Darcy McCarrick, Jeff C. Dillon, Brett High, M. Quist
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (YCT) Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri is a species with significant ecological and recreational value. In many YCT fisheries, managers are tasked with balancing angler expectations and fish conservation. Henrys Lake supports a popular trophy trout fishery, but the increase of nonnative Utah Chub Gila atraria has caused concern for YCT. Long-term trends in abundance, length structure, body condition, and growth of YCT were summarized to evaluate the effect of Utah Chub. Additionally, we investigated abiotic and biotic factors influencing YCT. Archived hard structures were examined to provide a comprehensive evaluation of changes in age and growth of YCT in the system. Stocking records and catch rates of Utah Chub and trout in Henrys Lake were used as covariates to explain changes in YCT catch rates and growth. Catch rates varied from 1.5 – 15.4 YCT per net night during the 2002 – 2020 sampling period, but no consistent patterns were identified. Length structure was consistently dominated by stock- to quality-length fish and few fish > 600 mm TL were captured. Relative weight of YCT has decreased from a mean ( SD) of 115.916.5 in 2004 to 93.2 8.2 in 2020. Age of YCT varied between 1 and 11 years; fish captured during 2010 to 2020 were the oldest. The majority of fish sampled were age-4 and younger. Total annual mortality of age-2 and older YCT was higher than other Cutthroat Trout populations (i.e., 0.70 during 2002 to 2010 and 0.60 during 2011 to 2020). Based on regression models, we identified positive relationships between catch rates of YCT, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss × YCT hybrid trout. Negative relationships were observed between growth of YCT and abundance of Utah Chub and Brook Trout. Although negative relationships were identified, YCT growth in recent decades is as fast as or faster than earlier time periods. Results from this research suggest that major changes in YCT population dynamics are not evident over the last 20 years. This study provides insight into the factors influencing an adfluvial trout population. In particular, results from this research may be useful for managers of systems where Utah Chub have been introduced.
{"title":"Population dynamics of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Henrys Lake, Idaho","authors":"Darcy McCarrick, Jeff C. Dillon, Brett High, M. Quist","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-074","url":null,"abstract":"Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (YCT) Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri is a species with significant ecological and recreational value. In many YCT fisheries, managers are tasked with balancing angler expectations and fish conservation. Henrys Lake supports a popular trophy trout fishery, but the increase of nonnative Utah Chub Gila atraria has caused concern for YCT. Long-term trends in abundance, length structure, body condition, and growth of YCT were summarized to evaluate the effect of Utah Chub. Additionally, we investigated abiotic and biotic factors influencing YCT. Archived hard structures were examined to provide a comprehensive evaluation of changes in age and growth of YCT in the system. Stocking records and catch rates of Utah Chub and trout in Henrys Lake were used as covariates to explain changes in YCT catch rates and growth. Catch rates varied from 1.5 – 15.4 YCT per net night during the 2002 – 2020 sampling period, but no consistent patterns were identified. Length structure was consistently dominated by stock- to quality-length fish and few fish > 600 mm TL were captured. Relative weight of YCT has decreased from a mean ( SD) of 115.916.5 in 2004 to 93.2 8.2 in 2020. Age of YCT varied between 1 and 11 years; fish captured during 2010 to 2020 were the oldest. The majority of fish sampled were age-4 and younger. Total annual mortality of age-2 and older YCT was higher than other Cutthroat Trout populations (i.e., 0.70 during 2002 to 2010 and 0.60 during 2011 to 2020). Based on regression models, we identified positive relationships between catch rates of YCT, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss × YCT hybrid trout. Negative relationships were observed between growth of YCT and abundance of Utah Chub and Brook Trout. Although negative relationships were identified, YCT growth in recent decades is as fast as or faster than earlier time periods. Results from this research suggest that major changes in YCT population dynamics are not evident over the last 20 years. This study provides insight into the factors influencing an adfluvial trout population. In particular, results from this research may be useful for managers of systems where Utah Chub have been introduced.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45128320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. T. Klimas, J. Osborn, A. Yetter, J. D. Lancaster, C. Jacques, Amv Fournier, H. Hagy
The Mississippi Flyway supports millions of waterfowl during spring migration as individuals replenish vital nutrients en route to breeding locations. Green-winged teal Anas crecca consume natural plant and animal foods in shallow wetlands during autumn and winter, but little information is available to describe food use and selection during spring migration. We experimentally collected green-winged teal and quantified food use and availability to determine selection in the Illinois River Valley during February–April 2016–2018. We removed, dried, and weighed (± 0.1 mg) food items by taxa from the upper digestive tract (proventriculus and esophagus) of birds and core samples for comparison. Additionally, we evaluated retention of common diet items between small (#60; 250 µm) and medium (#35; 500 µm) sieves and the effect of processing sieve size on selection coefficients. Seeds of moist-soil vegetation occurred in all green-winged teal diets, while invertebrates and vegetative material occurred in 67.4% and 25.8% of diets, respectively. Green-winged teal consumed 85.8% (CI95 = 81.2–90.3%) plant material and 14.2% (CI95 = 9.6–18.7%) invertebrates based on aggregate dry biomass. We failed to find support for selection of either plant or animal foods in general, but green-winged teal selected Cyperus spp., Ammannia spp., Leptochloa spp., and Potamogeton spp. and avoided Amaranthus spp., Ipomoea spp., Echinochloa spp., and Oligochaeta individual taxa. We found no support for a difference in selection ratios between sexes, but selection ratios differed among years and wetland connectivity regimes with changes in food availability. Sieve size had minimal impact on rank and selection intensity of most food items, but only small sieves captured Ammannia spp., which was an important diet item. We found no evidence that green-winged teal selected invertebrates in our mid-latitude migration study area as has been speculated for dabbling ducks in general during spring migration (i.e., spring diet-shift hypothesis). We encourage managers to provide shallowly flooded wetlands with desirable plant taxa (e.g., Cyperus spp., Ammannia spp., Leptochloa spp.) for green-winged teal by maintaining actively-managed moist-soil wetlands that are made available during spring migration.
{"title":"Food selection by spring-migrating green-winged teal","authors":"S. T. Klimas, J. Osborn, A. Yetter, J. D. Lancaster, C. Jacques, Amv Fournier, H. Hagy","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-075","url":null,"abstract":"The Mississippi Flyway supports millions of waterfowl during spring migration as individuals replenish vital nutrients en route to breeding locations. Green-winged teal Anas crecca consume natural plant and animal foods in shallow wetlands during autumn and winter, but little information is available to describe food use and selection during spring migration. We experimentally collected green-winged teal and quantified food use and availability to determine selection in the Illinois River Valley during February–April 2016–2018. We removed, dried, and weighed (± 0.1 mg) food items by taxa from the upper digestive tract (proventriculus and esophagus) of birds and core samples for comparison. Additionally, we evaluated retention of common diet items between small (#60; 250 µm) and medium (#35; 500 µm) sieves and the effect of processing sieve size on selection coefficients. Seeds of moist-soil vegetation occurred in all green-winged teal diets, while invertebrates and vegetative material occurred in 67.4% and 25.8% of diets, respectively. Green-winged teal consumed 85.8% (CI95 = 81.2–90.3%) plant material and 14.2% (CI95 = 9.6–18.7%) invertebrates based on aggregate dry biomass. We failed to find support for selection of either plant or animal foods in general, but green-winged teal selected Cyperus spp., Ammannia spp., Leptochloa spp., and Potamogeton spp. and avoided Amaranthus spp., Ipomoea spp., Echinochloa spp., and Oligochaeta individual taxa. We found no support for a difference in selection ratios between sexes, but selection ratios differed among years and wetland connectivity regimes with changes in food availability. Sieve size had minimal impact on rank and selection intensity of most food items, but only small sieves captured Ammannia spp., which was an important diet item. We found no evidence that green-winged teal selected invertebrates in our mid-latitude migration study area as has been speculated for dabbling ducks in general during spring migration (i.e., spring diet-shift hypothesis). We encourage managers to provide shallowly flooded wetlands with desirable plant taxa (e.g., Cyperus spp., Ammannia spp., Leptochloa spp.) for green-winged teal by maintaining actively-managed moist-soil wetlands that are made available during spring migration.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42107784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Federal, state, and private entities manage seasonal flooded, shallow wetlands to provide food and other habitat resources for wetland-dependent migratory birds, including migrating and wintering waterfowl. Individual National Wildlife Refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service annually monitor seed production in moist-soil wetlands to track performance relative to regional foraging habitat objectives and to evaluate local habitat management activities. The National Wildlife Refuge System does not currently have a standard sampling protocol, and thus seeks a reliable rapid assessment method for estimating seed production to achieve standardized estimates and to avoid inconsistencies in data collection, metrics used, and usefulness of the monitoring efforts. We compared seed yield estimates derived from a suite of commonly used seed production assessment methods with those from soil core samples across six National Wildlife Refuges in the southeastern U.S. The most parsimonious model included only common plant species and a single visual assessment of overall coverage (1-5) and seed quality (1-4) for each moist-soil unit (r2adj = 0.71). Generally, models that included only common plant species and a visual estimate of seed yield for moist-soil wetlands overall had greater support than models that included all plant species and those that included data from subplots (n = 10) nested within moist-soil wetlands. Experience level of observer had a moderate effect on accuracy (r2mar = 0.20) and geographic range increased variation in overall seed yield estimates within moist-soil wetlands. Notably, we found that similar indices developed in different geographic regions performed well across the Southeast, but a widely used index based on estimates of seed yield for individual plant species performed poorly in this study. Standardizing the use of a single, efficient, and reliable method to estimate seed abundance in moist-soil wetlands will provide wetland mangers the ability to consistently estimate performance relative to objectives, evaluate management actions, and track trends on National Wildlife Refuges in the southeastern U.S.
{"title":"Large-scale assessment of rapid monitoring methods for estimating moist-soil seed production","authors":"B. Martin, H. Hagy, Ryan J. Askren, D. Osborne","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-085","url":null,"abstract":"Federal, state, and private entities manage seasonal flooded, shallow wetlands to provide food and other habitat resources for wetland-dependent migratory birds, including migrating and wintering waterfowl. Individual National Wildlife Refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service annually monitor seed production in moist-soil wetlands to track performance relative to regional foraging habitat objectives and to evaluate local habitat management activities. The National Wildlife Refuge System does not currently have a standard sampling protocol, and thus seeks a reliable rapid assessment method for estimating seed production to achieve standardized estimates and to avoid inconsistencies in data collection, metrics used, and usefulness of the monitoring efforts. We compared seed yield estimates derived from a suite of commonly used seed production assessment methods with those from soil core samples across six National Wildlife Refuges in the southeastern U.S. The most parsimonious model included only common plant species and a single visual assessment of overall coverage (1-5) and seed quality (1-4) for each moist-soil unit (r2adj = 0.71). Generally, models that included only common plant species and a visual estimate of seed yield for moist-soil wetlands overall had greater support than models that included all plant species and those that included data from subplots (n = 10) nested within moist-soil wetlands. Experience level of observer had a moderate effect on accuracy (r2mar = 0.20) and geographic range increased variation in overall seed yield estimates within moist-soil wetlands. Notably, we found that similar indices developed in different geographic regions performed well across the Southeast, but a widely used index based on estimates of seed yield for individual plant species performed poorly in this study. Standardizing the use of a single, efficient, and reliable method to estimate seed abundance in moist-soil wetlands will provide wetland mangers the ability to consistently estimate performance relative to objectives, evaluate management actions, and track trends on National Wildlife Refuges in the southeastern U.S.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47937015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Casey G. Dukes, D. Jachowski, Stephen N. Harris, Luke E. Dodd, A. Edelman, Summer H. Larose, Robert C. Lonsinger, D. Sasse, M. L. Allen
Eastern spotted skunks Spilogale putorius are an understudied species that has experienced range-wide declines. Over the past 16 years, camera traps have become an increasingly common tool to monitor and understand their current distribution. To inform best surveying practices, we reviewed 16 camera trap studies specifically targeting this species. We focused on reported latency to initial detection and three main aspects of study design: seasonality of detections, baits and lures, and camera trap brands. Latency to initial detection ranged from 1–82 days with a mean of 17.1 days (SD = 9.1). Attractants varied among projects, but most (75%) used sardines as bait. The percentage of skunk detections tended to vary across the year, with the highest percentage of skunk detections occurring in March (92%). We conclude by suggesting best practices and directions for future research techniques that will aid in developing more efficient methods to address key knowledge gaps for this elusive species. Given the long timeframes for latency to initial detection monitoring individual sites for at least four weeks, with the use of bait, is likely the best strategy to detect Eastern spotted skunks. We encourage further experimental approaches on the effectiveness of different baits and lures, and how to increase latency to initial detection. Collectively, we hope this leads to the development of a standardized monitoring approach that could be implemented across studies and states within the Eastern spotted skunk’s range.
{"title":"A Review of Camera Trapping Methodology for Eastern Spotted Skunks","authors":"Casey G. Dukes, D. Jachowski, Stephen N. Harris, Luke E. Dodd, A. Edelman, Summer H. Larose, Robert C. Lonsinger, D. Sasse, M. L. Allen","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-073","url":null,"abstract":"Eastern spotted skunks Spilogale putorius are an understudied species that has experienced range-wide declines. Over the past 16 years, camera traps have become an increasingly common tool to monitor and understand their current distribution. To inform best surveying practices, we reviewed 16 camera trap studies specifically targeting this species. We focused on reported latency to initial detection and three main aspects of study design: seasonality of detections, baits and lures, and camera trap brands. Latency to initial detection ranged from 1–82 days with a mean of 17.1 days (SD = 9.1). Attractants varied among projects, but most (75%) used sardines as bait. The percentage of skunk detections tended to vary across the year, with the highest percentage of skunk detections occurring in March (92%). We conclude by suggesting best practices and directions for future research techniques that will aid in developing more efficient methods to address key knowledge gaps for this elusive species. Given the long timeframes for latency to initial detection monitoring individual sites for at least four weeks, with the use of bait, is likely the best strategy to detect Eastern spotted skunks. We encourage further experimental approaches on the effectiveness of different baits and lures, and how to increase latency to initial detection. Collectively, we hope this leads to the development of a standardized monitoring approach that could be implemented across studies and states within the Eastern spotted skunk’s range.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45054172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural-origin pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the upper Missouri River are predicted to become extirpated as early as 2024. To aid in recovery efforts for this endangered species, we used genetic data from 17 microsatellite loci to infer demographic and evolutionary history of pallid sturgeon and a sympatric shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus . A recent sundering of geneflow between these species was indicated by overlapping allele size distributions at all loci and low level of genetic divergence ( F ST = 0.10). Tests for recent bottlenecks, using heterozygosity excess or allele frequency mode-shift tests indicated demographic stability for both species while the M-Ratio identified historic bottlenecks had occurred in both species. Estimates of historical effective population size ( N e ), based on coalescent modeling of allele size distribution, suggested the geographic expansion of these species into the upper Missouri River during the late Pleistocene was associated with 10 to 19 fold reductions in N e . In contrast estimates of contemporary estimates of N e based on linkage disequilibrium revealed that shovelnose sturgeon ( N e = 2983) had approximately 10 times greater N e than pallid sturgeon ( N e = 254). Our results are consistent with the recent collapse of pallid sturgeon being caused by dam construction which occurred between 1930 and 1965. Fortunately, genetic diversity remaining in this long-lived species has provided an opportunity to conserve pre-dam pallid sturgeon genetic diversity via a successful captive breeding program. We provide recommendations to address key conservation needs including how to incorporate our estimate of N e / adult census size of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.16 – 0.47) into setting demographic recovery goals for pallid sturgeon.
{"title":"Demographic and Evolutionary History of Pallid and Shovelnose Sturgeon in the Upper Missouri River","authors":"W. R. Ardren, G. Jordan, P. DeHaan, R. Waples","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-035","url":null,"abstract":"Natural-origin pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the upper Missouri River are predicted to become extirpated as early as 2024. To aid in recovery efforts for this endangered species, we used genetic data from 17 microsatellite loci to infer demographic and evolutionary history of pallid sturgeon and a sympatric shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus . A recent sundering of geneflow between these species was indicated by overlapping allele size distributions at all loci and low level of genetic divergence ( F ST = 0.10). Tests for recent bottlenecks, using heterozygosity excess or allele frequency mode-shift tests indicated demographic stability for both species while the M-Ratio identified historic bottlenecks had occurred in both species. Estimates of historical effective population size ( N e ), based on coalescent modeling of allele size distribution, suggested the geographic expansion of these species into the upper Missouri River during the late Pleistocene was associated with 10 to 19 fold reductions in N e . In contrast estimates of contemporary estimates of N e based on linkage disequilibrium revealed that shovelnose sturgeon ( N e = 2983) had approximately 10 times greater N e than pallid sturgeon ( N e = 254). Our results are consistent with the recent collapse of pallid sturgeon being caused by dam construction which occurred between 1930 and 1965. Fortunately, genetic diversity remaining in this long-lived species has provided an opportunity to conserve pre-dam pallid sturgeon genetic diversity via a successful captive breeding program. We provide recommendations to address key conservation needs including how to incorporate our estimate of N e / adult census size of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.16 – 0.47) into setting demographic recovery goals for pallid sturgeon.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46638908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goldeye Hiodon alosoides are native through much of Canada and the Mississippi River drainage in the United States. Life history characteristics have been described for several commercially important populations in northern portions of their range, but there is a paucity of information available for more southernly populations. Milford and Lovewell Reservoirs are in the Kansas River basin and harbor the only two lentic Goldeye populations in Kansas. Further, anecdotal observations suggest declining population abundance. The objectives of this study were to examine temporal trends in relative abundance and describe current size structure, body condition, and population dynamics of these two remnant populations. Both populations were characterized by decreasing relative abundance over the previous 24-year period although decreases in the Lovewell population were most profound. In Milford Reservoir, median total length of sampled Goldeye was 268 mm (minimum = 235 mm, maximum = 431 mm). The estimated maximum observed age for Goldeye was 8; however, age-1 Goldeye were the most abundant year-class collected accounting for 80% of sampled fish. A von Bertalanffy growth model was fit to back-calculated length at annulus formation with parameter estimates: L∞ = 402 mm, K = 0.93, and t0 = 0.29. Two individuals were collected at Lovewell Reservoir; therefore, no analyses were conducted. Overall, this study provides cursory knowledge of two remnant Goldeye populations in Kansas. These results can be applied to promote better understanding of their ecological role in these reservoirs, and other midwestern impoundments with remnant populations.
{"title":"An evaluation of Goldeye life history characteristics in two Kansas reservoirs","authors":"B. Miller, E. Flores, Scott Waters, Ben C. Neely","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-090","url":null,"abstract":"Goldeye Hiodon alosoides are native through much of Canada and the Mississippi River drainage in the United States. Life history characteristics have been described for several commercially important populations in northern portions of their range, but there is a paucity of information available for more southernly populations. Milford and Lovewell Reservoirs are in the Kansas River basin and harbor the only two lentic Goldeye populations in Kansas. Further, anecdotal observations suggest declining population abundance. The objectives of this study were to examine temporal trends in relative abundance and describe current size structure, body condition, and population dynamics of these two remnant populations. Both populations were characterized by decreasing relative abundance over the previous 24-year period although decreases in the Lovewell population were most profound. In Milford Reservoir, median total length of sampled Goldeye was 268 mm (minimum = 235 mm, maximum = 431 mm). The estimated maximum observed age for Goldeye was 8; however, age-1 Goldeye were the most abundant year-class collected accounting for 80% of sampled fish. A von Bertalanffy growth model was fit to back-calculated length at annulus formation with parameter estimates: L∞ = 402 mm, K = 0.93, and t0 = 0.29. Two individuals were collected at Lovewell Reservoir; therefore, no analyses were conducted. Overall, this study provides cursory knowledge of two remnant Goldeye populations in Kansas. These results can be applied to promote better understanding of their ecological role in these reservoirs, and other midwestern impoundments with remnant populations.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48545056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hayes, M. Moser, B. Burke, A. Jackson, N. Johnson
Conservation and management of Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and other imperiled lamprey species could include the use of chemosensory cues to attract or repel migrating adults. For restoration programs, passage of adult lamprey at dams might be improved by using cues to help guide lamprey through fishway entrances. In contrast, odors might repel unwanted invasive Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Laurentian Great Lakes from spawning habitats or improve trapping efficiency. We conducted bioassays with Pacific Lamprey in a two-choice maze to evaluate the behavioral response of pre-ovulatory adult females to introduced chemical cues and changes in flow. During overnight tests, for each female we measured the number of entries into each arm of the maze and the amount of time spent in each arm after application of natural odors from pre-spawning conspecifics (males and females) in one of the arms. Using the same methods, we also tested whether adult females were attracted to natural odor from spermiating males, to a synthesized (artificially produced) component of a Sea Lamprey sex pheromone (3-keto petromyzonol sulfate, 3kPZS), or to an attraction flow (12 L/min as reference). In all tests, the lamprey showed consistent nocturnal activity, typically moving from sunset until sunrise and remaining inactive during daylight hours. For natural odors, the number of entries and the amount of time females spent in the treatment arm were not significantly different between control and treatment periods. However, females spent significantly less time in the treatment arm with the synthesized 3kPZS than when no odor was delivered. Females showed strong, positive responses to the attraction flow and with our assay, we could identify significant behavioral responses when the differences between the control and experimental means were greater than 15-20%. The response of lampreys to sex pheromones may be species-specific, with Pacific Lamprey less likely to respond to conspecific odors than Sea Lamprey.
{"title":"Behavior of female adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) exposed to natural and synthesized odors","authors":"M. Hayes, M. Moser, B. Burke, A. Jackson, N. Johnson","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-014","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation and management of Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and other imperiled lamprey species could include the use of chemosensory cues to attract or repel migrating adults. For restoration programs, passage of adult lamprey at dams might be improved by using cues to help guide lamprey through fishway entrances. In contrast, odors might repel unwanted invasive Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Laurentian Great Lakes from spawning habitats or improve trapping efficiency. We conducted bioassays with Pacific Lamprey in a two-choice maze to evaluate the behavioral response of pre-ovulatory adult females to introduced chemical cues and changes in flow. During overnight tests, for each female we measured the number of entries into each arm of the maze and the amount of time spent in each arm after application of natural odors from pre-spawning conspecifics (males and females) in one of the arms. Using the same methods, we also tested whether adult females were attracted to natural odor from spermiating males, to a synthesized (artificially produced) component of a Sea Lamprey sex pheromone (3-keto petromyzonol sulfate, 3kPZS), or to an attraction flow (12 L/min as reference). In all tests, the lamprey showed consistent nocturnal activity, typically moving from sunset until sunrise and remaining inactive during daylight hours. For natural odors, the number of entries and the amount of time females spent in the treatment arm were not significantly different between control and treatment periods. However, females spent significantly less time in the treatment arm with the synthesized 3kPZS than when no odor was delivered. Females showed strong, positive responses to the attraction flow and with our assay, we could identify significant behavioral responses when the differences between the control and experimental means were greater than 15-20%. The response of lampreys to sex pheromones may be species-specific, with Pacific Lamprey less likely to respond to conspecific odors than Sea Lamprey.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41294091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. W. Brook, Joshua L. Dooley, Glen S. Brown, K. Abraham, R. Rockwell
Demographic probabilities such as annual survival and harvest probability are key metrics used in research and for monitoring the health of wildlife populations and sustainability of harvest. For waterfowl populations, mark-recovery analysis is used to derive annual estimates of these probabilities using data from coordinated banding operations. The most commonly used parameterization for analyzing mark-recovery data from harvested species is the Brownie model. However, if banded waterfowl are not released during a year of a multi-year banding operation, then estimating annual survival and recovery probabilities from a dead recovery model is a challenge. Due to COVID-19, many wildlife monitoring efforts, including annual waterfowl banding programs, were canceled or reduced during 2020 and 2021, highlighting the need for managers to better understand the consequences of missing data on analyses and regulatory decisions. We summarized methods of model parameterization and use of alternative methods to explore the behavior of demographic parameter estimates when a year of release data was missing. Comparing constrained fixed-effect models (parameters during the missing year of data were set equal to parameters for years with release data) with random-effect models, we found that 1) bias of estimates during a year of missing release data were smaller when using a random-effect model, 2) the direction of the bias was unpredictable but the expected range in bias could be generally known, commensurate to the underlying variability in survival and recovery probabilities, and 3) potential bias was greatest if the missing year of releases occurred during the final year of a time series. We conclude that in some circumstances, various modeling approaches can provide reasonable estimates during a year of missing release data, particularly when underlying demographic parameters, or the parameter constrained in a model, vary little over time (e.g., adult survival in long-lived species), which would result in relatively little bias in the other estimated parameter (e.g., annual recovery probability). We also suggest that using alternative analytical techniques, such as random-effect models, may improve estimates for the demographic parameters of interest when release data are missing. Random-effect models also allowed for estimation of parameters, such as juvenile recovery probabilities during the year of missing release data, which are not identifiable using standard modeling techniques. Where accurate and precise parameter estimation is important for making harvest management decisions and regardless of the model type or the data used, there is no analytical replacement for missing release data. We suggest that practitioners determine the potential consequences for missing data through simulation by using empirical data and simulated data with known demographic probabilities to determine the best actions to take for analyzing their capture-recovery data when
{"title":"Missing release data in capture-mark-recovery analyses: consequences for inference","authors":"R. W. Brook, Joshua L. Dooley, Glen S. Brown, K. Abraham, R. Rockwell","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-017","url":null,"abstract":"Demographic probabilities such as annual survival and harvest probability are key metrics used in research and for monitoring the health of wildlife populations and sustainability of harvest. For waterfowl populations, mark-recovery analysis is used to derive annual estimates of these probabilities using data from coordinated banding operations. The most commonly used parameterization for analyzing mark-recovery data from harvested species is the Brownie model. However, if banded waterfowl are not released during a year of a multi-year banding operation, then estimating annual survival and recovery probabilities from a dead recovery model is a challenge. Due to COVID-19, many wildlife monitoring efforts, including annual waterfowl banding programs, were canceled or reduced during 2020 and 2021, highlighting the need for managers to better understand the consequences of missing data on analyses and regulatory decisions. We summarized methods of model parameterization and use of alternative methods to explore the behavior of demographic parameter estimates when a year of release data was missing. Comparing constrained fixed-effect models (parameters during the missing year of data were set equal to parameters for years with release data) with random-effect models, we found that 1) bias of estimates during a year of missing release data were smaller when using a random-effect model, 2) the direction of the bias was unpredictable but the expected range in bias could be generally known, commensurate to the underlying variability in survival and recovery probabilities, and 3) potential bias was greatest if the missing year of releases occurred during the final year of a time series. We conclude that in some circumstances, various modeling approaches can provide reasonable estimates during a year of missing release data, particularly when underlying demographic parameters, or the parameter constrained in a model, vary little over time (e.g., adult survival in long-lived species), which would result in relatively little bias in the other estimated parameter (e.g., annual recovery probability). We also suggest that using alternative analytical techniques, such as random-effect models, may improve estimates for the demographic parameters of interest when release data are missing. Random-effect models also allowed for estimation of parameters, such as juvenile recovery probabilities during the year of missing release data, which are not identifiable using standard modeling techniques. Where accurate and precise parameter estimation is important for making harvest management decisions and regardless of the model type or the data used, there is no analytical replacement for missing release data. We suggest that practitioners determine the potential consequences for missing data through simulation by using empirical data and simulated data with known demographic probabilities to determine the best actions to take for analyzing their capture-recovery data when","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49434981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donald J. Brown, L. E. Rucker, Catherine Johnson, Shane N. Jones, T. Pauley
The Central Appalachian Spruce Restoration Initiative was formed to promote restoration of red spruce Picea rubens forests in Central Appalachia. One goal of the initiative is to increase availability and enhance quality of habitat for wildlife, including the threatened Cheat Mountain salamander Plethodon nettingi. The purpose of this research was to compare microhabitat characteristics between an occupied Cheat Mountain salamander site and early-stage spruce restoration sites, and between four occupied sites and proximal non-detection sites. We found that soil pH was higher and soil moisture was lower at spruce restoration sites compared to the occupied site, and that light intensity, sub-canopy air temperature, and ground-level air temperature were higher in spruce restoration prescriptions with reduced canopy cover. We found that soil moisture was higher at occupied sites compared to proximal non-detection sites, but soil pH was not significantly different. Our study suggests that Cheat Mountain salamanders are associated with low soil pH and high soil moisture, and thus spruce restoration could enhance habitat quality for this species in the long-term.
{"title":"Microhabitat Associations for the Threatened Cheat Mountain Salamander in Relation to Early-stage Red Spruce Restoration Areas","authors":"Donald J. Brown, L. E. Rucker, Catherine Johnson, Shane N. Jones, T. Pauley","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-042","url":null,"abstract":"The Central Appalachian Spruce Restoration Initiative was formed to promote restoration of red spruce Picea rubens forests in Central Appalachia. One goal of the initiative is to increase availability and enhance quality of habitat for wildlife, including the threatened Cheat Mountain salamander Plethodon nettingi. The purpose of this research was to compare microhabitat characteristics between an occupied Cheat Mountain salamander site and early-stage spruce restoration sites, and between four occupied sites and proximal non-detection sites. We found that soil pH was higher and soil moisture was lower at spruce restoration sites compared to the occupied site, and that light intensity, sub-canopy air temperature, and ground-level air temperature were higher in spruce restoration prescriptions with reduced canopy cover. We found that soil moisture was higher at occupied sites compared to proximal non-detection sites, but soil pH was not significantly different. Our study suggests that Cheat Mountain salamanders are associated with low soil pH and high soil moisture, and thus spruce restoration could enhance habitat quality for this species in the long-term.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42078855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madi P. Vasquez, Rebekah J. Rylander, Jacquelyn M Tleimat, S. Fritts
Numerous avian species use anthropogenic materials in constructing nests, particularly in urbanized environments. Anthropogenic materials, including plastics, have been demonstrated to have both beneficial and harmful effects on survival and reproduction. During the spring of 2018, we collected 45 Black-crested Titmouse Baeolophus atricristatus nests in San Marcos, TX, U.S. with two objectives: 1) assess and compare the mass and proportion of nest materials along an urban gradient, and 2) examine the relationship between nest materials, clutch size, and hatching success. We categorized each nest based on collection location as either urban, residential, park or rural and separated nest materials into six categories: leaves, snakeskin, twigs, moss, plastic, and non-plastic artificial materials. We then compared raw mass and proportion of mass of each nest material among urbanization categories. Nests in the urban category were 1.6-1.9 times lighter in mass than nests in other locations along the urban gradient (p = 0.01) and contained 4-5 times greater proportion, but not mass, of plastic compared to nests in all other locations. Nests in residential areas contained the greatest mass of combined anthropogenic materials. Neither clutch size nor hatching success differed based on urbanization category, nest mass, or proportions of anthropogenic or natural nest materials. The differences in mass of nests and increased proportion of plastics could have been due to a lack of natural nesting materials however, we did not estimate availability of nesting materials at any location. Results add to the growing literature that the use of anthropogenic materials in nests varies across an urban gradient, and the effect of anthropogenic materials on nesting parameters varies among species.
{"title":"Use of Anthropogenic Nest Materials by Black-crested Titmice Along an Urban Gradient","authors":"Madi P. Vasquez, Rebekah J. Rylander, Jacquelyn M Tleimat, S. Fritts","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-058","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous avian species use anthropogenic materials in constructing nests, particularly in urbanized environments. Anthropogenic materials, including plastics, have been demonstrated to have both beneficial and harmful effects on survival and reproduction. During the spring of 2018, we collected 45 Black-crested Titmouse Baeolophus atricristatus nests in San Marcos, TX, U.S. with two objectives: 1) assess and compare the mass and proportion of nest materials along an urban gradient, and 2) examine the relationship between nest materials, clutch size, and hatching success. We categorized each nest based on collection location as either urban, residential, park or rural and separated nest materials into six categories: leaves, snakeskin, twigs, moss, plastic, and non-plastic artificial materials. We then compared raw mass and proportion of mass of each nest material among urbanization categories. Nests in the urban category were 1.6-1.9 times lighter in mass than nests in other locations along the urban gradient (p = 0.01) and contained 4-5 times greater proportion, but not mass, of plastic compared to nests in all other locations. Nests in residential areas contained the greatest mass of combined anthropogenic materials. Neither clutch size nor hatching success differed based on urbanization category, nest mass, or proportions of anthropogenic or natural nest materials. The differences in mass of nests and increased proportion of plastics could have been due to a lack of natural nesting materials however, we did not estimate availability of nesting materials at any location. Results add to the growing literature that the use of anthropogenic materials in nests varies across an urban gradient, and the effect of anthropogenic materials on nesting parameters varies among species.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43850106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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