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Annual Mortality Limit for Four Gull Species in the Atlantic Flyway 大西洋飞行路线上四种海鸥的年死亡率极限
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-20-088
M. Seamans, C. Dwyer
We estimated the allowable annual take of great black-backed gulls Larus marinus, herring gulls L. argentatus, ring-billed gulls L. delawarensis, and laughing gulls Leucophaeus atricilla in the U.S. portion of the Atlantic Flyway to help meet human safety and resource management goals. Gulls can pose a serious threat to aviation, negatively impact other colonial-nesting migratory bird species, and conflict with other human activities. We estimated an annual take limit using a model that incorporated intrinsic population growth rate, minimum population size, and a recovery factor for each species. We estimated intrinsic population growth by combining allometric with life table approaches. We used the recovery factor to restrict the take level of the great black-backed gull beyond that of the other species because of poor data quality and concern about its population status. The herring gull was the only species with comprehensive demographic data. Population sizes used in estimating potential take limit varied greatly among the four species, but estimates of intrinsic population growth rate were similar (range 0.118 to 0.197). The annual potential take limits for the four gull species were 7,963 for herring gulls, 2,081 for great black-backed gulls, 15,039 for laughing gulls, and 14,826 for ring-billed gulls. Comparing average annual take from 2012–2019 to our modeled potential take limit, overharvest has not occurred for great black-backed and laughing gulls, occurred once every 8 y for ring-billed gulls, and occurred over half the time for herring gulls.
我们估计了大西洋航线美国部分大黑背鸥Larus marinus、鲱鱼鸥L.argentatus、环嘴鸥L.delawarensis和笑鸥Leucphaeus atricilla的年允许摄入量,以帮助实现人类安全和资源管理目标。海鸥会对航空构成严重威胁,对其他殖民地筑巢候鸟物种产生负面影响,并与其他人类活动发生冲突。我们使用一个模型估计了每年的摄入量限制,该模型包含了每个物种的固有种群增长率、最小种群规模和恢复因子。我们通过将异速测量与生命表方法相结合来估计人口的内在增长。由于数据质量差和对其种群状况的担忧,我们使用恢复因子来限制大黑背鸥的捕获水平,使其超过其他物种。鲱鱼海鸥是唯一拥有全面人口统计数据的物种。用于估计潜在捕获极限的种群规模在四个物种之间差异很大,但对固有种群增长率的估计值相似(范围为0.118至0.197)。四种海鸥的年潜在捕获极限为鲱鱼海鸥7963只,大黑背海鸥2081只,笑鸥15039只,环嘴海鸥14826只。将2012-2019年的平均年采食量与我们模拟的潜在采食量限值进行比较,大黑背海鸥和笑海鸥没有过度捕捞,环嘴海鸥每8年发生一次,鲱鱼海鸥超过一半的时间。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of Discharge on Hatching and Growth of Age-0 Black Bass in Two Southeastern U.S. Rivers 流量对美国东南部两条河流中Age-0黑鲈鱼孵化和生长的影响
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-07-19 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-21-021
S. Sammons, L. Earley, M. Goclowski
We examined the influence of variable discharge on hatching and age-0 growth for fluvial specialist and habitat generalist species of black bass Micropterus spp. in two southeastern U.S. rivers, the Flint River, Georgia (unregulated), and the Tallapoosa River, Alabama (regulated by several hydropower dams). Between 2008 and 2010, we collected 285 Largemouth Bass M. salmoides (generalist) and 254 Shoal Bass M. cataractae (specialist) from two reaches of the Flint River. In 2010–2011, we collected 309 Alabama Bass M. henshalli (generalist) and 216 Redeye Bass M. coosae (specialist) from two regulated reaches and one unregulated reach of the Tallapoosa River. Successful hatching of black bass in both rivers generally occurred from late March to early June when water levels were low and stable. Hatching distributions of all black bass were generally unimodal with little evidence of spawning disruption, except for Alabama Bass in the most-regulated reach of the Tallapoosa River, which appeared to be disrupted by large discharge events. Mean growth of both species in the Flint River varied from 0.64 to 0.82 mm/d across reaches and years; Shoal Bass generally grew faster than Largemouth Bass in all reach–year combinations. Largemouth Bass growth was inversely correlated to discharge variation in one reach, but Shoal Bass growth was not correlated to discharge variation in either reach. Alabama Bass and Redeye Bass growth rates in the Tallapoosa River were similar to rates observed for congeners in the Flint River; Alabama Bass grew faster than Redeye Bass. Growth of both species was inversely related to discharge variation in five of six reach–species combinations; the only exception was for Redeye Bass in the less-regulated reach. Results from this study suggest that variable discharge has less influence on successful reproduction of black bass than was reported for other fishes, but growth may be more affected by discharges resulting from anthropogenic sources than those associated with the natural regime.
我们在美国东南部的两条河流,佐治亚州的弗林特河(不受监管)和阿拉巴马州的塔拉波萨河(受几座水电站大坝监管),研究了可变流量对黑鲈鱼河流专家和栖息地多面手物种的孵化和0岁生长的影响。在2008年至2010年间,我们从弗林特河的两个河段采集了285只Largemouth Bass M.salmoides(多面手)和254只Shoal Bass M.catropeae(专家)。在2010-2011年,我们从塔拉波萨河的两个管制河段和一个未管制河段收集了309只阿拉巴马巴斯M.henshalli(多面手)和216只Redeye Bass M.coosae(专家)。在这两条河流中,黑鲈鱼的成功孵化通常发生在3月下旬至6月初,当时水位较低且稳定。除塔拉波萨河最受管制河段的阿拉巴马鲈鱼外,所有黑鲈鱼的孵化分布通常是单峰的,几乎没有产卵中断的证据,该河段似乎受到了大流量事件的干扰。弗林特河中这两种物种的平均生长量在不同河段和年份的变化范围为0.64至0.82 mm/d;在所有年份组合中,浅滩鲈鱼的生长速度通常比Largemouth鲈鱼快。在一个河段,Largemouth Bass的生长与流量变化呈负相关,但Shoal Bass的增长与两个河段的流量变化均不相关。塔拉波萨河的Alabama Bass和Redeye Bass的生长率与弗林特河同类的生长率相似;阿拉巴马巴斯的成长速度比雷迪巴斯快。在六个河段-物种组合中,有五个河段和物种的生长与流量变化呈负相关;唯一的例外是Redeye Bass在不太受监管的范围内。这项研究的结果表明,与其他鱼类相比,可变排放量对黑鲈鱼成功繁殖的影响较小,但与自然状况相关的排放量相比,人为来源的排放量对生长的影响可能更大。
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引用次数: 0
Common Eider Wintering Trends in Nova Scotia, 1970–2019 1970年至2019年新斯科舍省常见的开斋节冬季趋势
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-20-087
G. Robertson, Sarah N P Wong, Molly D. Tomlik, G. R. Milton, Glen J. Parsons, M. Mallory
Common eiders Somateria mollissima have been a focus of conservation and management efforts in eastern North American for over a century; however, the complex population structure and multiple subspecies make assessing the status of populations challenging. The coastlines of Nova Scotia, Canada, are an important wintering area for common eiders, and significant harvests of common eiders occur in the province. We analyzed trends in the number of wintering common eiders using the coasts of Nova Scotia from dedicated waterfowl surveys flown since 1970, and every year since 1992. We used Generalized Additive Models to assess the apparent non-linear trends in the counts of common eiders over the past 50 y. We found that numbers of common eiders wintering in Nova Scotia increased from 1970 to the early 2010s, with strong growth in the 2000s (peaking at 7% growth/y). Since the early 2010s, the growth has stopped, and the numbers are now declining. Recent declines in the population wintering in Nova Scotia corroborate other evidence that common eiders are declining in the region, and may also indicate distributional shifts of common eiders in eastern North America.
一个多世纪以来,北美东部的普通绒鸭一直是保护和管理工作的重点;然而,复杂的种群结构和多亚种使得种群状况评估具有挑战性。加拿大新斯科舍省的海岸线是普通绒鸭的重要越冬地区,该省的普通绒鸭产量很高。我们利用新斯科舍省海岸的专用水禽调查分析了自1970年以来和自1992年以来每年进行的越冬普通绒鸭数量的趋势。我们使用广义加性模型来评估过去50年中普通绒鸭数量的明显非线性趋势。我们发现,从1970年到2010年代初,新斯科舍省越冬的普通绒鸭数量有所增加,在2000年代增长强劲(峰值增长率为7% /年)。自2010年代初以来,这种增长已经停止,现在数量正在下降。最近在新斯科舍省越冬的麋鹿数量减少,证实了该地区普通绒鸭数量减少的其他证据,也可能表明北美东部普通绒鸭的分布发生了变化。
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引用次数: 1
Welfare Performance of Three Foothold Traps for Capturing North American River Otters Lontra canadensis 三个捕获北美河獭的陷阱的福利表现
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-07-07 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-21-006
M. Lovallo, H. B. White, J. Erb, Matt S. Peek, T. Deliberto
Foothold traps are effective tools for the live capture and restraint of wildlife for management and research. Successful river otter Lontra canadensis restoration programs throughout North America used them extensively. Restoration programs used a variety of methods and models of foothold traps, but comprehensive efforts to describe and quantify injuries associated with river otter captures have been limited. We evaluated injuries of river otters caught in three commercially available models of foothold traps including the number 11 double long-spring with standard jaws, the number 11 double long-spring with double jaws, and the number 2 coil-spring trap. Based on examinations of 70 captured river otters, we classified 78% of the total inj uries detected as “mild” (n = 174 injuries) and 17% were classified as “moderate” (n = 37 injuries). We classified less than 3% of the injuries observed as “moderately severe” or “severe.” We focused only on the animal welfare performance of traps; the three trap types we tested met the animal welfare criteria required for inclusion in the best management practices for trapping river otter. The criteria based on International Standards Organization guidelines used in this assessment of trap performance provides a scientific basis for future evaluations of river otter welfare when foothold traps are used for restoration, research, and population management.
脚踏陷阱是对野生动物进行现场捕获和约束以进行管理和研究的有效工具。北美各地成功的加拿大河水獭恢复项目广泛使用了它们。恢复计划使用了各种方法和立足点陷阱模型,但描述和量化与河水獭捕获相关的伤害的综合努力有限。我们评估了三种商用立足点陷阱中捕获的河獭的伤害,包括带标准钳口的11号双长弹簧、带双钳口的11型双长弹簧和2号螺旋弹簧陷阱。根据对70只捕获的河獭的检查,我们将检测到的总损伤中的78%归类为“轻度”(n=174),17%归类为“中度”(n=37)。我们将不到3%的损伤归类为“中度严重”或“严重”。我们只关注陷阱的动物福利性能;我们测试的三种诱捕器类型符合动物福利标准,这些标准被纳入诱捕河獭的最佳管理实践。本次诱捕器性能评估中使用的基于国际标准组织指南的标准为未来评估河獭福利提供了科学依据,当立足点诱捕器用于修复、研究和种群管理时。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Reintroduction of American Eel into Buffalo Creek (Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania) 将美国鳗鱼重新引入水牛溪(宾夕法尼亚州萨斯奎汉纳河)的评估
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-07-06 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-20-021
Joshua J. Newhard, Julie L. Devers, Steve Minkkinen, M. Mangold
American Eel Anguilla rostrata populations along the Atlantic coast of the United States have been in decline over the past several decades. One suggested cause of the decline is construction of barriers that block access to upstream tributaries where they can spend a significant portion of their lives. Success of reintroduction efforts above barriers has rarely been evaluated. Within the Susquehanna River (Chesapeake Bay watershed), over 1 million eels were released above four major downstream barriers in the past decade. We used backpack electrofishing and tagging to monitor growth, sexual differentiation, and population density of reintroduced eels in Buffalo Creek, a tributary to the Susquehanna River (Pennsylvania). From 2012 to 2019, we caught over 2,000 individuals, tagged more than 1,800, and recaptured 229. Recaptured eels provided insight into growth, sexual differentiation, and movement. Nearly 99% of recaptures remained near stocking locations. The average growth rate was 47.8 mm/y and ranged between −5.8 and 116.0 mm/y. Females generally grew significantly faster than males, and growth rates of several females exceeded 100 mm/y, a rate typically associated with estuarine residents. The population density within stocking sites was over 2,300 eels/km, roughly four times higher than Susquehanna River tributaries below the most downstream dam, and exceeded the target stocking goal of 529 eels/km. While we caught most eels in areas sampled near stocking locations, we captured some eels in smaller upstream tributaries away from stocking locations. Our study is the first to examine how reintroduced eels grow following stocking above four major dams on the Susquehanna River. We suggest that managers considering moving eels above blockages account for release location and density to achieve desired benefits to the overall population.
在过去的几十年里,美国大西洋沿岸的美洲鳗种群数量一直在下降。下降的一个原因是修建了障碍物,阻碍了他们进入上游支流,在那里他们可以度过一生的大部分时间。很少有人评价在障碍之上重新引入努力的成功。在过去十年中,在Susquehanna河(切萨皮克湾流域)内,超过100万条鳗鱼在四个主要下游屏障上方放生。我们使用背包电捕鱼和标记来监测布法罗溪(宾夕法尼亚州萨斯奎汉纳河的支流)重新引入的鳗鱼的生长、性别分化和种群密度。从2012年到2019年,我们捕获了2000多人,标记了1800多人,并重新捕获了229人。重新捕获的鳗鱼提供了对生长、性分化和运动的见解。近99%的捕获物仍在放养地点附近。平均生长速率为47.8 mm/y,范围在−5.8和116.0 mm/y之间。雌性的生长速度通常明显快于雄性,一些雌性的生长速率超过100毫米/年,这一速率通常与河口居民有关。放养点内的种群密度超过2300条鳗鱼/公里,大约是最下游大坝下方Susquehanna河支流的四倍,超过了529条鳗鱼/千米的目标放养目标。虽然我们在放养地点附近的采样区捕获了大多数鳗鱼,但我们在远离放养地点的较小上游支流捕获了一些鳗鱼。我们的研究首次考察了重新引入的鳗鱼在萨斯奎汉纳河四座主要水坝上放养后是如何生长的。我们建议,考虑将鳗鱼移到堵塞物上方的管理人员考虑释放位置和密度,以实现对整体种群的预期效益。
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引用次数: 2
Integrating Multiple Survey Techniques to Document a Shifting Bat Community in the Wake of White-Nose Syndrome 综合多种调查技术记录白鼻综合征后蝙蝠群落的变化
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-06-22 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-20-043
D. Reynolds, K. Shoemaker, Susanna L. VON OETTINGEN, Stephen J. Najjar, J. Veilleux, Paul R. Moosman
The long-term study of bat communities often depends on a diverse set of sampling methodologies that are chosen based on the species or habitat management priorities of the research project. Integrating the data from a diverse set of methodologies (such as acoustic monitoring and mist net sampling) would improve our ability to characterize changes in community structure or composition over time, such as one would expect following an emergent infectious disease such as white-nose syndrome. We developed a Bayesian state-space model to integrate these disparate data into a common currency (relative abundance). We collected both acoustic monitoring and mist net capture data over an 8-y period (2006–2014) to document shifts in the bat community in central New England, USA, in response to the onset of white-nose syndrome in 2009. The integrated data model shows a significant decline in the abundance of little brown bat Myotis lucifugus, northern long-eared bat Myotis septentrionalis, and hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus, and an increase in abundance of the eastern small-footed bat Myotis leibii and the eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis. There was no evidence for a change in abundance in the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus since the onset of white-nose syndrome. The consistency of this model with regional estimates of decline over the same time period support the validity of our relative abundance estimate. This model provides the opportunity to quantify shifts in other communities where multiple sampling methodologies were employed, and therefore provides natural resource managers with a robust tool to integrate existing sampling data to quantify changes in community composition that can inform conservation and management recommendations.
蝙蝠群落的长期研究通常取决于一套不同的采样方法,这些方法是根据研究项目的物种或栖息地管理优先级选择的。整合一套不同方法(如声学监测和雾网采样)的数据将提高我们表征社区结构或组成随时间变化的能力,例如在白鼻综合征等突发传染病之后。我们开发了一个贝叶斯状态空间模型,将这些不同的数据集成到一个共同的货币中(相对丰度)。我们收集了8年(2006-2014年)的声学监测和雾网捕捉数据,以记录美国新英格兰中部蝙蝠群落因2009年白鼻综合征发作而发生的变化。综合数据模型显示,小棕蝙蝠、北方长耳蝙蝠和灰蝙蝠的丰度显著下降,而东部小脚蝙蝠和东方红蝙蝠的丰度增加。自白鼻综合征发作以来,没有证据表明棕色大蝙蝠Eptesicus fuscus的丰度发生了变化。该模型与同一时间段内下降的区域估计的一致性支持了我们相对丰度估计的有效性。该模型为量化采用多种采样方法的其他社区的变化提供了机会,因此为自然资源管理者提供了一个强大的工具,可以整合现有的采样数据,量化社区组成的变化,从而为保护和管理建议提供信息。
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引用次数: 3
How Surface Water Management Can Benefit Fish Conservation in Urban Streams 地表水管理如何有益于城市溪流的鱼类保育
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-06-16 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-20-051
W. A. Wilson, Maria Wipfler, Josh Stevens
We analyzed 33 y of fish community data collected from a low-order, urban stream in central Illinois, USA, to determine the effects of municipal wastewater management projects and urbanization on fish communities. From 1985 to 2017, species richness, number of pollution-intolerant species, and alternative index of biotic integrity significantly increased at sites across this system. Species diversity likewise increased, but was mostly significant only at sites downstream of the effluent outflow. Ceasing the chlorination of wastewater in 1990 resulted in significant increases in fish community metrics both upstream and downstream of effluent outflow, although effects varied from site to site. Completing a combined sewer overflow abatement project in 2008 resulted in some significant increases in species richness, diversity, and number of pollution-intolerant species at sites downstream of effluent outflow. From 2001 to 2016, the change in the number of pollution-intolerant species correlated inversely with the increased percentage of impervious cover in the study system. There was no significant correlation of other metrics with the change in percent impervious surfaces. These results suggest that urbanization at upstream sites limited to some extent the benefits of water management interventions that improved fish community metrics at downstream sites.
为了确定城市污水管理项目和城市化对鱼类群落的影响,我们分析了美国伊利诺斯州中部一条低阶城市河流中收集的33年鱼类群落数据。从1985年到2017年,该系统各站点的物种丰富度、不耐污染物种数量和生物完整性替代指数显著增加。物种多样性也有所增加,但主要集中在污水出口下游。1990年停止对废水进行氯化处理,导致废水流出的上游和下游的鱼类群落指标显著增加,尽管影响因地而异。2008年完成的污水溢流综合治理项目使污水下游地区的物种丰富度、多样性和耐污染物种数量显著增加。从2001年到2016年,研究系统中不耐污染物种数量的变化与不透水覆盖百分比的增加呈负相关。其他指标与不透水表面百分比的变化没有显著的相关性。这些结果表明,上游地区的城市化在一定程度上限制了改善下游地区鱼类群落指标的水管理干预措施的效益。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Adult Biomass and Environmental Conditions on Bigheaded Carp Reproductive Output 成鱼生物量和环境条件对鳙鱼繁殖产量的影响
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-06-10 DOI: 10.3996/JFWM-20-068
M. Weber, A. Matthews, C. L. Pierce
Bighead Carp Hypothalmichthys nobilis and Silver Carp Hypothalmichthys moltrix (hereafter collectively referred to as Bigheaded Carp) have spread throughout the majority of the Mississippi River since the 1970s. The current northern invasion edge of Bigheaded Carp in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) spans between Pools 14 and 20 because of limited passage at Lock and Dam (LD) 19. Mechanisms limiting adult Bigheaded Carp abundance above LD19 are unknown but may be due in part to lack of reproductive success influenced by adult abundance and environmental factors. Our objective was to investigate how relative adult biomass and river temperature and discharge affect maximum annual Bigheaded Carp larval production in the UMR using a Ricker stock-recruitment model. Adult Bigheaded Carp relative biomass (kg/h) was estimated annually with boat electrofishing and larvae were collected every 10 d between May and August 2014–2017 in Pools 14–20 in the UMR. Adult relative biomass ranged from 0.0 to 880.9 kg/h, whereas maximum annual larval densities ranged from 0.0 to 2,869.4 larvae/m3. After accounting for variability among pools and years, the most supported linear Ricker stock-recruitment model indicated the number of recruits per spawner decreased with increasing adult relative biomass and increased with mean discharge. Our results highlight the importance of adult biomass and river discharge conditions for reproduction of Bigheaded Carp along leading edges of invasion. Management strategies that aim to maintain low adult abundance where reproduction is not yet occurring could help limit population increases via reproduction, whereas reducing high adult biomass (e.g., commercial harvest, barriers) may result in greater Bigheaded Carp reproductive output in the UMR.
自20世纪70年代以来,白头鲤鱼和银鱼(以下统称为白头鲤鱼)已遍布密西西比河的大部分地区。由于船闸和大坝(LD)19的通道有限,目前密西西比河上游(UMR)大头鲤鱼的北部入侵边缘横跨14号水池和20号水池之间。限制成年大头鲤鱼丰度高于LD19的机制尚不清楚,但部分原因可能是受成年鲤鱼丰度和环境因素的影响,缺乏繁殖成功。我们的目的是使用Ricker种群补充模型研究相对成年生物量、河流温度和流量如何影响UMR中的最大年小头鲤鱼幼虫产量。2014年5月至2017年8月,每年通过渔船电捕鱼估计成年大头鲤鱼的相对生物量(kg/h),并每10天在UMR的14–20池中收集一次幼虫。成虫相对生物量在0.0至880.9 kg/h之间,而最大年幼虫密度在0.0至2869.4幼虫/m3之间。在考虑了水池和年份之间的可变性后,最受支持的线性Ricker种群招募模型表明,每个spawner的招募数量随着成年相对生物量的增加而减少,而随着平均流量的增加而增加。我们的研究结果强调了成年生物量和河流排放条件对入侵前缘白头翁繁殖的重要性。在尚未繁殖的地方,旨在保持低成体丰度的管理策略可能有助于通过繁殖限制种群数量的增加,而减少高成体生物量(例如,商业收获、障碍)可能会导致UMR中大头鲤鱼的繁殖产量增加。
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引用次数: 0
Slow Recovery of Headwater-Stream Fishes Following a Catastrophic Poisoning Event 灾难性中毒事件后上游鱼类恢复缓慢
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.3996/JFWM-20-080
M. Freeman, D. Elkins, Peter D Maholland, Zachary P. Butler, Maxwell Kleinhans, Jonathan H. Skaggs, Edward S. Stowe, Carrie A. Straight, S. Wenger
Accidental spills of chemicals and other pollutants can decimate populations of stream-dwelling species. Recovery from such accidents can be relatively fast and complete when the affected stream reaches can be recolonized from upstream and downstream sources. However, faunal recoveries from accidental spills that extirpate populations from entire headwater streams have not been extensively documented, and understanding resilience of headwater-stream biota is relevant for assessing threats to at-risk species. We assessed recovery of fish populations in a 5.7-km-long headwater stream in the southeastern United States following a complete, or nearly complete, fish-kill caused by a chemical spill near the source of the stream. We sampled for fishes at five stream locations, two downstream and three upstream from a perched, culverted road-crossing located 2.4 km upstream from the stream mouth, over a period of 18.5 mo following the poisoning event. We observed 11 fish species, representing ≤65% of the fish species expected based on occurrences in nearby tributary streams. In postpoisoning sampling, only three of these taxa were observed upstream of the culvert; all 11 species, including the federally threatened Cherokee Darter Etheostoma scotti, were found downstream of the culvert but were mostly represented by a few, large individuals. In contrast, dead individuals of at least eight taxa including the Cherokee Darter were observed upstream of the culvert at the time of the fish-kill. These observations provide evidence of slow recovery of a headwater fish fauna, and especially upstream of a barrier to fish movement, where the recolonization sources are primarily downstream. Additional case studies may reveal whether this result applies generally to headwater streams. Slow recovery could make species that primarily inhabit or maintain greatest abundances in headwaters, including multiple at-risk fishes, particularly vulnerable to the threat of accidental spills that result in local population extirpation.
化学物质和其他污染物的意外泄漏会使生活在溪流中的物种大量灭绝。当受影响的河流可以从上游和下游来源重新定位时,此类事故的恢复可以相对快速和完整。然而,意外泄漏导致整个源头溪流种群灭绝后的动物恢复并没有得到广泛的记录,了解源头溪流生物群的恢复能力与评估濒危物种的威胁有关。我们评估了美国东南部一条5.7公里长的源头河流中鱼类数量的恢复情况,这条源头附近的化学物质泄漏导致鱼类完全或几乎完全死亡。在中毒事件发生后的18.5个月里,我们在五个河流地点采集了鱼类样本,其中两个在下游,三个在上游,位于河口上游2.4公里处的一个栖息的涵洞路口。我们观察到11种鱼类,代表了根据附近支流的发生率预计的鱼类种类的65%。在中毒后的采样中,在涵洞上游只观察到其中的三个类群;所有11个物种,包括受到联邦威胁的切罗基飞禽,都在涵洞下游被发现,但大多是少数大型个体。相比之下,在鱼被杀的时候,至少有8个分类群的死亡个体,包括切罗基飞镖,在涵洞上游被观察到。这些观察结果提供了源头鱼类区系恢复缓慢的证据,特别是在鱼类运动障碍的上游,重新定殖来源主要是下游。更多的案例研究可能会揭示这一结果是否普遍适用于水源。缓慢的恢复可能会使主要栖息或维持在源头最丰富的物种,包括多种处于危险中的鱼类,特别容易受到意外泄漏的威胁,从而导致当地种群灭绝。
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引用次数: 1
Blanding's Turtle Demography and Population Viability 布兰丁的海龟人口统计学和种群生存能力
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.3996/JFWM-20-063
R. King, Callie Klatt Golba, G. Glowacki, A. R. Kuhns
In anticipation of U.S. federal status classification (warranted, warranted but precluded, not warranted), scheduled for 2023, we provide population viability analysis of the Blanding's turtle Emydoidea blandingii, a long-lived, late-maturing, semi-aquatic species of conservation concern throughout its range. We present demographic data from long-term study of a population in northeastern Illinois and use these data as the basis for viability and sensitivity analyses focused on parameter uncertainty and geographic parameter variation. We use population viability analysis to identify population sizes necessary to provide population resiliency to stochastic disturbance events and catastrophes, and demonstrate how alternative definitions of ‘foreseeable future' might affect status decisions. Demographic parameters within our focal population resulted in optimistic population projections (probability of extinction = 0% over 100 y) but results were less optimistic when catastrophes or uncertainty in parameter estimates were incorporated (probability of extinction = 3% and 16%, respectively). Uncertainty in estimates of age-specific mortality had the biggest impact on population viability analysis outcomes but uncertainty in other parameters (age of first reproduction, environmental variation in age-specific mortality, percent of females reproducing, clutch size) also contributed. Blanding's turtle demography varies geographically and incorporating this variation resulted in both mortality- and fecundity-related parameters affecting population viability analysis outcomes. Possibly, compensatory variation among demographic parameters allows for persistence across a wide range of parameter values. We found that extinction risk decreased and retention of genetic diversity increased rapidly with increasing initial population size. In the absence of catastrophes, demographic conservation goals could be met with a smaller initial population size than could genetic conservation goals; ≥20–50 adults were necessary for extinction risk <5%, whereas ≥50–110 adults were necessary to retain >95% of existing genetic diversity over 100 y. These thresholds shifted upward when catastrophes were included; ≥50–200 adults were necessary for extinction risk <5% and ≥110 to >200 adults were necessary to retain >95% of existing genetic diversity over 100 y. Impediments to Blanding's turtle conservation include an incomplete understanding of geographic covariation among demographic parameters, the large amount of effort necessary to estimate and monitor abundance, and uncertainty regarding the impacts of increasingly frequent extreme weather events.
预计美国联邦状态分类(保证,保证但排除,不保证),计划于2023年,我们提供了布兰丁龟的种群生存力分析,布兰丁龟是一种长寿,晚熟,半水生物种,在其整个范围内受到保护。我们提供了伊利诺斯州东北部人口长期研究的人口统计数据,并将这些数据作为可行性和敏感性分析的基础,重点是参数不确定性和地理参数变化。我们使用种群生存力分析来确定种群规模,以提供种群对随机干扰事件和灾难的弹性,并展示“可预见的未来”的替代定义如何影响状态决策。焦点种群的人口统计参数导致了乐观的种群预测(灭绝概率= 0%超过100年),但当纳入灾难或参数估计中的不确定性时(灭绝概率分别= 3%和16%),结果就不那么乐观了。特定年龄死亡率估计值的不确定性对种群活力分析结果的影响最大,但其他参数(首次繁殖年龄、特定年龄死亡率的环境变化、雌性繁殖百分比、卵窝大小)的不确定性也有影响。布兰丁海龟的人口统计在地理上存在差异,结合这种差异导致死亡率和繁殖力相关参数影响种群活力分析结果。可能,人口统计参数之间的补偿性变化允许跨越大范围参数值的持久性。研究发现,随着初始种群规模的增加,种群灭绝风险降低,遗传多样性保留率迅速提高。在没有灾难的情况下,人口保护目标可以用比遗传保护目标更小的初始种群规模来实现;≥20-50个成虫对100年以上95%的现有遗传多样性的灭绝风险是必需的。灭绝风险需要≥50-200只成虫,才能在100年内保留现有遗传多样性的95%。布兰丁海龟保护的障碍包括对人口统计学参数之间地理协变的不完全理解,需要大量的努力来估计和监测丰富度,以及对日益频繁的极端天气事件影响的不确定性。
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引用次数: 7
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Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
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