Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

Hepatitis B (Hep B) remains a critical public health issue globally, particularly in Tibet, where vaccination rates and influencing factors among college students are yet understudied. This study applies a cross-sectional design to investigate the Hep B vaccination rate among 1,126 college students in Tibet and utilizes the expanded theory of planned behavior (ETPB) to identify vaccination behavior intention (BI) and vaccination behavior (VB). Stratified cluster sampling across three universities was used to assess behavioral attitudes (BA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), past vaccination history (PVH) and vaccination knowledge (VK), and used structural equation modeling (SEM) for model validation and multi-group comparison. Results indicated that 16.3% of students had received the Hep B vaccine. VK notably improved BA toward vaccination (β = 0.518, p < .001). BA (β = 0.232, p < .001), PBC (β = 0.239, p < .001), SN (β = 0.385, p < .001) positively influenced BI. However, PVH failed to predict BI. BI (β = 0.448, p < .001) and PVH (β = 0.127, p < .001) were significant predictors of VB. Significant ethnic variations were noted. The positive effect of PVH on VB (β = 0.151, p < .001) and the mediating role of PBC in VB (β = 0.076, p < .05) were significant among Tibetan students. The effect of VK on BA was stronger among Tibetans (β = 0.503, p < .05),while the impact of attitude on BI was more pronounced among Han students (β = 0.366, p < .05). The vaccination rate for Hep B among college students in Tibet is relatively low, and the ETPB model effectively explains their vaccination intentions and behaviors. Tailored intervention strategies for Tibetan and Han students are recommended to boost vaccination rates effectively.

Influenza accounts for 30% of the total morbidity and mortality in the European Union. However, the specific burden in different European countries is largely unknown, and more research is needed to ascertain the reality of this disease. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the burdens of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality in Spain over five seasons (2015-2020) via publicly available Minimum Basic Datasets (MDBS). The data revealed that influenza had a major impact in Spain, with approximately 29,000 hospitalizations, 2,200 ICU admissions, and 1,600 deaths each season. In this period, approximately 7.8% of those hospitalized required ICU admission, and 5.7% died in the hospital due to influenza, with wide differences in these parameters depending on the season due to the virological characteristics of the major circulating viruses. More than 60% of those hospitalized were over 65 years of age, and approximately 82% of those who died were elderly, demonstrating that the greatest burden of hospitalization and mortality is centered on this age group. The annual direct cost of influenza was approximately €128 million per season, with more than 80% of this cost centered on people over 45 years of age.

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are considered effective alternatives for the primary treatment of recurrent metastatic cancers. However, they can induce various adverse events affecting multiple organ systems, potentially diminishing patients' quality of life, and even leading to treatment interruptions. Adverse events related to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors differ from those associated with CTLA-4 inhibitors and are more commonly observed in the treatment of solid tumors. This study aimed to address the knowledge gap regarding adverse events related to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. A visual bibliometric network was constructed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, R software, and the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) to quantitatively analyze this research field. Future research directions were also explored. The USA ranked first in publication count and total citations. Over time, publication types transitioned from case reports to clinical trials. Research on for nivolumab was the most prevalent. The spectrum of cancers treated by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors expanded beyond melanoma and lung cancer to include renal cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, and others. Common adverse events included pneumonitis, myasthenia gravis, and vitiligo. There was a significant increase in multi-phase clinical trials and studies related to biomarkers. This study offers valuable insights for potential collaborators and institutions, highlighting trends in the study of adverse events related to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The management of these adverse events has become more refined and standardized. Biomarker research and multi-phase clinical trials are likely to be key areas of focus in future studies.

Recent surges in COVID-19 cases demonstrate the unabated transmissibility of this disease. Despite the ongoing threat of contagion, however, uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines, especially as booster doses, remains suboptimal among eligible adults and children in the United States, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Public attitudes toward these vaccines remain balkanized, with some groups harboring ambivalence or even opposition to receiving inoculation. Given the challenges for public health posed by the current, and potentially, future pandemics, it is crucial to understand more about how laypersons discuss and frame the vaccination debate in informal, non- or minimally monitored spaces. Following their development, virtual groups were created to share stories about negative reactions to COVID-19 vaccines. Using a mixed methods approach, the present study analyzed a census of 368 posts on Gab Social that articulate users' attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination. Our approach focused on the framing and themes reflected in the posts, along with specific concerns expressed by users. Key findings include the observation that Gab users frequently frame the COVID-19 vaccination decision as one of whether the vaccines do more harm than good (i.e. helping vs. hurting frame) and that adverse reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines are not being truthfully reported on by mainstream media. Moreover, posts often display an antagonistic "Us vs. Them" perspective that pits vaccine skeptics against adherents. Overall, Gab users expressed strong resistance to the vaccines and distrusted government-issued recommendations to vaccinate, yet valorized medical professionals who advocated for more research on the vaccines' safety. Through these investigations, we hope to derive insights that may inform COVID-19 vaccine promotion; accordingly, practical recommendations are suggested based on our findings.

Rotavirus, a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in children, is largely preventable through immunization with two internationally licensed oral rotavirus vaccines (RVVs) included in national programs across over 100 countries. These RVVs are administered in either two (Rotarix™; 2D-RV) or three (RotaTeq®; 3D-RV) doses. We aimed to assess the global coverage, completion, and compliance of 2D-RV and 3D-RV in various settings, and to identify factors influencing vaccine coverage. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed and Embase for articles published between 2006 and 2021. We included 74 publications across 31 countries. RVV coverage rates and the factors associated with coverage varied widely among countries based on income level, RVV used, and the year of vaccination. Due to market bias and insufficient studies, valid RVVs coverage comparisons couldn't be made. However, 2D-RV had better completion/compliance rates than 3D-RV in Italy, Mexico, and the US.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital infections and significant health complications in immunocompromised individuals. With no licensed CMV vaccine available, the development of the mRNA-1647 offers promising advancements in CMV prevention. We have reviewed results from Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the mRNA-1647 vaccine, demonstrating robust immune responses in both seronegative and seropositive participants. Vaccines exhibited significantly elevated neutralizing antibody titers against CMV, particularly in fibroblast and epithelial cells, with sustained responses lasting up to 18 months post-vaccination. The mRNA-1647 vaccine triggered strong T-cell and memory B-cell responses, suggesting its potential for long-term protection against CMV infection. The ongoing Phase 3 CMVictory trial evaluates the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1647 in women of childbearing age, with preliminary data showing promise in preventing congenital CMV transmission. This vaccine could significantly reduce CMV-related morbidity and mortality, particularly in newborns and immunocompromised individuals, addressing a critical unmet medical need.

The attitudes of reproductive-age individuals toward COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy are still not well understood. We aimed to explore the attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and the determinants among the Chinese reproductive-age population. An anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted in China from July 4 to August 11, 2023. Structured questionnaires on vaccine hesitancy during pregnancy, socio-demographic characteristics, behavior characteristics, health-related factors, and mental health status were sent online to reproductive-age individuals (both males and females). Among 2966 participants of reproductive age, 86.9% exhibited significant hesitancy toward receiving the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy. Participants of older age (30-34: aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.62-2.52; 35-39: aOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.11-2.66), nonsmokers (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07-1.89), with a longer duration since their last COVID-19 vaccination (aOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.20-4.70), and exhibiting marked pandemic fatigue (moderate: aOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.56-2.52; high: aOR = 3.49, 95% CI: 2.41-5.05) were prone to refuse COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy. The presence of generalized anxiety disorder may push the vaccination (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.99). The top three reasons for hesitation were concerns about the adverse health effects of vaccines on pregnant women (77.72%), fetuses (72.13%), and newborns/infants (58.77%), respectively. Therefore, under the context of the existing circumstances and the WHO's encouragement, this study provides data support for possible future policy changes and emphasizes the importance of public health strategies.

While Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) vaccination in global immunization programs has shown a virtual elimination of the disease within few years of the vaccination program, changing epidemiological landscape in India underscores the need for evidence-based, updated guidance on immunization practices. In May 2024, a panel of 15 distinguished opinion leaders and an organizing committee convened for an intensive, face-to-face advisory board meeting on high burden of HAV infection among adults, increased mortality rate in adolescents, symptomatic presentation in children, and evolving landscape globally and within India. Extensive comparable deliberations on long-term follow-up data from India and data from country of origin advocated immunogenicity, tolerability, and long-term protective effects of single-dose live attenuated HAV vaccine in children. Finally, a consensus was achieved on recognition of increased global attention toward HAV prevention through vaccination coverage. The need for a single dose of live attenuated HAV vaccine was an important outcome of this meeting.

Influenza causes 100,000-710,000 hospitalizations annually in the U.S. Patients with liver disease are at higher risk of severe outcomes following influenza infection. This study evaluated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza-associated hospitalization among adults with liver disease. Data from the U.S. Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN), a test-negative case-control study, from 2015 to 2020 were used to estimate VE among adults ≥18 years admitted for acute respiratory illness. VE was calculated as (1-adjusted odds ratio)*100%, comparing the odds of vaccine receipt between laboratory-confirmed influenza cases and test-negative controls using multiple logistic regression with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). In total, 1,622 (12.8%) of 12,704 adults had ≥1 liver disease(s). Compared with those without liver disease, adults with liver disease were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (15.7% vs 12.8%, p = .001) or to die in hospital (3.0% vs 1.4%, p < .001). The IPTW-adjusted VE against influenza-associated hospitalization was 27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22-32%) among patients without liver disease, but the VE of 11% (95% CI, -8-26%) was not significant among those with liver disease. Significant effect modification of VE by the presence of liver disease was found (p < .05 for interaction term). While influenza vaccination significantly reduced the risk of influenza-associated hospitalization among adults without liver disease, the protective effect was not significant among those with liver disease. Further studies are warranted to evaluate influenza VE in patients with different types of liver disease and with specific vaccine formulations.