multiflorum, Lolium multiflorum – early sowing, Secale cereale, Trifolium incarnatum, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum, a mixed culture = maize plus Lupinus albus L.) showed the variants with Trifolium incarnatum, the mixture (Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum), Phacelia tanacetifolia (in the year 2020) or the mixture (Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum) and a mixed culture (maize plus Lupinus albus) (2021) had the most positive effect – the soil loss and surface runoff values were lower when the maize was > 2 m compared with the maize < 1 m. The results obtained in the period 2019–2021 showed the grasses were the most efficient in decreasing the soil losses when the maize was < 1 m and when the maize was > 2 m with the used mixtures.
{"title":"Soil-conservation effect of intercrops in silage maize","authors":"D. Kincl, P. Formánek, J. Vopravil, P. Nerušil, L. Menšík, J. Janků","doi":"10.17221/36/2022-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/36/2022-swr","url":null,"abstract":"More than 50% of agricultural land is threatened by water erosion in the Czech Republic. With respect to soil erosion, maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the most problematic crops; one of the possibilities to increase protection against erosion is intercropping. In this study, we attempted to find out the effects of individual intercrops and their mixtures (sown 4–6 weeks after sowing maize) or a mixed culture (maize plus lupine) on the soil losses and surface runoff in the period 2019–2021. The study was realised in a sugar beet growing region (Haplic Luvisol); a field rainfall simulator was used. From the used variants with Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens L., Vicia villosa Roth, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Triticum aestivum L. or a mixture (Vicia villosa plus a Trifolium hybrid diploid), the variants with Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Vicia villosa or Vicia villosa plus the Trifolium hybrid diploid, established between the maize rows (hybrid maize, cultivar Walterinio) on May 27, were the most efficient in case of both the soil losses and runoff reductions in the year 2019. For example, Triticum aestivum between the maize rows mostly reduced the soil losses and the surface runoff was similar (or higher) compared with the control (maize without any intercrop). The variant with Trifolium repens had mostly higher (or similar) soil loss values (compared with the control); in this variant, the runoff was lower compared with the control. We proved our hypothesis with regards to the higher reduction in the soil losses than with the runoff in the variant with Lolium perenne. The results from the years 2020 (the used variants with Lolium multiflorum, Secale cereale L., Trifolium incarnatum L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum, Lolium multiflorum plus Vicia pannonica Crantz) and 2021 (the variants with Lolium multiflorum, Lolium multiflorum – early sowing, Secale cereale, Trifolium incarnatum, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum, a mixed culture = maize plus Lupinus albus L.) showed the variants with Trifolium incarnatum, the mixture (Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum), Phacelia tanacetifolia (in the year 2020) or the mixture (Lolium multiflorum plus Trifolium incarnatum) and a mixed culture (maize plus Lupinus albus) (2021) had the most positive effect – the soil loss and surface runoff values were lower when the maize was > 2 m compared with the maize < 1 m. The results obtained in the period 2019–2021 showed the grasses were the most efficient in decreasing the soil losses when the maize was < 1 m and when the maize was > 2 m with the used mixtures.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41341024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preferential flow is associated with potential issues of poor irrigation water-fertiliser efficiency in a cultivated field. In addition, a preliminary understanding of how irrigation quotas contribute to this prevalent phenomenon is limited. Thus, one blank control group and three different irrigation quotas were set (0, 450, 550 and 650 mm) and the dye tracing image method was applied to investigate the characteristics of the preferential flow in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation. On the basis of the results, we found significant differences in the preferential flow degree between the four groups (P = 0.02); the mean scores of the dyed area ratio Dc and variation coefficient Cv from the soil stained profile were 29.83%, 45.77%, 37.36%, 39.40% and 0.98, 1.12, 1.28, 1.17 for the total irrigation quota 0, 450, 550 and 650 mm, respectively, indicating an increasing and then decreasing tendency for the non-uniformity as well as variation in the soil water flowing as the irrigation quota being put on. At the same time, the preferential flow ratios showed a similar trend compared with Dc as well as Cv, which were 4.64%, 13.70%, 40.03%, and 23.60% for the irrigation amounts of 0, 450, 550, and 650 mm, respectively. In general, we concluded that the degree of preferential flow with an irrigation quota of 550 mm (local irrigation practice) was highest while no irrigation led to a more uniform flow in the cotton fields with film mulched. The present study goes some way towards supplementing our understanding of preferential flow in agricultural practice.
{"title":"Irrigation quotas influenced the characteristics of the preferential flow in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation in Northwest China","authors":"Rui Chen, Zhenhua Wang, Tianyu Wang, Xiaodi Wu","doi":"10.17221/74/2021-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/74/2021-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Preferential flow is associated with potential issues of poor irrigation water-fertiliser efficiency in a cultivated field. In addition, a preliminary understanding of how irrigation quotas contribute to this prevalent phenomenon is limited. Thus, one blank control group and three different irrigation quotas were set (0, 450, 550 and 650 mm) and the dye tracing image method was applied to investigate the characteristics of the preferential flow in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation. On the basis of the results, we found significant differences in the preferential flow degree between the four groups (P = 0.02); the mean scores of the dyed area ratio Dc and variation coefficient Cv from the soil stained profile were 29.83%, 45.77%, 37.36%, 39.40% and 0.98, 1.12, 1.28, 1.17 for the total irrigation quota 0, 450, 550 and 650 mm, respectively, indicating an increasing and then decreasing tendency for the non-uniformity as well as variation in the soil water flowing as the irrigation quota being put on. At the same time, the preferential flow ratios showed a similar trend compared with Dc as well as Cv, which were 4.64%, 13.70%, 40.03%, and 23.60% for the irrigation amounts of 0, 450, 550, and 650 mm, respectively. In general, we concluded that the degree of preferential flow with an irrigation quota of 550 mm (local irrigation practice) was highest while no irrigation led to a more uniform flow in the cotton fields with film mulched. The present study goes some way towards supplementing our understanding of preferential flow in agricultural practice.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44838397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Horváth, Petra Hanáková Bečvářová, B. Šarapatka, V. Zouhar
Climate change has increased attention paid in the research to forest soils and tree species composition, in respect to the potential for carbon sequestration. It is known that forest stands are able to store soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known about the effect of forest naturalness on SOC content. This is important in relation of dying of unnatural spruce stands. It is necessary to determine a suitable composition of tree species which will replace them. This research is based on 248 plots with oak, beech, and spruce stands and mixtures of these species, with measured values of SOC. Our results show that autochthonous and mixed stands, in terms of tree species composition, in the study area had a higher SOC content than allochthonous and pure stands. In addition, it was found that autochthonous oak and beech stands, especially in mixtures, had a higher SOC content than allochthonous spruce stands (monocultures). On the basis of the presented results, it is possible to optimize the future tree species composition of stands in the study area, which currently have an allochthonous representation of spruce, to provide better function of carbon sequestration and resistance to climate change.
{"title":"The impact of forest naturalness and tree species composition on soil organic carbon content in areas with unnatural occurrence of Norway spruce in the Czech Republic","authors":"M. Horváth, Petra Hanáková Bečvářová, B. Šarapatka, V. Zouhar","doi":"10.17221/19/2022-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/19/2022-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has increased attention paid in the research to forest soils and tree species composition, in respect to the potential for carbon sequestration. It is known that forest stands are able to store soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known about the effect of forest naturalness on SOC content. This is important in relation of dying of unnatural spruce stands. It is necessary to determine a suitable composition of tree species which will replace them. This research is based on 248 plots with oak, beech, and spruce stands and mixtures of these species, with measured values of SOC. Our results show that autochthonous and mixed stands, in terms of tree species composition, in the study area had a higher SOC content than allochthonous and pure stands. In addition, it was found that autochthonous oak and beech stands, especially in mixtures, had a higher SOC content than allochthonous spruce stands (monocultures). On the basis of the presented results, it is possible to optimize the future tree species composition of stands in the study area, which currently have an allochthonous representation of spruce, to provide better function of carbon sequestration and resistance to climate change.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42403638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several experimental methods have been developed to fractionate soil organic carbon (SOC) into functional sub-pools. However, which fractions had the potential to better reflect the SOC dynamics responding to fertilisation are still under discussion. Thus, we compared different SOC fractions (microbial biomass carbon, MBC; dissolved organic carbon, DOC; permanganate-oxidisable carbon, POXC; particle organic carbon, POC, and aggregation organic carbon fractions) and the soil respiration rate in a wheat-corn rotation field after 40 years of manure and N fertilisation in North China to search for the most sensitive SOC fractions to fertilisation. Manure increased the organic carbon (OC) contents of all the soil fractions (26.5 to 362.8%) and the POC (18.0 to 43.7%) and macro-aggregation percentages (3.0 to 4.4%), which indicated an increasing physical-protected aggregated OC fraction. N fertilisation alone slightly increased the OC contents of all the soil fractions and DOC percentage, but decreased the macro-aggregation OC percentage, which suggests the increasing possibility that the SOC is exposed to microbial communities causing a decreasing aggregation formation. However, when a high level of both the manure and N fertiliser were applied, the excessive N in the soil stimulates the soil microbial activity and decreases the SOC content comparing it to the same level of the manure fertiliser addition.
{"title":"Soil organic carbon fractions comparison after 40-year long-term fertilisation in a wheat-corn rotation field","authors":"Xiaolu Sun, Jingtao Liu, Shu-tang Liu, Wenlong Gao","doi":"10.17221/144/2021-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/144/2021-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Several experimental methods have been developed to fractionate soil organic carbon (SOC) into functional sub-pools. However, which fractions had the potential to better reflect the SOC dynamics responding to fertilisation are still under discussion. Thus, we compared different SOC fractions (microbial biomass carbon, MBC; dissolved organic carbon, DOC; permanganate-oxidisable carbon, POXC; particle organic carbon, POC, and aggregation organic carbon fractions) and the soil respiration rate in a wheat-corn rotation field after 40 years of manure and N fertilisation in North China to search for the most sensitive SOC fractions to fertilisation. Manure increased the organic carbon (OC) contents of all the soil fractions (26.5 to 362.8%) and the POC (18.0 to 43.7%) and macro-aggregation percentages (3.0 to 4.4%), which indicated an increasing physical-protected aggregated OC fraction. N fertilisation alone slightly increased the OC contents of all the soil fractions and DOC percentage, but decreased the macro-aggregation OC percentage, which suggests the increasing possibility that the SOC is exposed to microbial communities causing a decreasing aggregation formation. However, when a high level of both the manure and N fertiliser were applied, the excessive N in the soil stimulates the soil microbial activity and decreases the SOC content comparing it to the same level of the manure fertiliser addition.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46504657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The widespread hillslope- and gully-erosion in Liaoning Province of Northeast China, pose serious challenges to the local agricultural production. Hillslope- and gully-erosion have typically been studied separately; however, there has been little investigation on the relationship of these two types of erosion. In this study, the coupling relationship of the hillslope- and gully-erosion from the perspectives of erosion intensity and land use, as well as the slope gradient, aspect, and shape, was analysed. The study employed remote sensing and geographic information system techniques, and the universal soil loss equation and kriging were used to perform a macroscopic analysis. The results showed that gully-erosion was more severe compared with hillslope-erosion in the study area. The cultivated land has the highest level of human activities, therefore, the most intense hillslope- and gully-erosion. The threshold slope gradients for the hillslope- and gully-erosion are 14° and 6°, respectively. Above the threshold of 6°, the slope gradient is no longer the primary factor affecting the gully-erosion. Sunny slopes have observably more hillslope-erosion than shady slopes, and the highest hillslope-erosion is observed on the south-southeast-facing slopes. The effect of the slope aspect on the gully-erosion should not be ignored, as evidenced by the considerable gully density of the east-northeast-facing slopes which is obviously higher than for slopes with other slope aspects. The highest hillslope-erosion amount and gully density occur on concave slopes, followed by convex and straight slopes, and straight slopes have little effect on the hillslope-erosion, but have a marked impact on the gully-erosion. The results of this work may serve as a scientific reference for the comprehensive control of soil erosion across a slope-gully system in Northeast China.
{"title":"The coupling of hillslope- and gully-erosion increases their controlling efforts: A case study in Liaoning Province, China","authors":"Xiangguo Fan, H. Fan, Shuangfa Dong","doi":"10.17221/106/2021-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/106/2021-swr","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread hillslope- and gully-erosion in Liaoning Province of Northeast China, pose serious challenges to the local agricultural production. Hillslope- and gully-erosion have typically been studied separately; however, there has been little investigation on the relationship of these two types of erosion. In this study, the coupling relationship of the hillslope- and gully-erosion from the perspectives of erosion intensity and land use, as well as the slope gradient, aspect, and shape, was analysed. The study employed remote sensing and geographic information system techniques, and the universal soil loss equation and kriging were used to perform a macroscopic analysis. The results showed that gully-erosion was more severe compared with hillslope-erosion in the study area. The cultivated land has the highest level of human activities, therefore, the most intense hillslope- and gully-erosion. The threshold slope gradients for the hillslope- and gully-erosion are 14° and 6°, respectively. Above the threshold of 6°, the slope gradient is no longer the primary factor affecting the gully-erosion. Sunny slopes have observably more hillslope-erosion than shady slopes, and the highest hillslope-erosion is observed on the south-southeast-facing slopes. The effect of the slope aspect on the gully-erosion should not be ignored, as evidenced by the considerable gully density of the east-northeast-facing slopes which is obviously higher than for slopes with other slope aspects. The highest hillslope-erosion amount and gully density occur on concave slopes, followed by convex and straight slopes, and straight slopes have little effect on the hillslope-erosion, but have a marked impact on the gully-erosion. The results of this work may serve as a scientific reference for the comprehensive control of soil erosion across a slope-gully system in Northeast China.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41474857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Doneva, M. Kercheva, E. Dimitrov, E. Velizarova, M. Glushkova
Soil thermal properties regulate the thermal and water balance and influence the soil temperature distribution. The aim of the current study is to present data on the changes in the thermal properties of Cambisols at different ratios between the water content and the air in the pore space under different vegetation covers in mountain regions. The undisturbed soil samples were taken from the surface soil layers under grassland, deciduous and coniferous forests in three experimental stations of the Forest Research Institute – Gabra in Lozen Mountain, Govedartsi in Rila Mountain and Igralishte in Maleshevska Mountain. The soil thermal conductivity (λ), the thermal diffusivity (α) and the volumetric heat capacity (Cv) were measured with the SH-1 sensor of a KD2Pro device at different matric potentials in laboratory conditions. The thermal conductivity of the investigated soils was also measured with the TR-1 sensor of a KD2Pro device at the transitory soil moisture in field conditions. An increase in the thermal properties with the soil water content was best pronounced for λ and depended inversely on the total porosity. As the total porosity increased with the soil organic carbon content and decreased with the skeleton content, the lowest value of λ was established in the surface horizons of Dystric Cambisols (Humic) in the experimental station in Govedartsi. The soil thermal conductivity increased with the depth under the deciduous forest (Gabra and Igralishte) due to the lower soil organic carbon content (SOC) and the total porosity. There were no such changes in the subsurface horizon under the grassed associations. The increase in the heat capacity with the water content depended on the SOC to less extent. In the horizons with a SOC of less than 1.5%, the changes in the thermal diffusivity over the whole range of wetness were 1.7 times higher than those with a higher SOC.
{"title":"Thermal properties of Cambisols in mountain regions under different vegetation covers","authors":"K. Doneva, M. Kercheva, E. Dimitrov, E. Velizarova, M. Glushkova","doi":"10.17221/94/2021-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/94/2021-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Soil thermal properties regulate the thermal and water balance and influence the soil temperature distribution. The aim of the current study is to present data on the changes in the thermal properties of Cambisols at different ratios between the water content and the air in the pore space under different vegetation covers in mountain regions. The undisturbed soil samples were taken from the surface soil layers under grassland, deciduous and coniferous forests in three experimental stations of the Forest Research Institute – Gabra in Lozen Mountain, Govedartsi in Rila Mountain and Igralishte in Maleshevska Mountain. The soil thermal conductivity (λ), the thermal diffusivity (α) and the volumetric heat capacity (Cv) were measured with the SH-1 sensor of a KD2Pro device at different matric potentials in laboratory conditions. The thermal conductivity of the investigated soils was also measured with the TR-1 sensor of a KD2Pro device at the transitory soil moisture in field conditions. An increase in the thermal properties with the soil water content was best pronounced for λ and depended inversely on the total porosity. As the total porosity increased with the soil organic carbon content and decreased with the skeleton content, the lowest value of λ was established in the surface horizons of Dystric Cambisols (Humic) in the experimental station in Govedartsi. The soil thermal conductivity increased with the depth under the deciduous forest (Gabra and Igralishte) due to the lower soil organic carbon content (SOC) and the total porosity. There were no such changes in the subsurface horizon under the grassed associations. The increase in the heat capacity with the water content depended on the SOC to less extent. In the horizons with a SOC of less than 1.5%, the changes in the thermal diffusivity over the whole range of wetness were 1.7 times higher than those with a higher SOC.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49471136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julie Dajcl, V. Tejnecký, K. Němeček, L. Borůvka, P. Drahota, O. Drábek
This study aims to compare the chromium (Cr) mobility in two soils with different Cr sources. The first one is an anthropogenically contaminated soil from an area of a piston ring production factory, and the second one is a serpentine soil with a naturally increased Cr level from the National Nature Reserve Mohelno serpentine steppe in the Czech Republic. To assess the influence of naturally occurring environmental factors on the Cr mobility, two sets of column leaching experiments were constructed, namely an acidified water treatment (AW) and a simulated root exudate treatment (SRE). It was found that the anthropogenically contaminated soil leached out many times more Cr for both (the AW and SRE) treatments in comparison with the serpentine soil. Generally, all the samples showed enhanced leaching from the bottom layer, respectively the horizon, for both treatments. Only the anthropogenic soil showed some differences in the bottom layer, which was more susceptible to the AW treatment than to the SRE one. These findings show the high dependence of the leachability of Cr on the Cr content origin. It has been proven that naturally enriched sites where elevated levels of Cr originate from the bedrock are more resistant to Cr leaching than anthropogenically contaminated soils. Feasible causes of these differences are discussed in this study.
{"title":"Comparison of chromium mobility at naturally enriched and anthropogenically polluted sites: A column leaching experiment","authors":"Julie Dajcl, V. Tejnecký, K. Němeček, L. Borůvka, P. Drahota, O. Drábek","doi":"10.17221/129/2021-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/129/2021-swr","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to compare the chromium (Cr) mobility in two soils with different Cr sources. The first one is an anthropogenically contaminated soil from an area of a piston ring production factory, and the second one is a serpentine soil with a naturally increased Cr level from the National Nature Reserve Mohelno serpentine steppe in the Czech Republic. To assess the influence of naturally occurring environmental factors on the Cr mobility, two sets of column leaching experiments were constructed, namely an acidified water treatment (AW) and a simulated root exudate treatment (SRE). It was found that the anthropogenically contaminated soil leached out many times more Cr for both (the AW and SRE) treatments in comparison with the serpentine soil. Generally, all the samples showed enhanced leaching from the bottom layer, respectively the horizon, for both treatments. Only the anthropogenic soil showed some differences in the bottom layer, which was more susceptible to the AW treatment than to the SRE one. These findings show the high dependence of the leachability of Cr on the Cr content origin. It has been proven that naturally enriched sites where elevated levels of Cr originate from the bedrock are more resistant to Cr leaching than anthropogenically contaminated soils. Feasible causes of these differences are discussed in this study.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45588921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil aggregates have great effects on soil properties and soil functions. Mulching (organic inputs) has been known as a factor influencing soil aggregate stability. Our study aimed to reveal the causes of the higher stability of soil aggregates under organic mulches. The primary soil characteristics such as organic carbon (Cox), humus quality (E4/E6), potential wettability index (PWI), and aromaticity index (iAR) were determined. The Cox was measured using rapid dichromate oxidation, and E4/E6 was measured using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The PWI and iAR were determined according to the intensity of selected bands in diffuse reflectance infrared spectra. Results showed that mulched plots contained higher Cox content in aggregates in comparison with whole soil. This indicates that the carbon was stabilized within the aggregates and sequestrated into the soil. The iAR was significantly higher after using the organic mulches, the aliphatic components of the organic matter thus contribute more to the aggregates stabilization. The PWI of aggregates was found to be higher after applying these mulches than in soil. Organic mulches are therefore able to reduce the wettability of the aggregates and also to protect the aggregate from dispersion with water.
{"title":"Causes clarification of the soil aggregates stability on mulched soil","authors":"S. Thai, T. Davidek, L. Pavlů","doi":"10.17221/151/2021-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/151/2021-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Soil aggregates have great effects on soil properties and soil functions. Mulching (organic inputs) has been known as a factor influencing soil aggregate stability. Our study aimed to reveal the causes of the higher stability of soil aggregates under organic mulches. The primary soil characteristics such as organic carbon (Cox), humus quality (E4/E6), potential wettability index (PWI), and aromaticity index (iAR) were determined. The Cox was measured using rapid dichromate oxidation, and E4/E6 was measured using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The PWI and iAR were determined according to the intensity of selected bands in diffuse reflectance infrared spectra. Results showed that mulched plots contained higher Cox content in aggregates in comparison with whole soil. This indicates that the carbon was stabilized within the aggregates and sequestrated into the soil. The iAR was significantly higher after using the organic mulches, the aliphatic components of the organic matter thus contribute more to the aggregates stabilization. The PWI of aggregates was found to be higher after applying these mulches than in soil. Organic mulches are therefore able to reduce the wettability of the aggregates and also to protect the aggregate from dispersion with water.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42588355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Borůvka, R. Vašát, V. Šrámek, Kateřina Neudertová Hellebrandová, V. Fadrhonsová, M. Sánka, L. Pavlů, Ondřej Sáňka, O. Vacek, K. Němeček, Shahin Nozari, Vincent Yaw Oppong Sarkodie
Forest soils have a high potential to store carbon and thus mitigate climate change. The information on spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is thus very important. This study aims to analyse the importance of environmental predictors for forest SOC stock prediction at the regional and national scale in the Czech Republic. A big database of forest soil data for more than 7 000 sites was compiled from several surveys. SOC stocks were calculated from SOC content and bulk density for the topsoil mineral layer 0–30 cm. Spatial prediction models were developed separately for individual natural forest areas and for four subsets with different altitude range, using random forest method. The importance of environmental predictors in the models strongly differs between regions and altitudes. At lower altitudes, forest edaphic series and soil classes are strong predictors, while at higher altitudes the predictors related to topography become more important. The importance of soil classes depends on the pedodiversity level and on the difference in SOC stock between the classes. The contribution of forest types as predictors is limited when one (mostly coniferous) type dominates. Better prediction results can be obtained in smaller, but consistent regions, like some natural forest areas.
{"title":"Predictors for digital mapping of forest soil organic carbon stocks in different types of landscape","authors":"L. Borůvka, R. Vašát, V. Šrámek, Kateřina Neudertová Hellebrandová, V. Fadrhonsová, M. Sánka, L. Pavlů, Ondřej Sáňka, O. Vacek, K. Němeček, Shahin Nozari, Vincent Yaw Oppong Sarkodie","doi":"10.17221/4/2022-swr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/4/2022-swr","url":null,"abstract":"Forest soils have a high potential to store carbon and thus mitigate climate change. The information on spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is thus very important. This study aims to analyse the importance of environmental predictors for forest SOC stock prediction at the regional and national scale in the Czech Republic. A big database of forest soil data for more than 7 000 sites was compiled from several surveys. SOC stocks were calculated from SOC content and bulk density for the topsoil mineral layer 0–30 cm. Spatial prediction models were developed separately for individual natural forest areas and for four subsets with different altitude range, using random forest method. The importance of environmental predictors in the models strongly differs between regions and altitudes. At lower altitudes, forest edaphic series and soil classes are strong predictors, while at higher altitudes the predictors related to topography become more important. The importance of soil classes depends on the pedodiversity level and on the difference in SOC stock between the classes. The contribution of forest types as predictors is limited when one (mostly coniferous) type dominates. Better prediction results can be obtained in smaller, but consistent regions, like some natural forest areas.","PeriodicalId":48982,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Water Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45070052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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