Pub Date : 2020-12-23DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0067
M. Popović, B. Micevski, R. Verovnik
The patterns of butterfly diversity and community changes in relation to elevation are an interesting and well–covered topic in ecology, but the effects of aspect have rarely been evaluated. Here we studied the changes in butterfly species richness and communities along the elevation gradient and aspect of Galičica Mountain. As expected, species richness changed with altitude, showing a bimodal pattern with two peaks and a declining trend towards higher altitude. Changes were well–correlated with the area in each altitudinal zone, while the effects of productivity were less clear. Butterfly communities at higher altitudes were the most distinct when grouped according to β diversity estimates, followed by mid– and low–altitude communities. Indicator species were found in mid–altitudes and for the combination of low–mid and mid–high altitudes, but not among aspects. Overall, aspect produced a less conclusive effect on species richness and community composition. South and north accounted for most of these differences despite dominant western and eastern and exposition of the mountain slopes. The community temperature index declined with altitude and on the northern aspect, showing these areas hosted more cold–adapted species. Notes on butterfly conservation are provided as 23 species known from historical surveys have not been recorded recently. Data published through GBIF (Doi: 10.15470/jacl7y).
{"title":"Effects of elevation gradient and aspect on butterfly diversity on Galičica Mountain in the Republic of Macedonia (south–eastern Europe)","authors":"M. Popović, B. Micevski, R. Verovnik","doi":"10.32800/abc.2021.44.0067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0067","url":null,"abstract":"The patterns of butterfly diversity and community changes in relation to elevation are an interesting and well–covered topic in ecology, but the effects of aspect have rarely been evaluated. Here we studied the changes in butterfly species richness and communities along the elevation gradient and aspect of Galičica Mountain. As expected, species richness changed with altitude, showing a bimodal pattern with two peaks and a declining trend towards higher altitude. Changes were well–correlated with the area in each altitudinal zone, while the effects of productivity were less clear. Butterfly communities at higher altitudes were the most distinct when grouped according to β diversity estimates, followed by mid– and low–altitude communities. Indicator species were found in mid–altitudes and for the combination of low–mid and mid–high altitudes, but not among aspects. Overall, aspect produced a less conclusive effect on species richness and community composition. South and north accounted for most of these differences despite dominant western and eastern and exposition of the mountain slopes. The community temperature index declined with altitude and on the northern aspect, showing these areas hosted more cold–adapted species. Notes on butterfly conservation are provided as 23 species known from historical surveys have not been recorded recently.\u0000Data published through GBIF (Doi: 10.15470/jacl7y).","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45670745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0079
M. C. Drago, D. Vrcibradic
Red Lists are important conservation tools because they attempt to estimate the extinction risks of species. We compared the conservation status of Brazilian mammals presented in the Brazilian Red Book with those presented in the IUCN Red List, highlighting the importance of each list and why they should be used jointly. Out of 636 species, 181 were considered endemic to Brazil and 121 were considered threatened by at least one of the lists. Considering the complete database, 86 % of the species had the same status on both lists, whereas only 48 % of the threatened species had the same status. Some possible factors responsible for variations are the period in which the evaluations were carried out, the evaluation process and the fact that a species threatened nationally may not be threatened globally. We recommend that communication should be improved, that lists should be kept updated, and that both the type of information and the data itself to be used in the assessments should be standardized.
{"title":"The importance of addressing different Red Lists in conservation studies: an analysis comparing the conservation status of Brazilian mammals","authors":"M. C. Drago, D. Vrcibradic","doi":"10.32800/abc.2021.44.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0079","url":null,"abstract":"Red Lists are important conservation tools because they attempt to estimate the extinction risks of species. We compared the conservation status of Brazilian mammals presented in the Brazilian Red Book with those presented in the IUCN Red List, highlighting the importance of each list and why they should be used jointly. Out of 636 species, 181 were considered endemic to Brazil and 121 were considered threatened by at least one of the lists. Considering the complete database, 86 % of the species had the same status on both lists, whereas only 48 % of the threatened species had the same status. Some possible factors responsible for variations are the period in which the evaluations were carried out, the evaluation process and the fact that a species threatened nationally may not be threatened globally. We recommend that communication should be improved, that lists should be kept updated, and that both the type of information and the data itself to be used in the assessments should be standardized.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42392513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.32800/abc.2020.43.0191
S. Delgado, N. Zorrozua, J. Arizaga
Marginal presence of plastic in nests of yellow–legged gulls (Larus michahellis) in the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Nest entanglement and consumption of plastics can be a cause of mortality in chicks of various seabird species. As plastic debris may be chosen as a source of nesting material, evaluation of its presence and contribution to nest building in seabird colonies is important. Here, we determined the contribution of anthropogenic debris to nest construction by a yellow–legged gull Larus michahellis population that largely depends on refuse tips to forage. Two colonies within the southeastern Bay of Biscay, Spain, were sampled in 2019. One of the colonies was in Getaria, where no debris was found in nests, and the second was in Ulia, where 40 % of the nests had some kind of artificial material. In all cases, however, this debris comprised less than 5 % of the nests' area. Among the studied nests, we found one had a piece of fabric, five had pieces of rope, and 20 had pieces of flexible plastic packaging. These results contrast with other seabird species that face problems of conservation due to the increasing use of plastic for nesting. With the low prevalence of artificial debris (chiefly plastic) in nests found in this study, mortality due to debris entanglement or ingestion is unlikely.
{"title":"Marginal presence of plastic in nests of yellow–legged gulls (Larus michahellis) in the southeastern Bay of Biscay","authors":"S. Delgado, N. Zorrozua, J. Arizaga","doi":"10.32800/abc.2020.43.0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2020.43.0191","url":null,"abstract":"Marginal presence of plastic in nests of yellow–legged gulls (Larus michahellis) in the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Nest entanglement and consumption of plastics can be a cause of mortality in chicks of various seabird species. As plastic debris may be chosen as a source of nesting material, evaluation of its presence and contribution to nest building in seabird colonies is important. Here, we determined the contribution of anthropogenic debris to nest construction by a yellow–legged gull Larus michahellis population that largely depends on refuse tips to forage. Two colonies within the southeastern Bay of Biscay, Spain, were sampled in 2019. One of the colonies was in Getaria, where no debris was found in nests, and the second was in Ulia, where 40 % of the nests had some kind of artificial material. In all cases, however, this debris comprised less than 5 % of the nests' area. Among the studied nests, we found one had a piece of fabric, five had pieces of rope, and 20 had pieces of flexible plastic packaging. These results contrast with other seabird species that face problems of conservation due to the increasing use of plastic for nesting. With the low prevalence of artificial debris (chiefly plastic) in nests found in this study, mortality due to debris entanglement or ingestion is unlikely.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"191-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48760685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.32800/abc.2020.43.0197
A. Gamboa, F. Barragán
espanolLas bellotas del genero Quercusson muy apreciadas por diversos animales. Se ha cuestionado si la seleccion de una bellota puede depender de las caracteristicas intrinsecas del fruto. En este trabajo determinamos si el tamano y la calidad de las bellotas (sanas o danadas) influyen en su seleccion. Los resultados muestran que Q. affinisfue la especie con las bellotas mas grandes, pero con la tasa mas baja de seleccion, y que Q. eduardiitenia bellotas mas pequenas, pero con la tasa mas alta de seleccion. La seleccion la llevan a cabo dos grupos de vertebrados con periodos de actividad claramente separados. Los arrendajos Aphelocoma spp. realizaban su actividad de dia y los roedores Peromyscus spp., de noche. El tamano y la calidad solo representaron una influencia significativa en la seleccion de bellotas de Q. affinis. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la ausencia de animales grandes puede poner en riesgo el establecimiento de especies con bellotas grandes (como Q. affinis). EnglishAcorns of the species of the genus Quercus are highly appreciated by a diverse group of animals. It remains unclear whether the choice to move an acorn is related to the intrinsic characteristics of the fruit. In this work, we aimed to determine whether the size and quality of acorns (healthy or damaged) influenced their removal. We found that Q. affinis was the species with the largest acorns but the lowest removal rate, and Q. eduardii was the species with the smallest acorns but highest removal rates. Two groups of vertebrates carried out this removal, and this activity occurred at two clearly separate times. Jays Aphelocoma spp. carried out their activity during the day, and rodents Peromyscus spp. removed acorns at night. Size and quality only had a significant influence on the removal of Q. affinis. Our results suggest that absence of large animals could put the establishment of species with large acorns (such as Q. affinis) at risk.
Quercusson属的橡子，深受各种动物的喜爱。人们质疑橡子的选择是否取决于果实的内在特征。在本研究中，我们确定橡子的大小和质量(健康或受损)是否影响其选择。结果表明，该物种的亲和力最大，但选择率最低，而eduardiitenia的亲和力较小，但选择率最高。选择是由两组活动周期明显不同的脊椎动物进行的。松鼠在白天活动，啮齿动物在晚上活动。在本研究中，我们分析了两种不同类型的橡子的选择。我们的研究结果表明，大型动物的缺乏可能会威胁到大型橡子物种(如affinis)的建立。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该地区的总面积为，其中土地和(0.964平方公里)水。这仍然是一个举措是否the choice to move an acorn is related to the intrinsic水果的特征。在这项工作中，我们试图确定橡子的大小和质量(健康或损坏)是否影响其移除。We found that was the species with the largest q . affinis acorns but the最低removal rate was, and q . eduardii the species with the smallest acorns的but removal房费。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(0.984平方公里)水。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的土地面积为。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(1.5%)水。Our成果suggest that of large动物可put the establishment of species with large acorns(如:q . affinis) at risk。
{"title":"Preferencias de los granívoros con respecto al tamaño y la calidad de las bellotas en un bosque de Quercus en la zona centroseptentrional de México","authors":"A. Gamboa, F. Barragán","doi":"10.32800/abc.2020.43.0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2020.43.0197","url":null,"abstract":"espanolLas bellotas del genero Quercusson muy apreciadas por diversos animales. Se ha cuestionado si la seleccion de una bellota puede depender de las caracteristicas intrinsecas del fruto. En este trabajo determinamos si el tamano y la calidad de las bellotas (sanas o danadas) influyen en su seleccion. Los resultados muestran que Q. affinisfue la especie con las bellotas mas grandes, pero con la tasa mas baja de seleccion, y que Q. eduardiitenia bellotas mas pequenas, pero con la tasa mas alta de seleccion. La seleccion la llevan a cabo dos grupos de vertebrados con periodos de actividad claramente separados. Los arrendajos Aphelocoma spp. realizaban su actividad de dia y los roedores Peromyscus spp., de noche. El tamano y la calidad solo representaron una influencia significativa en la seleccion de bellotas de Q. affinis. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la ausencia de animales grandes puede poner en riesgo el establecimiento de especies con bellotas grandes (como Q. affinis). EnglishAcorns of the species of the genus Quercus are highly appreciated by a diverse group of animals. It remains unclear whether the choice to move an acorn is related to the intrinsic characteristics of the fruit. In this work, we aimed to determine whether the size and quality of acorns (healthy or damaged) influenced their removal. We found that Q. affinis was the species with the largest acorns but the lowest removal rate, and Q. eduardii was the species with the smallest acorns but highest removal rates. Two groups of vertebrates carried out this removal, and this activity occurred at two clearly separate times. Jays Aphelocoma spp. carried out their activity during the day, and rodents Peromyscus spp. removed acorns at night. Size and quality only had a significant influence on the removal of Q. affinis. Our results suggest that absence of large animals could put the establishment of species with large acorns (such as Q. affinis) at risk.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"43 1","pages":"197-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44105337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.32800/abc.2020.43.0177
A. Zúñiga, J. Rau, V. Fuenzalida, A. Fuentes-Ramirez
espanolEl fuego es un importante agente perturbador en varios ecosistemas de todo el mundo que puede afectar a la disponibilidad de recursos en una zona determinada, regulando la interaccion entre especies competidoras. Estudiamos la dieta del zorro culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) y el puma (Puma concolor) por dos anos consecutivos en un zona protegida del centro y el sur de Chile que se vio afectada por un incendio forestal. Se observaron diferencias significativas en el regimen alimentario de ambas especies, lo que pone de manifiesto su segregacion trofica. En los dos anos del estudio, la presa predominante del puma fue una especie exotica: la liebre europea (Lepus europaeus), lo que sugiere una simplificacion de su espectro trofico respecto a lo reportado en otras latitudes. Se analizan las consecuencias ecologicas de este hecho. EnglishFire is a significant disruptive agent in various ecosystems around the world. It can affect the availability of resources in a given area, modulating the interaction between competing species. We studied the diet of the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) and cougar (Puma concolor) for two consecutive years in a protected area of southern–central Chile which was affected by a wildfire. Significant differences were observed in the dietary pattern between the two species, showing their trophic segregation. In the two years of the study, the predominant prey for cougar was an exotic species, the European hare (Lepus europaeus), implying a simplification of its trophic spectrum with respect to that reported in other latitudes. The ecological consequences related to this scenario are discussed.
西班牙火是世界各地许多生态系统的主要干扰因素，它可以影响特定地区的资源可用性，调节竞争物种之间的相互作用。在智利中部和南部受森林火灾影响的保护区，我们连续两年研究了culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)和puma concolor的饮食。在本研究中，我们观察到两个物种的饮食有显著差异，表明它们的营养分离。在两年的研究中，美洲狮的主要猎物是一种外来物种:欧洲野兔(Lepus europaeus)，这表明与其他纬度报道的相比，美洲狮的营养谱有所简化。分析了这一事件的生态后果。英国火是世界各地各种生态系统的重要破坏者。它可以影响特定地区资源的可用性，调节竞争物种之间的相互作用。在智利中南部受野火影响的保护区，我们连续两年研究了culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)和cougar (Puma concolor)的饮食。这两个物种的饮食模式有显著差异，显示出它们的营养分离。In the two》of the study, predominant prey for美洲狮was an exotic species,欧洲野兔(Lepus europaeus) implying简化of its trophic累计In other纬度spectrum with respect to that。这一情景的生态后果正在讨论中。
{"title":"Temporal changes in the diet of two sympatric carnivorous mammals in a protected area of south–central Chile affected by a mixed–severity forest fire","authors":"A. Zúñiga, J. Rau, V. Fuenzalida, A. Fuentes-Ramirez","doi":"10.32800/abc.2020.43.0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2020.43.0177","url":null,"abstract":"espanolEl fuego es un importante agente perturbador en varios ecosistemas de todo el mundo que puede afectar a la disponibilidad de recursos en una zona determinada, regulando la interaccion entre especies competidoras. Estudiamos la dieta del zorro culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) y el puma (Puma concolor) por dos anos consecutivos en un zona protegida del centro y el sur de Chile que se vio afectada por un incendio forestal. Se observaron diferencias significativas en el regimen alimentario de ambas especies, lo que pone de manifiesto su segregacion trofica. En los dos anos del estudio, la presa predominante del puma fue una especie exotica: la liebre europea (Lepus europaeus), lo que sugiere una simplificacion de su espectro trofico respecto a lo reportado en otras latitudes. Se analizan las consecuencias ecologicas de este hecho. EnglishFire is a significant disruptive agent in various ecosystems around the world. It can affect the availability of resources in a given area, modulating the interaction between competing species. We studied the diet of the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) and cougar (Puma concolor) for two consecutive years in a protected area of southern–central Chile which was affected by a wildfire. Significant differences were observed in the dietary pattern between the two species, showing their trophic segregation. In the two years of the study, the predominant prey for cougar was an exotic species, the European hare (Lepus europaeus), implying a simplification of its trophic spectrum with respect to that reported in other latitudes. The ecological consequences related to this scenario are discussed.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"43 1","pages":"177-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43826988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.32800/abc.2020.43.0271
C. Sarabia, I. Salado, A. Cornellas, A. Fernández-Gil, C. Vilà, J. Leonard
Towards high–throughput analyses of fecal samples from wildlife. High–throughput sequencing offers new possibilities in molecular ecology and conservation studies. However, its potential has not yet become fully exploited for noninvasive studies of free–ranging animals, such as those based on feces. High–throughput sequencing allows sequencing of short DNA fragments and could allow simultaneous genotyping of a very large number of samples and markers at a low cost. The application of high throughput genotyping to fecal samples from wildlife has been hindered by several labor–intensive steps. We evaluate alternative protocols which could allow higher throughput for two of these steps: sample collection and DNA extraction. Two different field sampling and seven different DNA extraction methods are tested here on grey wolf (Canis lupus) feces. There was high variation in genotyping success rates. The field sampling method based on surface swabbing performed much worse than the extraction from a fecal fragment. In addition, there is a lot of room for improvement in the DNA extraction step. Optimization of protocols can lead to very much more efficient, cheaper and higher throughput noninvasive monitoring. Selection of appropriate markers is still of paramount importance to increase genotyping success..
{"title":"Towards high–throughput analyses of fecal samples from wildlife","authors":"C. Sarabia, I. Salado, A. Cornellas, A. Fernández-Gil, C. Vilà, J. Leonard","doi":"10.32800/abc.2020.43.0271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2020.43.0271","url":null,"abstract":"Towards high–throughput analyses of fecal samples from wildlife. High–throughput sequencing offers new possibilities in molecular ecology and conservation studies. However, its potential has not yet become fully exploited for noninvasive studies of free–ranging animals, such as those based on feces. High–throughput sequencing allows sequencing of short DNA fragments and could allow simultaneous genotyping of a very large number of samples and markers at a low cost. The application of high throughput genotyping to fecal samples from wildlife has been hindered by several labor–intensive steps. We evaluate alternative protocols which could allow higher throughput for two of these steps: sample collection and DNA extraction. Two different field sampling and seven different DNA extraction methods are tested here on grey wolf (Canis lupus) feces. There was high variation in genotyping success rates. The field sampling method based on surface swabbing performed much worse than the extraction from a fecal fragment. In addition, there is a lot of room for improvement in the DNA extraction step. Optimization of protocols can lead to very much more efficient, cheaper and higher throughput noninvasive monitoring. Selection of appropriate markers is still of paramount importance to increase genotyping success..","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"171-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42022468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-18DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0059
L. Goni, S. González, D. Biescas, D. Villanúa, J. Arizaga
Variation in winter thrush abundance during the hunting season in southern Europe: the importance of hunting–free reserves. We analysed variations in the abundance of the song thrush (Turdus philomelos) and the blackbird (T. merula) in the hunting season in hunting areas and hunting–free reserves. After controlling for habitat, we found that the abundance of song thrushes (hunted species) was lower in hunting areas than in reserves during the hunting season. This effect was not found for the blackbird (non–hunted species). This finding indicates hunting–free reserves have a positive effect on song thrush conservation. Further research is crucial to determine the traits that should be promoted in this type of reserve in order to improve their efficiency.
{"title":"Variation in winter thrush abundance during the hunting season in southern Europe: the importance of hunting–free reserves","authors":"L. Goni, S. González, D. Biescas, D. Villanúa, J. Arizaga","doi":"10.32800/abc.2021.44.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0059","url":null,"abstract":"Variation in winter thrush abundance during the hunting season in southern Europe: the importance of hunting–free reserves. We analysed variations in the abundance of the song thrush (Turdus philomelos) and the blackbird (T. merula) in the hunting season in hunting areas and hunting–free reserves. After controlling for habitat, we found that the abundance of song thrushes (hunted species) was lower in hunting areas than in reserves during the hunting season. This effect was not found for the blackbird (non–hunted species). This finding indicates hunting–free reserves have a positive effect on song thrush conservation. Further research is crucial to determine the traits that should be promoted in this type of reserve in order to improve their efficiency.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42248720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-16DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0045
J. J. Guedes, C. L. Assis, R. Feio, F. M. Quintela
The impacts of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on wildlife in two Brazilian hotspots and implications for conservation. Exotic species are major threats to biodiversity worldwide. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are among the most common invasive predators in the world, interacting with wildlife in many ways. We present ecological data based on camera traps and occasional observations of free–roaming domestic dogs from localities within the Brazilian Atlantic forest and Cerrado hotspots. Canis familiaris was the second most abundant mammal species, and the most abundant carnivore. Dogs chased, killed, and/or competed with at least 26 native species. They consumed none of the killed animals, which together with the predominant records of solitary individuals acting during the daytime indicates they are mainly free–roaming dogs relying on humans for food and shelter. The high numbers of dogs and the wide range of prey suggest wildlife could be greatly impacted by domestic dogs, especially in areas that are highly threatened by anthropogenic activities, such as biodiversity hotspots. We highlight possible measures (such as the eradication or removal of dogs from natural areas) that could help to reduce the environmental damage caused by domestic dogs in the region.
{"title":"The impacts of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on wildlife in two Brazilian hotspots and implications for conservation","authors":"J. J. Guedes, C. L. Assis, R. Feio, F. M. Quintela","doi":"10.32800/abc.2021.44.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0045","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) on wildlife in two Brazilian hotspots and implications for conservation. Exotic species are major threats to biodiversity worldwide. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are among the most common invasive predators in the world, interacting with wildlife in many ways. We present ecological data based on camera traps and occasional observations of free–roaming domestic dogs from localities within the Brazilian Atlantic forest and Cerrado hotspots. Canis familiaris was the second most abundant mammal species, and the most abundant carnivore. Dogs chased, killed, and/or competed with at least 26 native species. They consumed none of the killed animals, which together with the predominant records of solitary individuals acting during the daytime indicates they are mainly free–roaming dogs relying on humans for food and shelter. The high numbers of dogs and the wide range of prey suggest wildlife could be greatly impacted by domestic dogs, especially in areas that are highly threatened by anthropogenic activities, such as biodiversity hotspots. We highlight possible measures (such as the eradication or removal of dogs from natural areas) that could help to reduce the environmental damage caused by domestic dogs in the region.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"45-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47488771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0017
S. Dardanelli, M. Bellis
Nestedness structure of bird assemblages in a fragmented forest in Central Argentina: the role of selective extinction and colonization processes. Nestedness analysis constitutes an important tool to understand the processes that shape wildlife communities. It also allows a quick first evaluation of species extinction proneness in fragmented landscapes. Here, we tested whether avian assemblages in the fragmented Espinal forest exhibited nested subset patterns. Furthermore, we examined whether selective extinction or selective colonization are driving nested subset patterns. We studied avian assemblages in 13 forest fragments in central Argentina during breeding and non–breeding seasons. We completed partial Spearman rank correlations to explore the relationship between nestedness rank order and habitat patch variables and species life history traits related to species extinction proneness and colonization rate. Bird species showed strong nestedness patterns, both for the total incidence matrix and for forest fragments and species separately. Nestedness patterns were similar during the breeding and non–breeding seasons. The nested rank order of forest fragments correlated with area and distance to nearest fragment, both of which are patch characteristics known to increase the probabilities of species extinction. The nested rank order of species was correlated with the minimum area of species requirement, trophic guild, and range size, traits that are linked to extinction risk. Selective extinction processes rather than selective colonization appear to be driving nestedness patterns of bird assemblages in fragmented Espinal forest. The most effective way to preserve forest bird species in the Espinal forest seems to be by protecting the larger fragments of this relictual forest.
{"title":"Nestedness structure of bird assemblages in a fragmented forest in Central Argentina: the role of selective extinction and colonization processes","authors":"S. Dardanelli, M. Bellis","doi":"10.32800/abc.2021.44.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Nestedness structure of bird assemblages in a fragmented forest in Central Argentina: the role of selective extinction and colonization processes. Nestedness analysis constitutes an important tool to understand the processes that shape wildlife communities. It also allows a quick first evaluation of species extinction proneness in fragmented landscapes. Here, we tested whether avian assemblages in the fragmented Espinal forest exhibited nested subset patterns. Furthermore, we examined whether selective extinction or selective colonization are driving nested subset patterns. We studied avian assemblages in 13 forest fragments in central Argentina during breeding and non–breeding seasons. We completed partial Spearman rank correlations to explore the relationship between nestedness rank order and habitat patch variables and species life history traits related to species extinction proneness and colonization rate. Bird species showed strong nestedness patterns, both for the total incidence matrix and for forest fragments and species separately. Nestedness patterns were similar during the breeding and non–breeding seasons. The nested rank order of forest fragments correlated with area and distance to nearest fragment, both of which are patch characteristics known to increase the probabilities of species extinction. The nested rank order of species was correlated with the minimum area of species requirement, trophic guild, and range size, traits that are linked to extinction risk. Selective extinction processes rather than selective colonization appear to be driving nestedness patterns of bird assemblages in fragmented Espinal forest. The most effective way to preserve forest bird species in the Espinal forest seems to be by protecting the larger fragments of this relictual forest.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"17-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43835864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.32800/abc.2021.44.0031
V. M. Ramírez-Arrieta, D. Denis, Y. Ferrer-Sánchez
Evaluation of a protocol for automated extraction of morphometric measurements from avian eggs using digital photography As many ecomorphological studies are limited by the time required to gather manual measurement data, automatizing the process is an important focus of methodological innovations. We developed, implemented and validated a protocol for the semi–automated extraction of a set of morphometric variables of egg size and shape from digital pictures. The protocol was implemented in R language as a web app called OvometriK. After binarizing and calibrating images, this protocol uses geometric and trigonometric functions to calculate eleven egg variables. We tested calculations in several ways, assuming contour continuity or using voxel counts. Application was validated with geometric shapes and 30 manually–measured chicken eggs. Mathematical validation with spheres showed that the algorithm provided high precision diameter measures, with a correlation of 99.9 %. Average estimation error was 1.4 %. The mathematical volume estimation was underestimated by 27 %, while voxels were underestimated by only 6 %. Differences between manual egg measurements of diameters and those obtained from images was less than 3 mm (4 %). Correlation between estimated volume and measured by silica gel filling was higher than 90 % using the voxel count method. Neither inclination angle or picture resolution had significant effects on precision (3.2 % maximum difference). Measures showed high repeatability and represent a significant saving in processing time. This new protocol represents an improvement on previous programs regarding limitations of platform, accessibility and number of variables. Furthermore, its flexibility and openness means it can be adapted to other specific applications.
{"title":"Evaluación de un protocolo automatizado para la obtención de medidas morfométricas de huevos de aves a partir de fotografías digitales","authors":"V. M. Ramírez-Arrieta, D. Denis, Y. Ferrer-Sánchez","doi":"10.32800/abc.2021.44.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of a protocol for automated extraction of morphometric measurements from avian eggs using digital photography\u0000As many ecomorphological studies are limited by the time required to gather manual measurement data, automatizing the process is an important focus of methodological innovations. We developed, implemented and validated a protocol for the semi–automated extraction of a set of morphometric variables of egg size and shape from digital pictures. The protocol was implemented in R language as a web app called OvometriK. After binarizing and calibrating images, this protocol uses geometric and trigonometric functions to calculate eleven egg variables. We tested calculations in several ways, assuming contour continuity or using voxel counts. Application was validated with geometric shapes and 30 manually–measured chicken eggs. Mathematical validation with spheres showed that the algorithm provided high precision diameter measures, with a correlation of 99.9 %. Average estimation error was 1.4 %. The mathematical volume estimation was underestimated by 27 %, while voxels were underestimated by only 6 %. Differences between manual egg measurements of diameters and those obtained from images was less than 3 mm (4 %). Correlation between estimated volume and measured by silica gel filling was higher than 90 % using the voxel count method. Neither inclination angle or picture resolution had significant effects on precision (3.2 % maximum difference). Measures showed high repeatability and represent a significant saving in processing time. This new protocol represents an improvement on previous programs regarding limitations of platform, accessibility and number of variables. Furthermore, its flexibility and openness means it can be adapted to other specific applications.","PeriodicalId":49107,"journal":{"name":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","volume":"1 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48730423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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