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Available water capacity and organic carbon storage profiles in soils developed from dark brown soil to boggy soil in Changbai Mountains, China 长白山黑褐色土壤到沼泽土壤的有效水量和有机碳储量特征
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.17221/150/2019-swr
Dandan Yu, F. Hu, Kun Zhang, Li Liu, Danfeng Li
The available water capacity (AWC) is the most commonly used parameter for quantifying the amount of soil water that is readily available to plants. Specific AWC and soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) profiles are consequences of the soil development process. Understanding the distributions of AWC and SOCS in soil profiles is crucial for modelling the coupling between carbon and water cycle processes, and for predicting the consequences of global change. In this study, we determined the variations in the AWC and SOCS from the surface to a depth of 100 cm in soils developed from dark brown soil, skeletal dark brown soil, meadow dark brown soil, white starched dark brown soil, meadow soil, and boggy soil in the Changbai Mountains area of China. The AWC and SOCS profiles were calculated for each main soil group/subgroup using only the readily available variables for the soil texture and organic matter with the soil water characteristic equations. The results showed the following. (1) The AWC and SOCS decreased initially and then increased, before decreasing again in soils developed from dark brown soil to boggy soil, where the maximum SOCS occurred in the white starched dark brown soil, and the maximum AWC in the dark brown soil. (2) The SOCS was decreased by deforestation and concomitant soil erosion, but the negative impact of this decrease in the SOCS in the Changbai Mountains area was not caused completely by reductions in AWC. (3) In the soil development process from dark brown soil to boggy soil in response to deforestation, the AWC distribution differed in the profile and even among individual layers, whereas the SOCS was mainly present in the upper layer.
有效水容量(AWC)是最常用的参数,用于量化植物容易获得的土壤水量。特定的AWC和土壤有机碳储存(SOCS)剖面是土壤发育过程的结果。了解土壤剖面中AWC和SOCS的分布对于模拟碳和水循环过程之间的耦合以及预测全球变化的后果至关重要。在本研究中,我们测定了中国长白山地区从深棕壤、骨骼深棕壤,草甸深棕壤和白浆深棕壤以及草甸土和沼泽土形成的土壤中从地表到100cm深度的AWC和SOCS的变化。仅使用土壤质地和有机质的现成变量以及土壤水分特征方程,计算每个主要土壤组/亚组的AWC和SOCS剖面。结果如下。(1) AWC和SOCS最初降低,然后增加,然后在从深棕色土壤发展为沼泽土的土壤中再次降低,其中最大SOCS出现在白色淀粉深棕色土壤中,最大AWC出现在深棕色土壤。(2) 森林砍伐和伴随的土壤侵蚀降低了SOCS,但长白山地区SOCS降低的负面影响并不是完全由AWC的降低引起的。(3) 在因森林砍伐而从深棕色土壤到沼泽地的土壤发育过程中,AWC分布在剖面上甚至在各个层之间都有所不同,而SOCS主要存在于上层。
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引用次数: 5
Effect of clay on the fractions of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soil 粘土对污染土壤中潜在有毒元素组分的影响
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.17221/13/2020-SWR
Kateřina Vejvodová, O. Drábek, C. Ash, V. Tejnecký, K. Němeček, L. Borůvka
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of clay as an amendment to decrease the mobility and plant availability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Kaolinite and vermiculite were added at a 9% application rate to a contaminated garden soil from Kutná Hora. Half of the original soil was acidified by the addition of HNO3, to observe the effect of the pH on the adsorption of the PTEs. The samples were analysed four times over an eight-week period to evaluate the effect of the clay additions on the As, Cd, Pb and Zn plant availability and different fractions of the BCR sequential extraction. The results indicate that the PTEs were mainly bound by ion/cation exchange on the edges of the clay minerals and onto the Fe/Mn oxides and organic fractions in the soils. The significance (P < 0.05) of the pH was observed for the plant availability of the PTE, especially on the As and Cd. A comparison of the vermiculite in the form of chunks and as powder displayed the most statistically significant results, where the vermiculite powder significantly decreased the plant availability of the As, Cd and Pb, while the opposite effect was observed for the Zn.
本研究的目的是评估粘土作为一种改良剂对降低潜在有毒元素(pte)的移动性和植物可利用性的影响。以9%的施肥率在库特纳霍拉污染的园林土中添加高岭石和蛭石。将一半的原始土壤加入HNO3酸化,观察pH值对pte吸附的影响。在8周的时间内对样品进行了4次分析,以评估粘土添加对As、Cd、Pb和Zn植物有效性以及不同组分BCR顺序萃取的影响。结果表明,pte主要通过黏土矿物边缘的离子/阳离子交换结合到土壤中的Fe/Mn氧化物和有机组分上。pH对PTE的植物有效性有显著影响(P < 0.05),尤其是As和Cd。块状和粉状的蛭石对As、Cd和Pb的植物有效性有显著影响,而对Zn的植物有效性有相反影响。
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引用次数: 2
Comparison of the physical properties of soils belonging to different reference soil groups 属于不同参考土壤群的土壤物理性质的比较
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.17221/31/2020-swr
J. Vopravil, P. Formánek, T. Khel
Soil properties can be influenced by long-term agricultural management practices as described in pedological literature. In this study, selected physical properties (particle density and bulk density, total porosity, maximum capillary water capacity, minimum air capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water capacity) of topsoils from different reference soil groups (Cambisols, Luvisols, Fluvisols, Chernozems and Phaeozems, Leptosols, Stagnosols and Gleysols) were sampled and analysed in the years 2016–2017. The topsoil samples were taken from points of so-called S (specific) soil pits to be sampled from the General Soil Survey of Agricultural Soils (GSSAS) which was accomplished in the years 1961–1970. In addition, some of the properties were also compared with those measured during the GSSAS. Recognising the properties, only the particle density, the maximum capillary water capacity, the permanent wilting point and the available water capacity of the topsoil of the individual soil groups were statistically significantly (P < 0.05) different. A comparison of the physical properties with those analysed after more than 40 years was performed, the bulk density increased and the total porosity decreased in the topsoil of the major part of the studied soil groups.
土壤特性可以受到长期农业管理实践的影响,如土壤学文献所述。本研究选取了2016-2017年不同参考土壤类群(Cambisols、Luvisols、Fluvisols、Chernozems和Phaeozems、Leptosols、Stagnosols和Gleysols)表层土壤的物理性质(颗粒密度和容重、总孔隙度、最大毛细容量、最小空气容量、田间容量、永久萎蔫点和有效水量)进行了采样和分析。表层土样品取自1961-1970年完成的农业土壤综合土壤调查(GSSAS)中所谓的S(特定)土坑取样点。此外,还与GSSAS期间测量的一些性能进行了比较。从性质上看,各土壤组间表层土的颗粒密度、毛管最大容水量、永久凋萎点和有效容水量差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与40多年后分析的物理性质进行了比较,研究土壤组的大部分表土的容重增加,总孔隙率降低。
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引用次数: 4
Estimation of the annual rainfall erosivity index based on hourly rainfall data in a tropical region 基于热带地区逐时雨量资料的年降雨侵蚀力指数估算
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.17221/25/2020-swr
Ming-Hsi Lee, I-Ping Hsu
The annual mean rainfall erosivity (R) indicates the potential soil loss caused by the precipitation and runoff and is used to predict the soil loss from agricultural hillslopes. R is calculated from rainfall stations with continuously recording rainfall databases. However, many short-term real-time rainfall databases that also relate to the rainfall intensity are not readily available around Taiwan, with the hourly rainfall data being predominantly available. The annual mean rainfall erosivity calculated by the 10-min rainfall data accumulation converted to the 30-min rainfall data (R10_30) can be estimated using the annual mean rainfall erosivity calculated by the 10-min rainfall data accumulation convert to the hourly rainfall data (R10_60) that are calculated from the kinetic energy calculated by the 10-min rainfall data accumulation converted to the hourly rainfall data (E60j). The maximum 60-min rainfall intensity calculated by the 10-min rainfall data accumulation converted to the hourly rainfall data (I60j) has been established in rainfall stations throughout southern Taiwan. The 10-min rainfall data set consists of 15 221 storm events from 2002 to 2017 monitored by 51 rainfall stations located in the tropical regions in Taiwan. According to the results of this study, the average conversion factors of the kinetic energy (1.04), rainfall erosivity (1.47), and annual mean rainfall erosivity (1.30) could be estimated based on the 10-min rainfall data.
年平均降雨侵蚀力(R)反映了降雨和径流造成的潜在土壤流失,用于预测农业坡地的土壤流失。R由连续记录雨量资料库的雨量站计算。然而,许多与降雨强度相关的短期实时降雨数据库在台湾地区并不容易获得,以小时降雨量数据为主。由10 min降水资料积累转化成30 min降水资料(R10_30)计算得到的年平均降雨侵蚀力,可以用10 min降水资料积累转化成逐时降水资料(R10_60)计算得到的年平均降雨侵蚀力进行估算,而逐时降水资料(E60j)则由10 min降水资料积累转化成逐时降水资料(E60j)计算得到。在台湾南部各雨量站,已建立由10分钟雨量资料累积转换成每小时雨量资料(I60j)计算的最大60分钟雨量。10 min降水数据集由2002 - 2017年台湾热带地区51个雨量站监测的15 221次暴雨事件组成。根据研究结果,利用10 min降水资料可估算出其动能的平均转换系数为1.04,降雨侵蚀力为1.47,年平均降雨侵蚀力为1.30。
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引用次数: 1
Derivation and application of a generalised exchange-adsorption isotherm for the adsorption of hydrophobic compounds on soils 疏水性化合物在土壤上吸附的广义交换吸附等温线的推导与应用
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-10-05 DOI: 10.17221/69/2020-SWR
I. Czinkota, T. Filep, G. Rétháti, L. Tolner, M. Gulyás, A. Sebok, Boglárka Dálnoki
A general adsorption model able to provide a good description of the multilayer adsorption of ions and molecular compounds under any circumstances is proposed in this paper. In order to reach this goal, a general form of isotherm was deduced based on the Gapon equation and classical isotherm forms. The adsorption of molecular compounds with diverse hydrophobicity and acid-base characteristics were investigated and validated with a new model for the adsorption of four pesticides on different soils. The adsorption capacity and adsorption energy estimated by the new model were found to be related to the organic matter content of the soil. Great differences were found in the isotherm parameters (Ai, Ki, and ni) among both the soils and compounds investigated here.
本文提出了一个通用的吸附模型,该模型能够很好地描述离子和分子化合物在任何情况下的多层吸附。为了达到这一目的,在Gapon方程和经典等温线形式的基础上,推导了等温线的一般形式。利用一个新的四种农药在不同土壤上的吸附模型,研究并验证了具有不同疏水性和酸碱性的分子化合物的吸附。新模型估算的吸附容量和吸附能与土壤有机质含量有关。本文研究的土壤和化合物的等温线参数(Ai、Ki和ni)存在很大差异。
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引用次数: 1
Possibilities of including surface runoff barriers in the slope-length factor calculation in the GIS environment and its integration in the user-friendly LS-RUSLE tool 在GIS环境下将地表径流障碍纳入坡长因子计算的可能性及其在用户友好的LS-RUSLE工具中的集成
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.17221/128/2019-swr
J. Brychta, Martina Brychtová
The effect of the morphology is key aspect of erosion modelling. In Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) type methods, this effect is expressed by the topographic factor (LS). The LS calculation in GIS is performed by a unit contributing area (UCA) method and can mainly be influenced by the pixel resolution, by the flow direction algorithm and by the inclusion of a hydrologically closed unit (HCU) principle, the cutoff slope angle (CSA) principle and the ephemeral gullies extraction (EG) principle. This research presents a new LS-RUSLE tool created with the inclusion of these principles in the automatic user-friendly GIS tool. The HCU principle using a specific surface runoff interruption algorithm, based on pixels with NoData values at the interruption points (pixels), appears to be key. With this procedure, the occurrence of overestimation results by flow conversion was rapidly reduced. Additionally, the reduction of extreme L and LS values calculated in the GIS environment was reached by the application of the CSA and EG principles. The results of the LS-RUSLE model show the prospective use of this tool in practice.
形态的影响是侵蚀建模的关键方面。在通用土壤损失方程(USLE)类型的方法中,这种影响用地形因子(LS)表示。GIS中的LS计算是通过单位贡献面积(UCA)方法进行的,主要受像素分辨率、流向算法以及水文闭合单元(HCU)原理、截止坡角(CSA)原理和浅沟提取(EG)原理的影响。本研究提出了一种新的LS-RUSLE工具,该工具将这些原理包含在用户友好的自动GIS工具中。使用特定地表径流中断算法的HCU原理,基于中断点(像素)处具有NoData值的像素,似乎是关键。通过该程序,通过流量转换的高估结果的发生迅速减少。此外,通过应用CSA和EG原理,实现了在GIS环境中计算的L和LS极值的减少。LS-RUSLE模型的结果表明了该工具在实践中的应用前景。
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引用次数: 5
Potassium fractions in soil and simple K balance in long-term fertilising experiments 长期施肥试验中土壤钾组分与简单钾平衡
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.17221/151/2019-swr
J. Balík, M. Kulhánek, J. Černý, O. Sedlář, Pavel Suran
Experiments were used to determine the potassium release from the non-exchangeable K (Kne) forms that are involved in plant nutrition and which replenish the pool of available K. Long-term stationary field experiments with different fertilisation systems (organic: farmyard manure, sewage sludge, straw; mineral: NPK, N) were carried out to study the potassium balance and the K content changes in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (30–60 cm). The trials were located at three sites with different soil-climatic conditions. The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes (maize) – winter wheat – spring barley. All three crops were grown each year over 21 years. Positive correlations between the contents of the available K in the topsoil and the potassium balance (K inputs – K outputs) were observed. There were no statistically significant differences among the treatments. Depending on the soil properties, the ratio of non-exchangeable K (Kne) was 12–37% of the values obtained via the aqua regia extraction. Depending on the site, the amount released from the Kne forms to the available K form was 46–69 kg K/ha/ year. The use of K from the farmyard manure varied from 7.4% up to 25%. Due to the low K content in the sewage sludge, the long-term fertilisation with sludge may only lead to the depletion of the available K in the soil, similar to the sole N mineral fertilisation.
实验用于确定参与植物营养并补充有效钾库的不可交换钾(Kne)形式的钾释放。采用不同施肥系统(有机肥:农家肥、污泥、秸秆;矿物肥:NPK、N)进行长期固定田间试验,研究表层土(0-30cm)和底土(30-60cm)的钾平衡和钾含量变化。试验在三个不同土壤气候条件的地点进行。以下作物在试验中轮作:马铃薯(玉米)-冬小麦-春大麦。这三种作物都是21年来每年种植的。表层土壤中有效钾含量与钾平衡(K输入–K输出)呈正相关。两种治疗之间没有统计学上的显著差异。根据土壤性质,非交换性K(Kne)的比例为通过王水提取获得的值的12–37%。根据场地的不同,Kne形式释放到可用K形式的量为46–69 kg K/ha/年。农家肥中钾的利用率从7.4%到25%不等。由于污泥中的K含量较低,污泥长期施肥只会导致土壤中有效K的耗尽,类似于唯一的N矿物施肥。
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引用次数: 2
Industrial zones and their benefits for society 工业区及其对社会的好处
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.17221/59/2020-swr
J. Janků, K. Heřmanová, J. Kozak, J. Jehlička, Mansoor Maitah, K. Němeček, J. Vopravil, Daniell Toth, Karel Jacko, Tomáš Herza
Currently, we can see a rapid decline of agricultural land with new uses, especially for construction purposes. This negative trend is evident across Europe, the Czech Republic has the fastest loss of land in the EU. One reason for the significant loss of agricultural land is building industrial zones, which utilises of greenfield areas, and their occupying new areas of agricultural land, often the most the most fertile. The analysis deals with the occupied area (the area of a particular industrial zone), the percentage utilisation of that industrial zone, the number of employees in the industrial zone, and the land quality expressed by means of the agricultural land protection class. The results of the analysis show the low usability of industrial zones, the large occupation of the agricultural land, and the low benefits to the Czech state and Czech citizens. The results also show the poor land use policy in relation to the soil protection. This work is followed by the project Sustainable management of natural resources with an emphasis on non-production and production ability of the soil, the results of which will be included in legislation and be binding for spatial planning.
目前,我们可以看到具有新用途的农业用地迅速减少,特别是用于建设目的的农用地。这种负面趋势在整个欧洲都很明显,捷克共和国是欧盟土地损失最快的国家。农业用地严重损失的一个原因是建设工业区,利用绿地,并占用新的农业用地,通常是最肥沃的。该分析涉及占用面积(特定工业区的面积)、该工业区的利用率、工业区的雇员人数以及用农业土地保护类别表示的土地质量。分析结果表明,工业区的可用性较低,占用了大量农业用地,对捷克国家和捷克公民的利益也较低。研究结果还表明,不良土地利用政策与土壤保护有关。这项工作之后是自然资源的可持续管理项目,重点是土壤的非生产和生产能力,其结果将纳入立法,并对空间规划具有约束力。
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引用次数: 0
Contents, distribution, and fractionation of soil organic carbon and trace elements in soils under a green manure application 施用绿肥对土壤有机碳和微量元素含量、分布及分馏的影响
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.17221/65/2020-SWR
Y. Timofeeva, L. Purtova, A. Emelyanov, M. Burdukovskii, I. Kiseleva, M. Sidorenko
We quantified the soluble fractions of the soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and the total and water-soluble trace elements in soils contaminated by household waste and remediated via the addition of green manure over 13 years and identified the main factors controlling the vertical distribution and accumulation of the trace elements. Green manure favoured the active formation of soil organic matter. The SOC of the examined soils was characterised by the active stabilisation by mineral soil compounds, but by a low degree of humification. The soils showed increased concentrations of Cr and Ni ions. The SOC and different soil compounds enriched by Si, Ca, and Mn ions were the important determinant for the distribution of Sr, V and Cu ions, as well as for the distribution of Pb and Cr ions bound to the water-soluble components of the soils. The low degree of SOC humification may be one of the main reasons of the high concentrations of Cu and Pb ions in the composition of the water-soluble soil compounds. The nickel ions were mainly associated with compounds enriched by the Al and Fe ions. The extremely high percentage concentration of the Ni ions in the water-soluble components of the soils may be result of the absence of the Ni ions adsorption by humic substances.
我们量化了13年来被生活垃圾污染并通过添加绿肥进行修复的土壤中土壤有机碳(SOC)浓度的可溶性部分、总微量元素和水溶性微量元素,并确定了控制微量元素垂直分布和积累的主要因素。绿肥有利于土壤有机质的活性形成。检查土壤的SOC的特征是矿物土壤化合物的主动稳定,但腐殖化程度较低。土壤中Cr和Ni离子浓度增加。SOC和富含Si、Ca和Mn离子的不同土壤化合物是Sr、V和Cu离子分布以及与土壤水溶性成分结合的Pb和Cr离子分布的重要决定因素。SOC腐殖化程度低可能是水溶性土壤化合物组成中Cu和Pb离子浓度高的主要原因之一。镍离子主要与富含Al和Fe离子的化合物缔合。土壤水溶性组分中镍离子的百分比浓度极高,这可能是腐殖物质没有吸附镍离子的结果。
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引用次数: 2
Influences of a vermicompost application on the phosphorus transformation and microbial activity in a paddy soil 施用蚯蚓堆肥对水稻土磷转化和微生物活性的影响
IF 2.3 4区 农林科学 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2020-09-21 DOI: 10.17221/91/2019-swr
Feng Zhang, Rongping Wang, Yu Weimin, Liang Jiawei, X. Liao
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a vermicompost (VC) application on the phosphorus (P) transformation and microbial activity in a paddy soil. Changes in the following P forms were investigated: resin-P, concentrated HCl extracted inorganic (C.HCl-Pi) and organic P (C.HCl-Po), diluted HCl extracted inorganic P (D.HCl-Pi), NaHCO3 extracted inorganic (NaHCO3-Pi) and organic P (NaHCO3-Po), NaOH extracted inorganic (NaOH-Pi) and organic P (NaOH-Po), and residual P. The results showed that the vermicompost application significantly (P < 0.05) affected the pH, redox potential (Eh), water soluble Fe(II), HCl-extractable Fe(II), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass P (MBP), MBC/MBP ratio, and acid phosphatase activity (APA) of the paddy soil. In particular, the HCl-extractable Fe(II) increased by 25–56% with the vermicompost application when compared to the control (CK). With the exception of C.HCl-Pi, the vermicompost application greatly increased the contents of the various P forms in the soil. In particular, the labile P (resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi, and NaHCO3-Po) and moderately stable P (NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po) were significantly (P < 0.01) increased. The correlation analyses showed that NaHCO3-Pi was significantly and positively related to the MBC, MBP, and APA, while NaHCO3-Po was significantly and negatively related to the MBC, MBP, and APA. Both NaOH-Pi and C.HCl-Pi were significantly and negatively related to the APA. Both NaOH-Po and C.HCl-Po were significantly and positively related to the MBP, while NaOH-Pi was significantly and negatively related to the MBP. These results indicated that a vermicompost application could effectively enhance the dissolution and reduction of Fe and the consequent mobilisation of NaOH-Pi. In addition, the vermicompost application significantly (P < 0.01) increased the APA and effectively mobilised the NaOH-Po.
通过盆栽试验,研究了施用蚯蚓堆肥对水稻土磷转化和微生物活性的影响。研究了以下P形态的变化:结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥施用对土壤pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、水溶性铁(II)、可萃取铁(II)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)的影响显著(P < 0.05),对土壤pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、水溶性铁(II)、可萃取铁(II)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)的影响显著(P < 0.05);MBC/MBP比值和水稻土酸性磷酸酶活性(APA)。特别是,与对照(CK)相比,施用蚯蚓堆肥可提取的铁(II)增加了25-56%。除C.HCl-Pi外,蚯蚓堆肥显著增加了土壤中各种形态磷的含量。其中,不稳定P (resin-P、NaHCO3-Pi和NaHCO3-Po)和中稳定P (NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po)显著(P < 0.01)增加。相关分析显示,NaHCO3-Pi与MBC、MBP、APA呈显著正相关,NaHCO3-Po与MBC、MBP、APA呈显著负相关。NaOH-Pi和C.HCl-Pi与APA呈显著负相关。NaOH-Po和C.HCl-Po与MBP呈显著正相关,NaOH-Pi与MBP呈显著负相关。这些结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥可以有效地促进铁的溶解和还原,从而促进NaOH-Pi的动员。施用蚯蚓粪显著(P < 0.01)提高了APA,有效调动了NaOH-Po。
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引用次数: 2
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Soil and Water Research
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