Abstract For the long-term survival of bird populations in urban areas, it is necessary to protect both bird habitats fragmented by urbanization and potential pathways for movement between them. However, urban pathways for waterbirds have rarely been studied. Suspecting that certain waterbird species that visit inland waters would tend to move along rivers, as movement pathways, we surveyed waterbird movement along the Kanda River in Tokyo, Japan in the winter of 2017/2018. We defined those species that very frequently (more than 95% of all flights) flew along the river as “river travelers”. Three species, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, and Herring Gull L. argentatus proved to be river-dependent movers that frequently used the Kanda River as a pathway. The gulls relied more heavily on the river as a movement pathway than the cormorant. In this sense, urban rivers may play a role for these species that is analogous to that of linear vegetated spaces for terrestrial birds. In addition, the distribution of river travelers (especially Black-headed Gull) may have been affected by the extent of riverside vegetation alongside, and highways covering, the river. To protect movement pathways for gulls and cormorants in urban areas, it is necessary to consider the differences among bird species in terms of their relative dependence on urban rivers as movement pathways and their comparative susceptibilities to the impact of manmade structures covering the rivers.
{"title":"Usage of Urban Rivers by Gulls and Cormorants as Movement Pathways in Winter","authors":"Shiori Takeshige, Kazuhiro Katoh","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.187","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the long-term survival of bird populations in urban areas, it is necessary to protect both bird habitats fragmented by urbanization and potential pathways for movement between them. However, urban pathways for waterbirds have rarely been studied. Suspecting that certain waterbird species that visit inland waters would tend to move along rivers, as movement pathways, we surveyed waterbird movement along the Kanda River in Tokyo, Japan in the winter of 2017/2018. We defined those species that very frequently (more than 95% of all flights) flew along the river as “river travelers”. Three species, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, and Herring Gull L. argentatus proved to be river-dependent movers that frequently used the Kanda River as a pathway. The gulls relied more heavily on the river as a movement pathway than the cormorant. In this sense, urban rivers may play a role for these species that is analogous to that of linear vegetated spaces for terrestrial birds. In addition, the distribution of river travelers (especially Black-headed Gull) may have been affected by the extent of riverside vegetation alongside, and highways covering, the river. To protect movement pathways for gulls and cormorants in urban areas, it is necessary to consider the differences among bird species in terms of their relative dependence on urban rivers as movement pathways and their comparative susceptibilities to the impact of manmade structures covering the rivers.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"187 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42270240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noriyuki M. Yamaguchi, S. Mori, Hiroshi Yonekawa, Daichi Waga, H. Higuchi
Abstract The provision of nest boxes to supplement naturally available nest sites can be an effective means of conserving cavity nesters. The White-throated Needletailed Swift Hirundapus caudacutus is a large, cavity-nesting swift. With reference to their natural nesting cavities in trees, we developed nest boxes for the species. Fourteen out of 20 nest boxes were used by needletails in 2017 and 2018 and monitored using nest cameras inside the boxes. Nest boxes were as successful as natural tree cavities in terms of the number of young reared.
{"title":"Nest Boxes for White-Throated Needletailed Swift Hirundapus caudacutus to Promote Conservation and Support Ecological Research","authors":"Noriyuki M. Yamaguchi, S. Mori, Hiroshi Yonekawa, Daichi Waga, H. Higuchi","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.217","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The provision of nest boxes to supplement naturally available nest sites can be an effective means of conserving cavity nesters. The White-throated Needletailed Swift Hirundapus caudacutus is a large, cavity-nesting swift. With reference to their natural nesting cavities in trees, we developed nest boxes for the species. Fourteen out of 20 nest boxes were used by needletails in 2017 and 2018 and monitored using nest cameras inside the boxes. Nest boxes were as successful as natural tree cavities in terms of the number of young reared.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"217 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46035377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A large number of Large-billed Crows Corvus macrorhynchos and Carrion Crows C. corone are culled annually either by shooting or trapping in Japan, but the effects of such culling on crow behaviour have never been evaluated. I hypothesized that in an area where crows are shot they would become more sensitive to human disturbance than those in an area where they are trapped. I compared alert and flight initiation distances of crows in two nearby, but separate, areas in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, in March 2004. In 2003 all 1,025 crows culled in the Daito area were shot, whereas 95.3% of 1,586 crows culled in the Tono area were trapped. Topography, land use, and human population densities were similar in the two areas. Analyses using generalized linear models showed that the area (and hence the method of culling) was the sole explanatory variable in the best model and included in each of the top five models for both distance measures. The median alert distance and flight initiation distance were greater where crows were shot than where they were trapped (60.0 m vs. 20.5 m and 46.0 m vs. 18.0 m, respectively). Other factors, such as species, flock size, behaviour, and habitat type, were far less important. These results show that shooting has a greater non-lethal effect on crows than trapping. While trapping may be a more efficient way of removing crows than shooting, shooting not only reduces the number of nuisance animals directly, but also affects their behaviour and habitat use so that damage is reduced indirectly. Shooting is thus the more effective choice for culling in order to reduce damage caused by crows.
在日本，每年都有大量的大喙鸦(Corvus macrorhynchos)和腐肉鸦(Carrion Crows C. corone)被捕杀，但这种捕杀对乌鸦行为的影响从未被评估过。我假设，在一个乌鸦被射杀的地方，它们会比在它们被困住的地方对人类的干扰更敏感。2004年3月，我比较了日本岩手县附近两个不同地区乌鸦的警觉距离和起飞距离。2003年在大东地区被捕杀的1025只乌鸦全部被射杀，而在托诺地区被捕杀的1586只乌鸦中有95.3%被捕获。两个地区的地形、土地利用和人口密度相似。使用广义线性模型进行的分析表明，面积(以及因此选择的方法)是最佳模型中唯一的解释变量，并且包含在两个距离测量的前五个模型中。射击处乌鸦的警戒距离和飞行起始距离中值大于被困处乌鸦的警戒距离中值(分别为60.0 m vs. 20.5 m和46.0 m vs. 18.0 m)。其他因素，如物种、鸟群大小、行为和栖息地类型，则远没有那么重要。这些结果表明，射击对乌鸦的非致命效果比诱捕更大。虽然诱捕可能是一种比射击更有效的清除乌鸦的方法，但射击不仅直接减少了讨厌的动物的数量，而且还影响了它们的行为和栖息地的使用，从而间接减少了损害。因此，为了减少乌鸦造成的伤害，射击是更有效的选择。
{"title":"Alert and Flight Initiation Distances of Crows in Relation to the Culling Method, Shooting or Trapping","authors":"M. Fujioka","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.125","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A large number of Large-billed Crows Corvus macrorhynchos and Carrion Crows C. corone are culled annually either by shooting or trapping in Japan, but the effects of such culling on crow behaviour have never been evaluated. I hypothesized that in an area where crows are shot they would become more sensitive to human disturbance than those in an area where they are trapped. I compared alert and flight initiation distances of crows in two nearby, but separate, areas in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, in March 2004. In 2003 all 1,025 crows culled in the Daito area were shot, whereas 95.3% of 1,586 crows culled in the Tono area were trapped. Topography, land use, and human population densities were similar in the two areas. Analyses using generalized linear models showed that the area (and hence the method of culling) was the sole explanatory variable in the best model and included in each of the top five models for both distance measures. The median alert distance and flight initiation distance were greater where crows were shot than where they were trapped (60.0 m vs. 20.5 m and 46.0 m vs. 18.0 m, respectively). Other factors, such as species, flock size, behaviour, and habitat type, were far less important. These results show that shooting has a greater non-lethal effect on crows than trapping. While trapping may be a more efficient way of removing crows than shooting, shooting not only reduces the number of nuisance animals directly, but also affects their behaviour and habitat use so that damage is reduced indirectly. Shooting is thus the more effective choice for culling in order to reduce damage caused by crows.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"125 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44539250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The syntactical organization of the avian song is of particular interest in light of recently discussed analogies between the songs of birds and human speech. We present here a description of the song structure of the Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope, a small insectivorous bird, widespread in Siberia and the Russian Far East. This species sings predominantly discontinuously, but the duration of individual songs varies significantly. Each individual song is composed of a number of song units, a stereotypical set of different notes and syllables that are always presented together and in a strictly fixed order. Although the variety of song units in an individual's repertoire is significant, the diversity of units presented in the very beginning of individual songs was found to be much more limited. The song of the Siberian Rubythroat is not only extremely complex and variable, but it is also organized as a set of clusters rooted in strictly defined initial song units. Each cluster in turn contains several branching points with a limited number of branches. Despite its impressive variety, the rubythroat's song nevertheless contains numerous fixed sequences of song units.
{"title":"The Song Structure of the Siberian Rubythroat Luscinia [Calliope] Calliope: Branching Syntax Underlies Complex and Variable vocalization","authors":"V. Ivanitskii, M. Monakhova","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.177","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The syntactical organization of the avian song is of particular interest in light of recently discussed analogies between the songs of birds and human speech. We present here a description of the song structure of the Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope, a small insectivorous bird, widespread in Siberia and the Russian Far East. This species sings predominantly discontinuously, but the duration of individual songs varies significantly. Each individual song is composed of a number of song units, a stereotypical set of different notes and syllables that are always presented together and in a strictly fixed order. Although the variety of song units in an individual's repertoire is significant, the diversity of units presented in the very beginning of individual songs was found to be much more limited. The song of the Siberian Rubythroat is not only extremely complex and variable, but it is also organized as a set of clusters rooted in strictly defined initial song units. Each cluster in turn contains several branching points with a limited number of branches. Despite its impressive variety, the rubythroat's song nevertheless contains numerous fixed sequences of song units.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"177 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49366343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis population of Hokkaido, Japan, has increased to over 1,600 individuals since near extinction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Adults and subadults can be distinguished by visible characteristics of their remiges; adults have pure white primaries whereas subadult birds have black primary tips and upper primary wing coverts. Banded individuals hatched during 2015–2017 were examined in detail using photographs and videos and it was found that the subadult characteristics of the remiges disappeared in individuals older than two years.
{"title":"Age of First Primary Moult in the Red-Crowned Crane Grus japonensis","authors":"Y. Masatomi","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.223","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis population of Hokkaido, Japan, has increased to over 1,600 individuals since near extinction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Adults and subadults can be distinguished by visible characteristics of their remiges; adults have pure white primaries whereas subadult birds have black primary tips and upper primary wing coverts. Banded individuals hatched during 2015–2017 were examined in detail using photographs and videos and it was found that the subadult characteristics of the remiges disappeared in individuals older than two years.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"223 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47890372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. El-Mansi, M. Al-Kahtani, M. Abumandour, A. Ezzat, Dina A El-badry
Abstract Much literature exists on the comparative oral morphology of birds in relation to dietary niche, but little research has been done on the nightjars, (Caprimulgidae, Caprimulgiformes). Herein, we describe the oropharyngeal cavity of the Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius, using gross anatomical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of C. aegyptius is short with a blunt apex carrying numerous scale-like structures. The body of the tongue has both small and large conical papillae for capturing and retrieving insects, and is separated from the root by a distinct papillary crest. The laryngeal mound is bounded by a laryngeal groove with a median glottic fissure that bears two laryngeal folds rostrally and two conical papillary rows caudally. Salivary glands are scattered on the lingual body and root, the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity, and the anterior maxillary and posterior palatine regions. The palate is divided into papillary and non-papillary regions. Furthermore, the median portion of the papillary region has two main clefts: the choanal and infundibular clefts. At the rear edge of the palate, a single transverse row of large caudally-directed conical papillae is present. Our findings reveal multiple structural and functional adaptations of the lingual papillae, salivary gland distribution, and palatal architecture in C. aegypitus that reflect the species' insectivorous dietary habits.
{"title":"Gross Anatomical and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Oropharyngeal Cavity of the Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius: Functional Dietary Implications","authors":"A. El-Mansi, M. Al-Kahtani, M. Abumandour, A. Ezzat, Dina A El-badry","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.145","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Much literature exists on the comparative oral morphology of birds in relation to dietary niche, but little research has been done on the nightjars, (Caprimulgidae, Caprimulgiformes). Herein, we describe the oropharyngeal cavity of the Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius, using gross anatomical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of C. aegyptius is short with a blunt apex carrying numerous scale-like structures. The body of the tongue has both small and large conical papillae for capturing and retrieving insects, and is separated from the root by a distinct papillary crest. The laryngeal mound is bounded by a laryngeal groove with a median glottic fissure that bears two laryngeal folds rostrally and two conical papillary rows caudally. Salivary glands are scattered on the lingual body and root, the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity, and the anterior maxillary and posterior palatine regions. The palate is divided into papillary and non-papillary regions. Furthermore, the median portion of the papillary region has two main clefts: the choanal and infundibular clefts. At the rear edge of the palate, a single transverse row of large caudally-directed conical papillae is present. Our findings reveal multiple structural and functional adaptations of the lingual papillae, salivary gland distribution, and palatal architecture in C. aegypitus that reflect the species' insectivorous dietary habits.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"145 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41853630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao-Chieh Chen, Jane-Chi Wu, B. Walther, Po-Jen Chiang
Abstract Detecting different bird species requires different and appropriate surveying methods. We tested a new detection method for the Tataka Area in Yushan National Park, Taiwan, which is an important alpine stopover site for migratory land-birds. Numerous migrant species have previously been reported from this area during bird counts and banding operations. However, these traditional survey methods are incapable of detecting nocturnal migrants. Therefore, we applied acoustic monitoring devices to survey the flight calls of nocturnal migrants in the Tataka Area in order to identify the species and estimate their detection rate. We set up acoustic recorders at five recording stations twice a month during September, October and November, and once in December 2014. We identified 18 nocturnal migrant taxa from 801 hours of recordings. The Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax was the most frequently recorded species, followed by thrushes (Turdus spp.) and the Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus. Passages of nocturnal migrants occurred during every hour of the night, but with a significantly higher detection rate during the period from 2000 to 2300. Detection rates also varied significantly among months and recording stations. Significantly higher detection rates were recorded in September and October than in November and December. The recording station on a ridge detected significantly fewer birds than the other four recording stations situated in or near valleys. This suggests that nocturnal migrants use lower-lying stream valleys in order to pass over mountain ridges at the lowest possible point. This study provides the first evidence to demonstrate that, besides landbird migrants, many shorebird species and even kingfishers migrate through alpine areas at night when they pass over Taiwan Island during autumn migration.
{"title":"Nocturnal Migration in the Tataka Area, Yushan National Park, Taiwan in Autumn 2014","authors":"Chao-Chieh Chen, Jane-Chi Wu, B. Walther, Po-Jen Chiang","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.135","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Detecting different bird species requires different and appropriate surveying methods. We tested a new detection method for the Tataka Area in Yushan National Park, Taiwan, which is an important alpine stopover site for migratory land-birds. Numerous migrant species have previously been reported from this area during bird counts and banding operations. However, these traditional survey methods are incapable of detecting nocturnal migrants. Therefore, we applied acoustic monitoring devices to survey the flight calls of nocturnal migrants in the Tataka Area in order to identify the species and estimate their detection rate. We set up acoustic recorders at five recording stations twice a month during September, October and November, and once in December 2014. We identified 18 nocturnal migrant taxa from 801 hours of recordings. The Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax was the most frequently recorded species, followed by thrushes (Turdus spp.) and the Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus. Passages of nocturnal migrants occurred during every hour of the night, but with a significantly higher detection rate during the period from 2000 to 2300. Detection rates also varied significantly among months and recording stations. Significantly higher detection rates were recorded in September and October than in November and December. The recording station on a ridge detected significantly fewer birds than the other four recording stations situated in or near valleys. This suggests that nocturnal migrants use lower-lying stream valleys in order to pass over mountain ridges at the lowest possible point. This study provides the first evidence to demonstrate that, besides landbird migrants, many shorebird species and even kingfishers migrate through alpine areas at night when they pass over Taiwan Island during autumn migration.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"135 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49237044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Caspani, Tomoko G. Fujii, T. Mizuhara, R. Gilman, K. Okanoya
Abstract Peak shift in mate preference learning can be a driver of rapid repeated speciation. Therefore, clades that have undergone recent adaptive radiations are predicted to show biased learning of signals from the opposite sex. The estrildid finches are one such clade. In species including the Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata and the Bengalese Finch Lonchura striata var. domestica, females choose mates in part based on their songs. Consistent with theory, female Zebra Finches show peak shift in their learned response to male song characteristics. We used operant conditioning to train female Bengalese Finches to respond to songs with trills of one length and to ignore songs with trills of another length. Then, we exposed those females to songs with a range of trill lengths, and we observed their responses. We found that at least some Bengalese Finches also show behaviour consistent with peak shift in their response to male songs. Moreover, females evaluated songs relative to other songs they had recently heard. Our results suggest that females respond to male sexual signals with bias in multiple species in the rapidly speciating estrildid clade.
{"title":"Biased Learning of Sexual Signals by Female Bengalese Finches","authors":"G. Caspani, Tomoko G. Fujii, T. Mizuhara, R. Gilman, K. Okanoya","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Peak shift in mate preference learning can be a driver of rapid repeated speciation. Therefore, clades that have undergone recent adaptive radiations are predicted to show biased learning of signals from the opposite sex. The estrildid finches are one such clade. In species including the Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata and the Bengalese Finch Lonchura striata var. domestica, females choose mates in part based on their songs. Consistent with theory, female Zebra Finches show peak shift in their learned response to male song characteristics. We used operant conditioning to train female Bengalese Finches to respond to songs with trills of one length and to ignore songs with trills of another length. Then, we exposed those females to songs with a range of trill lengths, and we observed their responses. We found that at least some Bengalese Finches also show behaviour consistent with peak shift in their response to male songs. Moreover, females evaluated songs relative to other songs they had recently heard. Our results suggest that females respond to male sexual signals with bias in multiple species in the rapidly speciating estrildid clade.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"14 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46761431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. T. Engstrom, L. Edenius, T. Thapa, B. Bidari, Anil Gurung, G. Mikusiński
Abstract Maintaining biological diversity is an important objective at Chitwan National Park (CNP), the most visited national park in Nepal. Given human uses and manipulations of forests both in and around CNP, developing forest management guidelines that can both support human use of trees and sustain the biological diversity of the forests is a high priority. In February 2009 we measured bird communities with point counts, woodpecker abundance with playback, and collected vegetation data in Sal Shorea robusta and riverine forests in CHP and a nearby community forest to provide basic data on bird-habitat associations with an emphasis on woodpeckers. Riverine forest had over twice the density of trees per ha (many small trees), higher tree species richness, and greater basal area than Sal forest. Sal forest had more large trees than riverine forest. We detected 71 bird species during the point counts in the study forests, 18 more during playback sessions, and an additional 12 species that were more associated with adjacent habitats (e.g., wetlands or flying overhead) for a total of 101 species. Among resident species, 31% were primary or secondary tree-cavity nesters. On average for point counts, we detected 29.5 bird species (2.2 woodpeckers) on transects located in riverine forest and 23.3 bird species (1.8 woodpeckers) in Sal forests, but the difference was not statistically significant. While riverine forest had several commonly occurring species not detected in Sal forest, the opposite was not the case. The regression of woodpecker species richness against large tree density in both Sal and riverine forests was positive, but not statistically significant. As a method of sampling woodpeckers, playback resulted in approximately twice the number of individuals and species compared to detection from point counts.
奇旺国家公园(Chitwan National Park, CNP)是尼泊尔游客最多的国家公园，保护生物多样性是其重要目标。鉴于人类对国家森林保护区内及其周围森林的利用和操纵，制定既能支持人类利用树木又能维持森林生物多样性的森林管理准则是一项高度优先事项。2009年2月，我们用点计数法测量了鸟类群落，用回放法测量了啄木鸟的丰度，并收集了CHP的Sal Shorea robusta和河流森林以及附近社区森林的植被数据，以提供以啄木鸟为重点的鸟类栖息地关联的基本数据。河滨林每公顷树木密度(许多小树)是盐湖林的两倍以上，树种丰富度更高，基底面积更大。萨尔森林比河滨森林有更多的大树。我们在研究森林的点计数中发现了71种鸟类，在回放过程中发现了18种鸟类，另外还有12种鸟类与邻近栖息地(如湿地或头顶飞行)的关系更密切，总共有101种。在留鸟种中，31%为初级或次级树洞巢。河滨林样带平均检出29.5种鸟类(啄木鸟2.2种)，盐林样带平均检出23.3种鸟类(啄木鸟1.8种)，差异无统计学意义。虽然河流森林中有几种常见的物种没有在萨尔森林中发现，但相反的情况并非如此。啄木鸟物种丰富度对大乔木密度的回归均为正，但不具有统计学意义。作为一种采样啄木鸟的方法，回放产生的个体和物种数量大约是点计数检测的两倍。
{"title":"Bird Communities of Two Forest Types in Chitwan Valley, Nepal","authors":"R. T. Engstrom, L. Edenius, T. Thapa, B. Bidari, Anil Gurung, G. Mikusiński","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.29","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Maintaining biological diversity is an important objective at Chitwan National Park (CNP), the most visited national park in Nepal. Given human uses and manipulations of forests both in and around CNP, developing forest management guidelines that can both support human use of trees and sustain the biological diversity of the forests is a high priority. In February 2009 we measured bird communities with point counts, woodpecker abundance with playback, and collected vegetation data in Sal Shorea robusta and riverine forests in CHP and a nearby community forest to provide basic data on bird-habitat associations with an emphasis on woodpeckers. Riverine forest had over twice the density of trees per ha (many small trees), higher tree species richness, and greater basal area than Sal forest. Sal forest had more large trees than riverine forest. We detected 71 bird species during the point counts in the study forests, 18 more during playback sessions, and an additional 12 species that were more associated with adjacent habitats (e.g., wetlands or flying overhead) for a total of 101 species. Among resident species, 31% were primary or secondary tree-cavity nesters. On average for point counts, we detected 29.5 bird species (2.2 woodpeckers) on transects located in riverine forest and 23.3 bird species (1.8 woodpeckers) in Sal forests, but the difference was not statistically significant. While riverine forest had several commonly occurring species not detected in Sal forest, the opposite was not the case. The regression of woodpecker species richness against large tree density in both Sal and riverine forests was positive, but not statistically significant. As a method of sampling woodpeckers, playback resulted in approximately twice the number of individuals and species compared to detection from point counts.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"29 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43674497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An important property of a foraging group is its density, particularly measured as nearest-neighbor distance. This study examined whether distance to the nearest neighbor changes over short time intervals in two fast-moving foragers, Dunlin Calidris alpina and Semipalmated Sandpiper C. pusilla, while at a spring stopover site in Delaware Bay, USA. For 181 focal individuals, nearest-neighbor distance was recorded in 5-s intervals for 60 seconds. For each focal individual, measured values were compared with those recorded at the beginning and end of observations, with the mean of values recorded at the beginning and end of observations, and with the mean of values recorded at the beginning, middle and end of observations. The results of this study indicate that single-point estimates of nearest-neighbor distance may not be appropriate in fast-moving foragers such as sandpipers.
觅食群体的一个重要特性是其密度，特别是用最近邻距离来衡量。本研究考察了在美国特拉华湾的一个春季中途停留点，两只快速移动的觅食动物，Dunlin Calidris alpina和semipalmed Sandpiper C. pusilla，与最近邻居的距离是否会在短时间间隔内发生变化。在60秒内，以5 s为间隔记录181个病灶个体的最近邻距离。对于每个焦点个体，测量值与观测开始和结束时记录的值、观测开始和结束时记录的值的平均值以及观测开始、中期和结束时记录的值的平均值进行比较。本研究的结果表明，单点估计最近邻距离可能不适合快速移动的觅食动物，如矶鹞。
{"title":"Nearest-Neighbor Distances Change Over Short Time Intervals in Foraging Flocks of Shorebirds","authors":"Ivana Novčič","doi":"10.2326/osj.19.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.19.107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An important property of a foraging group is its density, particularly measured as nearest-neighbor distance. This study examined whether distance to the nearest neighbor changes over short time intervals in two fast-moving foragers, Dunlin Calidris alpina and Semipalmated Sandpiper C. pusilla, while at a spring stopover site in Delaware Bay, USA. For 181 focal individuals, nearest-neighbor distance was recorded in 5-s intervals for 60 seconds. For each focal individual, measured values were compared with those recorded at the beginning and end of observations, with the mean of values recorded at the beginning and end of observations, and with the mean of values recorded at the beginning, middle and end of observations. The results of this study indicate that single-point estimates of nearest-neighbor distance may not be appropriate in fast-moving foragers such as sandpipers.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"107 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47879413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：