Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

Pneumococcal disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. From 2016 to 2022, 358,603 hospitalized patients were identified as having pneumococcal disease. The overall annual hospitalization rate was 108.9 hospitalizations per 100,000 people, which significantly increased with age, reaching 748.0 hospitalizations per 100,000 among those aged ≥90 years. The hospitalization rates for pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis were 25.4, 0.7, and 3.5 hospitalizations per 100,000 people, respectively, reaching the highest rates in those ≥90 years of age for pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis, with 241.6 and 22.0 hospitalizations per 100,000 people, respectively, and in those <1 year of age for meningitis, with 3.4 hospitalizations per 100,000 people. The total number of deaths among all hospitalized pneumococcal infection patients was 51,668, with a total case fatality rate of 14.4%. The case fatality rates for pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis were 7.9%, 10.6%, and 19.8%, respectively. The case fatality rate increased dramatically with age. Most patients presented with at least one underlying condition. The case fatality rate among patients with at least one comorbidity was significantly higher (p < .05) than that among patients without underlying conditions (16.0% vs. 3.2%, respectively), with a fivefold greater probability of death (OR = 5.7). During this period, the annual cost of hospitalizations for the health system exceeded EUR 383 million. Thus, the use of new broad-spectrum PCVs and improved vaccination protocols for elderly individuals and people with comorbidities could help reduce the high hospital burden of disease and mortality due to pneumococcal infection in our country.

Focusing on vaccines available to adults and not in the immunization schedule, this study investigates the preferences and factors influencing adults in selecting vaccination clinic locations. It aims to provide strategic insights for boosting vaccination rates by analyzing adults' decision-making factors. This contributes to developing more efficient, patient-focused vaccination strategies that tackle vaccine hesitancy and improve access to vaccination sites. We conducted a cross-sectional study through the "YueMiao" platform from November 1 to December 10, 2023, using convenience and purposive sampling to engage 2014 participants. We collected data via online surveys that included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, sources of vaccination clinic information, clinic satisfaction, and the impact of site selection on vaccination decisions. Our findings reveal that adults' site preferences for vaccination are influenced by gender, age, income, and vaccination history. Participants showed a strong preference for locations that offer convenience, efficiency, transparent pricing, and a comfortable environment. Analysis of service satisfaction at these clinics indicates that vaccinated individuals report higher satisfaction with appointment systems, wait times, and service hours than those unvaccinated. Furthermore, the preference for vaccination sites consistently aligns with the vaccine type, with a majority opting for community health service centers. Our results suggest that public health strategies should concentrate on enhancing site convenience, service quality, and information transparency to elevate adult vaccination rates. Future initiatives should aim to increase public trust in vaccines, improve the selection and quality of vaccination sites, and effectively utilize digital technology for spreading vaccination information.

Herpes zoster (HZ) is increasingly common in the aging and is experienced by approximately one in three people in their lifetime. It is also relatively common in immune-compromised people. Acute HZ causes severe pain, reduced quality of life and severe complications, including prolonged pain, or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and ocular zoster, which may rarely progress to blindness. In severely immune-compromised people disseminated zoster may affect the brain and liver. A second-generation vaccine, the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine, consisting of recombinant viral glycoprotein E and the Adjuvant System 01 (AS01B), now offers >90% efficacy against HZ and associated complications in immune-competent people. Efficacy persists above 80% for 11 years. In severely immune-compromised patients, the vaccine is safe with efficacy and/or immunogenicity of 68-87%. There is also excellent immunogenicity for those on JAK inhibitors and corticosteroid therapy. The vaccine offers a paradigm for successful and durable immunization in the aging and immune-compromised.

Trial registration: TCTR20240812005.

One of the key features of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the inability to mount sufficient and coordinated adaptive immune responses against HBV. Recent studies on HBV-specific B cells and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) have shed light on their role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Anti-HBs is recognized as a protective immune marker, both for HBV infection clearance and following vaccination, and it is also considered an important indicator of functional cure for CHB. Notably, functional impairment of HBV-specific B cells may be reversible. The restoration of HBV-specific B cell function, along with the induction of an anti-HBs antibody response, is regarded as pivotal for terminating chronic HBV infection and achieving functional cure. This article reviews the significance of anti-HBs in both the infection and clearance of HBV, and discusses the potential of neutralizing antibodies and therapeutic vaccines as promising future strategies.

Recently, the use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in the research and management of solid tumors has increased, making them a key focus in the field of oncology. In this study, we performed a comprehensive literature review of ADCs use in solid tumor treatment. We retrieved data from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Following literature retrieval, we conducted a thorough bibliometric and knowledge-mapping analysis of the collected articles. There was a rapid growth in the number of annual publications in this field. The United States had the highest publication volumes and led ADC research for solid tumors. Additionally, The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute had the highest output, and G. Curigliano was identified as the most productive author. The journal "Cancers" led in the publishing of ADC research on solid tumors. Furthermore, key clustering terms such as "breast cancer," "targeted therapy," "bladder cancer," "ovarian cancer," "expression," and "drug delivery" emerged in this field as the research progressed. We identified six key themes by literature co-citation analysis, involving the research on the application of four ADCs in breast cancer, as well as the analysis of ADCs design, mechanisms, and strategies for reducing cytotoxicity. At the same time, based on the analysis of papers that have experienced a citation burst recently, we explored the future development trends of this field. Overall, our inaugural bibliometric analysis of ADCs for solid tumor research provides a systematic framework to guide future studies in this field. Therefore, facilitating and promoting further development in this area.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 2-3 (CIN2-3), classified as histologic high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), is associated with a higher recurrence rate and an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. The predictive and influencing factors for CIN2+ relapse are still uncertain and controversial. This study aims to further clarify the risk factors of CIN 2-3 recurrence. The retrospective cohort study enrolled 142 patients with CIN 2-3, aged between 20 to 60 years, all of whom received treatments to remove the lesions. All patients were followed for at least two years to assess outcomes. The primary outcome indicators were high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) status and cervical lesions status within two years after treatment. Fisher's exact test or Pearson's chi-squared test and the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W/H) test were used for univariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify independent risk factors, and the results were presented using a forest plot. The study found no significant differences in basic characteristics and HR-HPV status, except for parity (p = .020). HPV genotype before treatment and margin status were significantly associated with cervical lesion status after treatment, with P-values of 0.003 and 0.031, respectively. Cytology before treatment and HPV vaccination were independent factors influencing cervical lesions status two years after treatment, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.634 (95% CI: 0.443-0.908) and 0.340 (95% CI: 0.121-0.952), respectively. This study is the first to report independent factors influencing CIN 2-3 recurrence and underscores the importance of considering adjuvant HPV vaccination for women with cervical preinvasive disease.

Next-generation vaccine delivery technologies may provide significant gains from both a technical and behavioral standpoint, but no scale has yet been developed to assess public attitudes to novel vaccine delivery technologies. We therefore performed a cross-sectional validation study that included 1,001 demographically representative participants from the UK and US to develop and validate a novel scale, the Oxford Benchmark Scale for Rating Vaccine Technologies (OBSRVT). A sample of 500 UK participants was used to perform exploratory factor analysis with categorical variables (using a polychoric correlation matrix) followed by promax oblique factor rotation to develop the initial model. This yielded a 15-item 4-domain scale with domains including acceptance (6 items), effectiveness (4 items), comfort (3 items), and convenience (2 items). This model was tested for robustness on a 501-participant demographically representative sample from the US. A confirmatory factor analysis with a Satorra-Bentler scaled test statistic was performed, which demonstrated adequate goodness of fit statistics including the root mean squared error of approximation (0.057), standardized root mean squared residual (0.053), and comparative fit index (0.938). Reliability as internal consistency was excellent (alpha = 0.92). Convergent validity with the Oxford Needle Experience Scale was supported by an adequate correlation (r = 0.31, p < .0001), while discriminant validity was supported by a lack of correlation with an unrelated question (r = -0.03, p < .0001). These findings suggest that the OBSRVT scale represents a feasible, valid, and reliable scale that could be used to gauge the acceptability of existing and future vaccine delivery technologies, and further investigation and testing should be considered.

To analyze the coverage rate of adult herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine and the incidence of Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) in Jiangsu province, China. The vaccination information of HZ vaccine in people aged 50 years and above in Jiangsu province in 2023 and the AEFI information of HZ vaccine from 2020 to 2023 were collected through the Jiangsu Province vaccination management information system and China AEFI information management system, and the vaccination rate and AEFI incidence of HZ vaccine were analyzed. The overall vaccination rate among individuals aged 50 years and above was merely 0.19%. About 20% of vaccinated individuals (12,821 people) received only the first dose, failing to complete the recommended two-dose regimen. A total of 43 and 217 cases of AEFIs following vaccination were reported after administration of the HZ vaccine during the periods of 2020-2021 and 2022-2023, respectively, resulting in reporting rates (RRs) of 240.7 and 201.2 per 100,000 doses, correspondingly. The majority of AEFIs following vaccination with HZ vaccines were common reactions, while rare reactions and coincidental events accounted for only 1.5% and 0.4% of cases, respectively. Over 55% of AEFIs occurred within 30 minutes post-vaccination , with fever, allergic eruptions, and drowsiness being the most reported systemic symptoms, and redness and induration being the main symptoms at the injection site. Despite the proven safety profile of the HZ vaccine, its coverage remains significantly low among individuals aged 50 years and above in Jiangsu Province, China as of 2023. The majority of AEFIs were mild and commonly observed. To enhance the comprehensiveness of post-marketing safety data, it is imperative to conduct further active surveillance studies.

We conducted a randomized, Phase 2 trial to assess the safety and humoral immunogenicity of reduced doses/dose volume of the standard dose of Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine (5 × 10¹⁰ viral particles [vp]) in healthy adolescents aged 12-17 years. Participants were randomly assigned to receive Ad26.COV2.S at reduced dose levels of 0.625 × 10¹⁰ (0.5 mL), 1.25 × 10¹⁰ (0.5 mL) or 2.5 × 10¹⁰ (0.5 mL or low volume 0.25 mL) vp in a 1- or 2-dose (56-day interval) primary schedule. Adolescents who received a 1-dose primary schedule received a 2.5 × 10¹⁰ vp booster dose 6 months later. Safety and humoral immunogenicity were assessed up to 6 months post-last vaccination. All regimens were well tolerated, with no safety concerns identified. Local and systemic solicited AEs in adolescents were consistent with the known safety profile in adults. All 1- and 2-dose Ad26.COV2.S primary schedules elicited robust peak Spike-binding antibody responses and virus neutralizing titers against the reference strain, in participants with and without preexisting SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Immune responses were durable for at least 6 months. Spike-binding antibody responses were comparable to those elicited in young adults aged 18-25 years who received a standard dose of Ad26.COV2.S in Phase 3 efficacy studies Reduced doses/dose volume of Ad26.COV2.S had an acceptable safety profile and elicited robust humoral immune responses in adolescents aged 12-17 years. All 1- and 2-dose schedules elicited Spike-binding antibody responses that were comparable to an adult population in whom efficacy has been demonstrated using a higher vaccine dose. (clinicaltrials.gov NCT05007080).