Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

Achieving equitable access to life-course vaccination is a central objective of the global Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Ethiopia has made notable gains in routine immunization; however, disparities remain, particularly in underserved, pastoralist, and conflict-affected regions. This study assessed vaccination coverage, disparities, and barriers to service utilization across four regions of Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 57 woredas (districts) of Afar, Amhara, Oromia, and Tigray Regional states. Trained health workers administered digital questionnaires with GPS-enabled devices to caregivers, and eligible individuals subsequently received vaccines. The study enumerated 1.2 million households comprising 5.3 million individuals, including children under five, adolescent girls (9-14 y), pregnant women, and person aged 12 y and above. Descriptive and geospatial analyses were applied to examine coverage levels and disparities. The findings were revealed that 9.1% were zero dose, and 11.2% under-immunized, with measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage at 88.3% among children aged 12-59 months. In addition, 79.6% of pregnant women were received tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine, 75.3% of adolescent girls received Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine, while only almost half 53.8% of individuals aged 12 y and above received COVID-19 vaccine. Marked regional disparities were emerged: Afar recorded the highest zero-dose prevalence (24%), whereas Amhara and Tigray reported disparity levels below 10%. Despite progress in routine immunization, inequities persist, disproportionately affecting remote and marginalized populations. Addressing these gaps requires integrating geospatial microplanning, expanding mobile outreach, and applying culturally tailored demand-generation strategies to ensure equitable vaccine access and advance IA2030 targets.

Seasonal influenza places a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Despite the effectiveness of annual vaccination in reducing morbidity, mortality, and costs, vaccination coverage remains suboptimal. This study explored influenza-related attitudes and vaccination behaviors among adults aged 18 and older through a web-based survey (n=1,821). Among participants, 36% were aged 65 or older and 52% reported chronic conditions. Multivariable analysis identified chronic conditions and high perceived influenza risk (OR 8.8; 95% CI 6.2-12.4) as significant predictors of disease severity perception, while reliance on non-institutional online sources was negatively associated. Key predictors of vaccination in the past five years included having children, higher income, healthcare employment or retirement status, presence of chronic illness, positive perceptions of healthcare quality, and favorable attitudes toward influenza (OR 6.7; 95% CI 3.9-11.2) and vaccination (OR 4.3; 95% CI 2.4-4.5). These findings underscore the urgency of tailored, evidence-based communication and improved access strategies to increase influenza vaccination coverage in Italy.

Few studies have reported vaccine effectiveness (VE) and population-level impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV13) among children with immunocompromising or chronic medical conditions putting them at risk of developing pneumococcal disease. The objective of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to summarize the efficacy, effectiveness, and impact of PCV13 in the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and all-cause pneumonia among children with risk conditions. Peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 and July 2024 were identified in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and CDSR. Of 3008 records identified, full texts of 189 studies (6.3%) were reviewed and 11 (0.4%) studies evaluating PCV13 alone or in combination with PCV7 were included. Vaccine effectiveness or impact of PCV13 was reported in children with sickle cell disease (SCD; n = 2), HIV (n = 4), post-transplant conditions (n = 1), cancer (n = 1), combined immunocompromising conditions (n = 1), combined chronic medical and immunocompromising conditions (n = 1), and congenital heart disease (n = 1). In children with immunocompromising conditions, VE against PCV13-type IPD ranged between 83.8% and 91%. Compared to the pre-PCV era, the introduction of PCV13 in pediatric immunization programs was associated with a relative reduction of IPD due to any serotype between 86% and 100% in children SCD and 55% to 80% in children with cancer. PCV impact, as measured by incidence rate reductions, among children with HIV varied by comparison period, age group and outcome and ranged from 9.1% to 81% for any IPD. These findings support PCV vaccination for children with risk conditions although evidence was limited and heterogeneous.

Sociodemographic factors and individual attitudes may influence individuals' decisions for vaccination against infectious diseases. The present study aimed to identify how these factors were associated with COVID-19 and influenza vaccination experiences among Taiwanese individuals. Using a cross-sectional design, 914 individuals (female = 58%; aged 50 years or above = 43.1%) completed an online survey between October and November 2024. Chi-squares and odds ratios (ORs) derived from logistic regression were used to examine the associations and perform predictive analysis. Results showed that 54% were undecided (those who answered 'not sure') or reluctant (those who answered 'no') about receiving a COVID-19 booster vaccine, while 65% were willing to get the next influenza vaccine. Factors such as age, employment, and education were significantly associated with awareness and experience for both types of vaccination. Older people had a higher awareness of the vaccination and were more likely to receive the vaccines. Individuals who worked in health-related settings or had an education in a related field, along with those with higher education, showed increased awareness and experience of vaccination. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, attitude (i.e., vaccination readiness and conspiracy belief) predicted vaccination willingness for both vaccines (pseudo-R² = 0.28-0.33). Moreover, factors such as age, education, occupation, and attitudes (readiness, conspiracy beliefs) may be associated with awareness, experience, and willingness to receive COVID-19 and influenza vaccines among Taiwanese individuals. Developing awareness programs for younger and less educated people, and those who work in non-health-related sectors, may be helpful to encourage individuals to get vaccinated.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV are disproportionately affected by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and related anogenital cancers. No controlled trial has evaluated the efficacy of the nonavalent HPV vaccine (9vHPV) in this population. This prospective, controlled cohort study offered eligible MSM with HIV a 3-dose 9vHPV series and followed both the vaccinated group (vaccinees) and the unvaccinated group (controls). Anal specimens were collected for HPV genotyping, cytology, and microbiota profiling. The primary outcomes were the clearance and incidence of 9vHPV-covered HPV types. Baseline vaccine-type HPV prevalence was 41.0% in vaccinees (n = 39; median age, 33 y; median CD4, 682/μl) and 39.3% in controls (n = 56; median age, 35 y; median CD4, 679/μl) (P = .865). At month 3, 75.0% of vaccinees with prevalent HPV infection had cleared at least one genotype, and 85.7% of those with abnormal baseline cytology experienced regression. However, clearance rates (per 1000 person-months) were 46.3 (vaccine type) and 56.0 (non-vaccine type) in vaccinees versus 64.1 and 91.8 in controls (P = .456 and 0.371). HPV incidence was 19.5 (vaccine type) and 15.1 (non-vaccine type) in vaccinees versus 12.4 and 12.4 in controls (P = .378 and 0.710). 9vHPV vaccination was not associated with enhanced clearance (aHR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11-0.68) or decreased incidence of vaccine-type HPV (aHR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.11-1.82). No significant differences were observed in anal dysplasia regression or anal microbiota composition over 12 months. Given the lack of short-term secondary benefit and persistence of HPV incidence, MSM with HIV require continued routine anal cancer screening.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are pivotal to sustaining public confidence in vaccination. This study assessed attitudes toward vaccine hesitancy, vaccine-related knowledge, and professional factors among primary healthcare workers (PHCWs) in Türkiye. We conducted a cross-sectional study among PHCWs in Erzurum (Eastern Anatolia), Türkiye. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire captured sociodemographics, vaccine-related knowledge, practices and recommendations, and the 21‑item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (higher scores=greater hesitancy). Analyses included descriptive statistics, correlations, group comparisons, and multivariable logistic regression using a median split of the scale as the binary outcome. Of the 253 participants, 79.1% described themselves as high vaccine acceptance, 5.1% as anti-vaccine, and 15.8% as hesitant. Formal education was the most cited information source. Perceived competence was modest across domains (e.g. 39.5% felt sufficient in approaching vaccine refusal). Knowledge of selected adult vaccines (influenza, varicella, MMR) and recent training on vaccines or vaccine‑preventable diseases were associated with lower hesitancy. Recommending vaccines outside the routine schedule (e.g. HPV, meningococcal, influenza) was also associated with lower hesitancy. In regression analyses, higher odds of hesitancy were observed among those not recommending profession‑related vaccines (adjusted OR ≈1.4), personnel other than family physicians/midwives (OR ≈ 1.7), those feeling insufficient in addressing vaccine refusal (OR ≈ 2.4), and those unaware that HCWs should receive hepatitis B vaccine (OR ≈ 2.0); longer primary‑care tenure showed a small positive association (OR ≈ 1.03). Model fit was acceptable (Nagelkerke R² = 0.15; Hosmer - Lemeshow p = .718). Overall attitudes toward vaccination among PHCWs were positive, yet hesitancy varied by role, knowledge, and training. Targeted, continuing education that strengthens domain‑specific knowledge and communication skills - including confidence to recommend vaccines - may reduce hesitancy and bolster immunization advocacy in primary care.

Providing multiple vaccinations to adults at a single appointment, known as co-administration, could help increase vaccine coverage by making the process more convenient for the public. Despite vaccine co-administration policies, there are many missed opportunities to offer multiple vaccines. A qualitative understanding of the public attitude to co-administration may allow the development of interventions to increase implementation of co-administration policies. We undertook a scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute framework to collate the available qualitative literature to identify barriers, and facilitators to vaccine co-administration as well as potential research gaps. We created and used an iterative search strategy to retrieve articles published between 1/10/2010 and 11/12/2024 in three scientific databases. None of the articles retrieved fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were nine articlesthat used quantitative surveys to measure attitudes, barriers and facilitators. Qualitative studies to understand barriers and facilitators to vaccine co-administration are needed to inform future policy implementation.

The therapeutic vaccine landscape for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has evolved substantially over the past three decades, yet systematic analysis of this progression remains limited. We conducted bibliometric analysis of NSCLC vaccine research using 765 publications spanning 1990-2025 from Web of Science and Scopus databases. Our temporal analysis revealed a marked paradigm shift from early investigations on single-antigen approaches (particularly MAGE-A3) and specific platforms such as BLP25 liposome vaccines toward combination strategies integrating immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and advanced RNA vaccine technologies. This reflects reorientation from standalone vaccine modalities to synergistic approaches combining vaccines with established therapeutics, including ICIs, targeted therapies, and antibody-drug conjugates. This bibliometric analysis provides the first systematic mapping of NSCLC vaccine research evolution, revealing a clear trajectory toward combination immunotherapy strategies and offering an evidence-based framework for identifying research priorities and informing future development directions in cancer vaccine research.

Some individuals with cancer may receive immunomodulatory treatment such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs are now part of standard of care for many cancers and have improved survival for cancer patients. However, they are also associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can affect any organ or system, and can range from mild to severe. It has been hypothesized that vaccination of these individuals could increase the risk of irAEs or other vaccine-associated adverse events. This narrative review of 28 primary research articles presents findings from existing literature on vaccine safety for individuals receiving ICIs, and makes recommendations for future research on this topic. The existing evidence suggests that influenza and COVID-19 vaccines are safe for individuals receiving ICIs and do not pose additional risks of irAEs beyond baseline risks associated with ICI therapy.

Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) is a major public health concern, particularly amongst children below five-years-old. In China, the disease burden remains high owing to the absence of a comprehensive detection system. This study analyses RVGE incidence, population distribution, and pathogenic genotypes reported in studies published between 2014 and 2023, providing evidence to support vaccine and drug development. A systematic review of studies on RVGE published between 2014 and 2023 was conducted. Articles were screened using a standardized algorithm. A random-effects model was employed to analyze rotavirus positive rates and genotype variation trends. Among 320 studies, the highest rotavirus positive rates in children (≤5 y) were in Jilin (48.59%), Shanxi (40.89%), and Xinjiang (37.65%), while the highest number of infections were in Yunnan (89,128), Jiangsu (82,869), and Guangxi (36,524). Among adults (≥15 y), Shaanxi (27.73%), Inner Mongolia (22.95%), and Heilongjiang (17.82%) had the highest rotavirus positive rates, whereas Shanghai (3,170), Beijing (2,019), and Fujian (1,044) recorded the most infections. The rotavirus positive rates were 26.46% and 32.85% for children visiting the outpatient/emergency department and the inpatient department, respectively. Before 2018, the dominant G genotypes were G9 (children: 42.89%; adults: 56.13%) and G3 (children: 20.17%; adults: 14.71%), whereas the dominant P genotype was P[8] (children: 76.30%; adults: 80.78%). After 2018, G9 (children: 66.73%; adults: 67.43%) and P[8] (children: 88.62%; adults: 88.57%) became predominant in both groups, with an increase in G8 (before: 0.89%; after: 5.08%) among children. RVGE remains a significant burden in China, with evolving distributions. Continuous surveillance is essential to guide vaccine strain selection and development.