Small-Scale Forestry最新文献

Social forestry policies are implemented by establishing and developing local institutions to organize collective action in forest management. Therefore, a strong local institution will be one of the main factors determining the successful implementation of social forestry. This study aims to identify and describe the local institutional strength of village forests and community forests as Indonesia’s two largest social forestry schemes. Data and information from various documents, structured in-depth interviews, and field observations were used to measure and analyze the local institutional strength of three village forests in Kubu Raya Regency and three community forests in Belitung Regency, Indonesia. Research results show that of the three village forests and three community forests cases, only one community forest is considered to have a strong local institution even though it has not yet reached the maximum value, both in the stability and enforcement dimensions. Three village forests and two other community forests are considered to have adequate institutional stability, albeit their institutional enforcement remains weak. Organizational structures, roles, and rules are merely paper documents that cannot be enforced or are not intended to be enforced. Several factors contributing to the local institutional strength are stability and effectiveness of roles, rules, and sanctions, local government support, community needs and interests, and benefit distribution, which interact with and influence each other. Government, researchers, and civil society organizations as social forestry facilitators, should pay more attention to these factors, so they can build and develop stronger local institutions for the success of social forestry.

The present study aims to examine the ongoing developments in promoting agroforestry and or farm forestry by various State Governments in India through legislations and or creating enabling ecosystems for farmers, landowners and business community to raise tree species. The Government of India’s orders, guidelines, and policies related to the promotion of agroforestry and or farm forestry were analysed, especially with respect to the plants exempted from requirement of felling permission and or transit pass across eight selected States of India. A total of 159 such plant species distributed over 119 genera and 51 families either exempted from the requirement of felling and or transit pass permissions are notified by the selected States. These plant species belong to different life forms, of which tree species was highest (144), followed by shrubs (4), bamboo/grass (3), herbs (3), and vines (3). Among the selected States, Meghalaya has notified highest number of species to the exempted category, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Kerala. Eucalyptus was the only species which was notified to the exempted category by all the States, followed by Polyalthia longifolia whereas 105 species were selected by a single State only. The State Governments policy for various plant species as grown on the private land and notified under the category of exempted from felling and or transit pass procedures is not uniform across the States. There is a need of farmers-friendly tree felling and transit pass policy in view of encouraging farmers for raising tree species in their farmlands.

This study explores attitudes and preferences of Finnish non-industrial private forest owners for voluntary temporary forest conservation. The survey data, collected with the best–worst scaling and discrete choice methods, focus on a conservation program that incentivizes forest owners for biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Forest owners are willing to conserve simultaneously biodiversity and forest carbon. They prefer non-profit organization as implementer of program, suggesting alternative to current implementation of forest conservation by authorities. Forest owners’ interest in forest conservation program increases with shorter contract and higher payment, both aspects being subject to preference heterogeneity. Forest owners differ in terms of the perceived importance of ecological, economic and social aspects of sustainability of forestry. Heterogeneity in attitudes and preferences stems from the size of forest land, gender, freetime home located on forest site, and place of residence.

Small-scale commercial afforestation has always played a vital role in stimulating rural livelihoods in South Africa and across the globe. This paper explores the lived experiences of small-scale commercial afforestation farmers in Manguzi, South Africa to understand the factors that influence these farmers to get involved in this afforestation and the impacts on their livelihoods. This paper also investigates the conflict between the farmers and the Department of Water and Sanitation over the policies that control afforestation practices and water use in South Africa. Following a qualitative approach, 26 small-scale farmers were interviewed, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. There are two types of commercial afforestation: large-scale and small-scale. The findings indicate that small-scale commercial afforestation is the only economic activity that has been able to earn rural dwellers a living for more than 30 years in Manguzi. However, it has succeeded at the expense of water resources which is concerning to the conflicted Department of Water and Sanitation. Following political ecology, we argue that environmental issues in Manguzi are the results of socio-economic conditions and that asymmetric power relations exist between the farmers and the Department of Water and Sanitation. The study recommends that the management of afforestation should be firmly grounded in principles of fairness, recognising the rights and agency of the underprivileged within the broader political and ecological framework.

Forests play an important role in adapting to and mitigating the negative effects of climate change and environmental degradation through sustainable forest management. In Europe and North America, where private forest ownership dominates, private forest owners play a crucial role in achieving diverse policy objectives. Given the importance of private forest owner cooperation to support the sustainable management and the achievement of policy goals, this paper systematically reviewed the international scientific publication on private forest owners (PFOs) cooperation using bibliometric network analysis complemented with a literature review to examine the development over the last two decades (2000–2021) and to determine where the trend of the research has been heading. The analysis provided a general overview of PFOs cooperation and focus more specifically on two main aspects of PFOs cooperation: “Reasons for joining forest owners’ organizations” and “Factors influencing PFOs cooperation”. The data was retrieved from the Scopus database and analysed using the VOSviewer software. The results showed that the number of publications on PFOs’ cooperation is more or less constant and that the most prolific authors’ institutions in this topic area come from the United States, Finland, Sweden and Germany. The keyword cluster analysis showed that there are three topic oriented clusters for both aspects of PFOs’ cooperation – “Reasons for joining forest owners’ organizations” and “Factors influencing PFOs cooperation”, while the trend of keywords showed a change in the perspective of PFOs’ cooperation over time: from cooperation for “timber production and supplying to the market” to cooperation for “multifunctional and sustainable forest management”, “biodiversity conservation” and “climate change mitigation”. The results also showed the influence of forest policy on PFOs cooperation.

Palm fruits are important non-timber forest products for rural people's livelihoods in the Amazon region, as many are nutritious foods and have the potential to generate income. However, in Pando, Bolivia, their commercialization is in most cases still underdeveloped. This study aimed to assess the potential of four palm fruits for sustainable commercialization and to identify their related promoting and hindering conditions. The palm fruits studied were açaí (Euterpe precatoria Mart), majo (Oenocarpus bataua Mart), motacu (Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng) and palma real (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.). We gathered data from 14 key informants using semi-structured online interviews, 10 community members using structured interviews, and literature. We analyzed the data with qualitative content analysis and a multi-criteria decision-making method. Açaí has the highest potential due to its high abundance, demand, and specialized institutional support, among others. Majo, with a medium potential, benefited from its similarities with açaí regarding harvesting and processing, but still has technical processing deficiencies. Palma real and motacu had low potential because of low demand and lack of knowledge regarding harvesting and processing. This study demonstrates the importance of considering multidisciplinary factors when assessing sustainable commercialization potentials.

Accurately assessing the impact of the establishment of nature reserves (NRs) on rural households' livelihood vulnerability is of great practical significance for improving their livelihoods in NRs and realizing the coordinated development of conservation and economy. This study examines the effects of nature reserves establishment on the livelihood vulnerability of 380 rural households across 17 giant panda reserves in Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces, utilizing 2-year panel data. Employing the propensity score matching method and panel seemingly unrelated regression model, the research reveals several key findings. First, the establishment of NRs will aggravate rural households’ livelihood risk, weaken rural households’ adaptability, and hence increase rural households' livelihood vulnerability. Second, rural households living in provincial NRs and those within Shaanxi province face greater livelihood vulnerability, especially if the NR is located in the city with lower GDP. Third, community development projects in NRs contribute to reducing rural households’ livelihood vulnerability, among which ecotourism and skills training play a more significant role. According to the above conclusions, establishing robust ecological compensation mechanisms can help to give full play to the geographical advantages of NRs, while the development of eco-agriculture and eco-tourism helps to promote the diversification of rural households’ livelihoods, thereby improving their adaptive capacity and reducing their livelihood vulnerability.

This paper analyzed the effects of climatic variables on firewood exploitation in the municipalities of the state of Paraíba (Brazil) from 1990 to 2019. The climatic data analyzed included total rainfall, mean temperature and firewood production data for the municipalities and mesoregions of the state of Paraíba. Data were sampled from 221 municipalities, according to the classification of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. An empirical regression with a panel data strategy was used. The results show that the mesoregions of the state respond differently to the climatic types. Rainfall has a negative impact because temperature positively affects firewood exploitation. The municipalities belonging to the Sertão and Borborema mesoregions are more strongly impacted by climatic variables and have higher firewood exploitation levels compared to the other mesoregions. Climate drivers are preponderant for firewood exploitation. It is necessary to develop a public policy plan aimed at vulnerability level reduction and greater adaptability to climate change, especially in regions where the economy directly depends on climatic variables, as is the case in most of the study area.

Family forest owners (FFOs) are critical stakeholders in ensuring many conservation outcomes, including improved water quality. In the highly forested Lake Champlain basin of Vermont, FFOs likely play a particularly important role in addressing water quality impairment. This study focused on FFOs’ thinking and decision-making around management practices on their land. Based on a dataset of 28 interviews collected using a semi-structured interview approach, the interviews were qualitatively coded and analyzed using the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change (TTM) framework. Our findings suggest that interviewed landowners were concerned about basin water quality but generally not aware of the connection between watershed health and actions taken on their particular forest parcel. We further describe how three TTM Processes of Change (helping relationships, consciousness raising, and environmental re-evaluation) may influence landowners’ decisions to manage their forests with water quality in mind. Our results suggest pathways for the design and targeting of behavioral change interventions based on the TTM that should inform landowner outreach as well as further research.