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Faithful dynamic timing analysis of digital circuits using continuous thresholded mode-switched ODEs 基于连续阈值模式切换ode的数字电路忠实动态时序分析
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101572
Arman Ferdowsi , Matthias Függer , Thomas Nowak , Ulrich Schmid , Michael Drmota
Thresholded hybrid systems are restricted dynamical systems, where the current mode, and hence the ODE system describing its behavior, is solely determined by externally supplied digital input signals and where the only output signals are digital ones generated by comparing an internal state variable to a threshold value. An attractive feature of such systems is easy composition, which is facilitated by their purely digital interface. A particularly promising application domain of thresholded hybrid systems is digital integrated circuits: Modern digital circuit design considers them as a composition of Millions and even Billions of elementary logic gates, like inverters, OR and AND. Since every such logic gate is eventually implemented as an electronic circuit, however, which exhibits a behavior that is governed by some ODE system, thresholded hybrid systems are ideally suited for making the transition from the analog to the digital world rigorous.
In this paper, we prove that the mapping from digital input signals to digital output signals is continuous for a large class of thresholded hybrid systems. Moreover, we show that, under some mild conditions regarding causality, this continuity also continues to hold for arbitrary compositions, which in turn guarantees that the composition faithfully captures the analog reality. By applying our generic results to some recently developed thresholded hybrid gate models, both for single-input single-output gates like inverters and for a two-input CMOS NOR gate, we show that they are continuous. Moreover, we provide a novel thresholded hybrid model for the two-input NOR gate, which is not only continuous but also, unlike the existing one, faithfully models all multi-input switching effects.
阈值混合系统是受限制的动态系统,其中当前模式以及描述其行为的ODE系统完全由外部提供的数字输入信号决定,其中唯一的输出信号是通过比较内部状态变量与阈值产生的数字信号。这种系统的一个吸引人的特点是易于组成,这是由它们的纯数字接口促进的。阈值混合系统的一个特别有前途的应用领域是数字集成电路:现代数字电路设计认为它们是由数百万甚至数十亿个基本逻辑门组成的,如逆变器,或和与。然而,由于每个这样的逻辑门最终都是作为电子电路实现的,它表现出由某些ODE系统控制的行为,因此阈值混合系统非常适合从模拟世界严格过渡到数字世界。本文证明了一大类阈值混合系统从数字输入信号到数字输出信号的映射是连续的。此外,我们表明,在一些关于因果关系的温和条件下,这种连续性也继续适用于任意组合,这反过来又保证了组合忠实地捕捉模拟现实。通过将我们的一般结果应用于一些最近开发的阈值混合门模型,无论是单输入单输出门,如逆变器还是双输入CMOS NOR门,我们表明它们是连续的。此外,我们还为双输入NOR门提供了一种新的阈值混合模型,该模型不仅是连续的,而且与现有模型不同,它忠实地模拟了所有多输入开关效应。
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引用次数: 0
A Floquet–Lyapunov theory for nonautonomous linear periodic differential equations with piecewise constant deviating arguments 具有分段常偏差参数的非自治线性周期微分方程的Floquet-Lyapunov理论
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101574
Ricardo Torres Naranjo
In this work, we introduce a version of the classic Floquet–Lyapunov theorem for ωperiodic nonautonomous linear differential equations with piecewise constant arguments of generalized type (IDEPCAG or DEPCAG). We demonstrate that the nonautonomous linear IDEPCAG is kinematically similar to an autonomous linear ordinary differential equation. Additionally, we provide explicit formulas for the Floquet normal form of the fundamental matrix of IDEPCAG nonautonomous linear systems. These are very useful for analyzing qualitative properties such as the stability and periodicity of the solutions, making the study of IDEPCAG systems more accessible. Finally, we have included examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of our results.
在本文中,我们引入了具有分段常数广义型(IDEPCAG或DEPCAG)的ω -周期非自治线性微分方程的经典Floquet-Lyapunov定理。我们证明了非自治线性IDEPCAG在运动学上类似于一个自治线性常微分方程。此外,我们还给出了IDEPCAG非自治线性系统基本矩阵的Floquet范式的显式公式。这对于分析解的稳定性和周期性等定性性质非常有用,使IDEPCAG体系的研究更加容易。最后,我们列举了一些例子来证明我们的结果的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
On (θ,T)-periodic solutions of abstract generalized ODEs and applications to Volterra–Stieltjes–type integral equations 抽象广义ode的(θ,T)-周期解及其在volterra - stieltje型积分方程中的应用
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101573
M. Ap. Silva , E.M. Bonotto , R. Collegari , M. Federson , M.C. Gadotti
It is known that generalized ordinary differential equations (generalized ODEs for short) encompass other types of equations such as impulsive differential equations as well as dynamic equations on time scales. The present paper concerns the theory of (θ,T)-periodic solutions in the framework of generalized ODEs in Banach spaces. We exhibit necessary and sufficient conditions for a solution of a generalized ODE to be (θ,T)-periodic. Moreover, we develop the Floquet theory of homogeneous linear generalized ODEs and, as a consequence, we present a characterization of fundamental matrices for the finite dimensional case. As an illustration, we apply the main results to Volterra–Stieltjes–type integral equations.
众所周知,广义常微分方程(简称广义微分方程)包含了其他类型的方程,如脉冲微分方程和时间尺度上的动态方程。本文研究了Banach空间中广义ode框架下(θ,T)-周期解的理论。给出了广义ODE解为(θ,T)周期的充分必要条件。此外,我们发展了齐次线性广义ode的Floquet理论,因此,我们给出了有限维情况下基本矩阵的表征。作为说明,我们将主要结果应用于volterra - stieltje型积分方程。
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引用次数: 0
Strategy optimization of controlled evolutionary games on a two-layer coupled network using Lebesgue sampling 基于Lebesgue抽样的两层耦合网络可控进化博弈策略优化
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101570
Shihua Fu , Ling Li , Jun-e Feng
This paper studies the strategy optimization for a type of evolutionary games on coupled networks under sampled-data state feedback controls (SDSFCs) with Lebesgue sampling, which is more economical than traditional state feedback controls. Firstly, using the semi-tensor product of matrices, the algebraic expression of a controlled evolutionary game on a two-layer coupled network is established. Secondly, for a given Lebesgue sampling region, a necessary and sufficient condition is presented to detect whether each player’s payoff can ultimately remain at or above its own threshold, and the corresponding SDSFCs are designed. Furthermore, for a given signal of Lebesgue sampling, an approach is provided to obtain a desired sampling region, under which each player’s payoff always meets their threshold condition after a certain time. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to support our new results.
本文研究了一类耦合网络演化博弈在Lebesgue采样数据状态反馈控制(sdsfc)下的策略优化问题,该控制比传统的状态反馈控制更具经济性。首先,利用矩阵的半张量积,建立了两层耦合网络上可控进化对策的代数表达式;其次,对于给定的Lebesgue采样区域,给出了检测每个参与者的收益最终是否能保持在或高于其阈值的充分必要条件,并设计了相应的sdsfc。进一步,对于给定的勒贝格采样信号,给出了一种获得期望采样区域的方法,在该采样区域下,每个参与人的收益在一定时间后总是满足其阈值条件。最后,给出了一个示例来支持我们的新结果。
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引用次数: 0
Finite bit rate stabilization of switched linear systems with bounded delay based on event-triggering control 基于事件触发控制的有界延迟切换线性系统的有限比特率稳定
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101567
Yihong Tang, Yuan Liu, Qiang Ling
This paper investigates the finite bit rate stabilization of a switched linear system whose feedback packets are transmitted through a communication network with bounded time-varying delays. The unknown network delay and mode switching cause unavoidable asynchronous modes between the sensor and the controller, and greatly complicate the stabilization of that system. To resolve these issues, an event-triggering mechanism and a quantization method with a finite bit rate are proposed to sample, quantize and transmit the feedback signals. Furthermore, state estimation updating methods are designed to eliminate the effects of time-varying delays on state estimation errors. We derive sufficient stabilizing conditions in terms of average dwell time and feedback bit rate through determining the convergence rates of the Lyapunov function at sampling instants under different switching scenarios. Simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
本文研究了反馈数据包通过有界时变延迟通信网络传输的交换线性系统的有限比特率稳定问题。未知的网络时延和模式切换导致传感器和控制器之间不可避免地出现异步模式,使系统的稳定变得非常复杂。为了解决这些问题,提出了一种事件触发机制和一种有限比特率的量化方法来对反馈信号进行采样、量化和传输。此外,设计了状态估计更新方法,以消除时变延迟对状态估计误差的影响。通过确定李雅普诺夫函数在不同切换场景下采样时刻的收敛速率,我们从平均停留时间和反馈比特率方面得到了足够的稳定条件。仿真结果验证了所提策略的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring robustness in cyber-physical systems under sensor attacks 测量传感器攻击下网络物理系统的鲁棒性
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101559
Jian Xiang , Ruggero Lanotte , Simone Tini , Stephen Chong , Massimo Merro
This paper contributes a formal framework for quantitative analysis of bounded sensor attacks on cyber–physical systems, using the formalism of differential dynamic logic. Given a precondition and postcondition of a system, we formalize two quantitative safety notions, quantitative forward and backward safety, which respectively express (1) how strong the strongest postcondition of the system is with respect to the specified postcondition, and (2) how strong the specified precondition is with respect to the weakest precondition of the system needed to ensure the specified postcondition holds. We introduce two notions, forward and backward robustness, to characterize the robustness of a system against sensor attacks as the loss of safety. To reason about robustness, we introduce two simulation distances, forward and backward simulation distances, which are defined based on the behavioral distances between the original system and the system with compromised sensors. Forward and backward distances, respectively, characterize upper bounds of the degree of forward and backward safety loss caused by the sensor attacks. We verify the two simulation distances by expressing them as modalities, i.e., formulas of differential dynamic logic, and develop an ad-hoc proof system to reason with such formulas. We showcase our formal notions and reasoning techniques on two non-trivial case studies: an autonomous vehicle that needs to avoid collision and a water tank system.
本文利用微分动态逻辑的形式化,为定量分析网络物理系统的有界传感器攻击提供了形式化框架。给定一个系统的前置条件和后置条件,我们形式化了两个定量安全概念,即定量前向安全和后向安全,它们分别表示(1)系统的最强后置条件相对于指定后置条件有多强,以及(2)指定的前置条件相对于确保指定后置条件成立所需的系统的最弱前置条件有多强。我们引入了两个概念,前向和后向鲁棒性,以描述系统对传感器攻击的鲁棒性,即安全性的丧失。为了证明鲁棒性,我们引入了两种仿真距离,即前向和后向仿真距离,它们是基于原始系统与受损传感器系统之间的行为距离来定义的。向前和向后的距离分别表征了传感器攻击造成的向前和向后安全损失程度的上界。我们通过将这两个仿真距离表示为模态,即微分动态逻辑的公式来验证它们,并开发了一个专门的证明系统来用这些公式进行推理。我们在两个重要的案例研究中展示了我们的形式化概念和推理技术:需要避免碰撞的自动驾驶汽车和水箱系统。
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引用次数: 0
H2 dynamic output feedback control of phase-type semi-Markov jump linear systems 相位型半马尔可夫跳变线性系统的H2动态输出反馈控制
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101557
André M. de Oliveira , Oswaldo L.V. Costa
This paper deals with the design of H2 dynamic output feedback controllers for phase-type distributed semi-Markov jump linear systems. It is assumed that the state-space of the semi-Markov jump process can be written as the union of disjoint sets, called clusters, and that the only information available to the controller regarding the jumping process is which cluster it belongs to. We provide two sets of design conditions for the H2 control problem, written in terms of bilinear matrix inequalities, which are associated with the observability and controllability Grammians (referred to as the “primal” and “dual” approaches, respectively). An iterative separation procedure, formulated as a sequence of linear matrix inequalities optimization problems, is proposed to reduce an upper bound of the H2 norm of the system for both the primal and dual design conditions. We show that our conditions are not conservative in the sense that, for the Markov mode-dependent case, they also become necessary. Finally, we study the robust case, considering that the system matrices and transition rate matrix have polytopic uncertainties, and the observer-based control case, for which the conditions can be simplified and written directly as linear matrix inequalities. The paper concludes with an illustrative example in the context of systems subject to actuator and sensor faults.
研究了相位型分布半马尔可夫跳变线性系统H2动态输出反馈控制器的设计。假设半马尔可夫跳跃过程的状态空间可以写成不相交集的并集,称为簇,并且控制器关于跳跃过程的唯一信息是它属于哪个簇。我们为H2控制问题提供了两组设计条件,用双线性矩阵不等式表示,它们与可观察性和可控性语法(分别称为“原始”和“对偶”方法)相关。提出了一种迭代分离程序,将其表述为线性矩阵不等式优化问题序列,以降低系统在原始和对偶设计条件下H2范数的上界。我们证明了我们的条件在某种意义上不是保守的,对于马尔可夫模相关的情况,它们也是必要的。最后,考虑到系统矩阵和转移率矩阵具有多面体不确定性,研究了鲁棒情况和基于观测器的控制情况,其控制条件可以简化为线性矩阵不等式。最后,本文给出了一个执行器和传感器故障的系统实例。
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引用次数: 0
Disturbance decoupling controller design of switched Boolean control networks in recursion 递归切换布尔控制网络的干扰解耦控制器设计
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101558
Xiangshan Kong , Haitao Li
This paper studies the disturbance decoupling problem (DDP) of switched Boolean control networks (SBCNs) by the methodology of recursion. All the state nodes of the original SBCNs are split into two parts based on whether or not the state node influences the outputs. By driving the part of state nodes which influence the outputs to the largest control invariant set, the concept of DDP in recursion is proposed. Using the algebraic state space representation (ASSR) method, both mode-independent and mode-dependent state feedback controllers are constructed to solve the DDP in recursion of SBCNs. Furthermore, based on the obtained mode-independent state feedback DDP controllers, the mode-independent output feedback controllers are designed for the DDP in recursion of SBCNs.
本文用递归方法研究了切换布尔控制网络的干扰解耦问题。原始sbcn的所有状态节点根据状态节点是否影响输出分为两部分。通过将影响输出的部分状态节点驱动到最大控制不变量集中,提出了递归中的DDP概念。利用代数状态空间表示(ASSR)方法,构造了模式无关和模式相关的状态反馈控制器来解决sbcn递归中的DDP问题。在此基础上,针对sbcn递归中的DDP,设计了与模式无关的输出反馈控制器。
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引用次数: 0
Secure control for uncertain nonlinear cyber–physical systems: A prescribed-time scheme based on temporal scaling 不确定非线性网络物理系统的安全控制:基于时间缩放的规定时间方案
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101556
Zhiyu Duan, Airong Wei, Xianfu Zhang, Bo Sun
In this paper, the prescribed-time secure control is explored for uncertain nonlinear cyber–physical systems through temporal scaling transformation and gain control technique, where the nonlinearity is more generic than common linear growth conditions due to the presence of large uncertainties and low-order states. Given that security risks exist in open networks, the impact of deception attacks is considered, whereas, this prevents the gain control technique from being applied directly to control design. To lift the restriction, a novel auxiliary system is firstly constructed to cleverly turn the secure control to the boundedness control of the auxiliary system. Next, a crucial bridge, temporal scaling transformation, is employed to transform the control issue in the finite time into infinite time, which opens up more possibilities for solving studied issues. Then, by the gain control technique, a Zeno-free secure control strategy with dynamically adjustable triggering mechanism is devised, which successfully ensures the convergence of system states within the prescribed time meanwhile counteracting deception attacks. Further, an improved nonlinearity, i.e. containing both low-order and high-order states, is discussed. Particularly, the proposed control strategies not only avoid real-time control updates, but also the gains therein handle system nonlinearities efficiently. Eventually, the validity of major results is verified via simulation examples.
本文通过时间比例变换和增益控制技术,探讨了不确定非线性网络物理系统的规定时间安全控制,由于存在较大的不确定性和低阶状态,非线性比常见的线性增长条件更为普遍。鉴于开放网络存在安全风险,因此考虑了欺骗攻击的影响,但这使得增益控制技术无法直接应用于控制设计。为了解除这一限制,我们首先构建了一个新颖的辅助系统,巧妙地将安全控制转化为辅助系统的有界控制。其次,利用时标变换这一关键桥梁,将有限时间内的控制问题转化为无限时间内的控制问题,为解决所研究的问题提供了更多可能性。然后,通过增益控制技术,设计了一种具有动态可调触发机制的无 Zeno 安全控制策略,成功地确保了系统状态在规定时间内收敛,同时抵御了欺骗攻击。此外,还讨论了改进的非线性问题,即同时包含低阶和高阶状态。特别是,所提出的控制策略不仅避免了实时控制更新,而且其中的增益还能有效地处理系统非线性问题。最后,通过仿真实例验证了主要结果的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive hybrid global attitude tracking controller 自适应混合全局姿态跟踪控制器
IF 3.7 2区 计算机科学 Q2 AUTOMATION & CONTROL SYSTEMS Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.nahs.2024.101555
João Pedro Silvestre , Pedro Casau , Paulo Oliveira
In this paper, a quaternion-based attitude tracking controller is presented, which is robust to measurement noise and adaptable to modeling errors and external disturbances. By constructing the controller using the theory of hybrid systems and employing the backstepping technique an adaptive controller that globally asymptotically stabilizes the null tracking error set for the closed-loop system is obtained. Furthermore, two estimators are explicitly derived to account for slowly time-varying or constant disturbances and moment of inertia errors. All the stability and convergence properties are carefully proven using Lyapunov stability theory for hybrid systems. Simulation results are shown to assess the resulting closed-loop system performance.
本文提出了一种基于四元数的姿态跟踪控制器,它对测量噪声具有鲁棒性,并能适应建模误差和外部干扰。通过使用混合系统理论构建控制器,并采用反步进技术,得到了一个自适应控制器,该控制器可在全局上渐近稳定闭环系统的空跟踪误差集。此外,还明确推导出两个估计器,以考虑缓慢时变或恒定的干扰和惯性矩误差。利用混合系统的 Lyapunov 稳定性理论,对所有稳定性和收敛性进行了仔细证明。仿真结果显示了对所产生的闭环系统性能的评估。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nonlinear Analysis-Hybrid Systems
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