In this study, flotation experiments, zeta potential, XPS, AFM, SEM-EDS, and contact angle measurements were performed to study the influence of ammonium carbamate (CH6N2O2) on the sulfidation flotation of chrysocolla. The results of the sulfidation flotation experiments showed that the recovery of chrysocolla increased more than 40% on the optimal condition after adding ammonium carbamate. In addition, the zeta potential of samples with ammonium carbamate was clearly higher than ores for pH > 6, which was due to the complexation reaction between ammonium carbamate and copper ion on the surface of chrysocolla samples. The activity of copper adsorption has also been improved. Furthermore, the XPS data indicated that the content of Cu-S compounds on the mineral surface has been significantly enhanced after ammonium carbamate complex sulfidation. The chemical analysis of the solution led to the same conclusion. The AFM results showed that ammonium carbamate had a positive impact on the adsorption of minerals surface, and increased the flotation recovery. It can be deduced from the SEM-EDS analysis that the surface of chrysocolla better combined with S–, and more Cu-S components were generated on the surface, which led to 1.04% increase of S atomic concentration. Finally, the contact angle measurements showed that the water contact angle of chrysocolla after adding ammonium carbamate could reach 90.4°, which proved that the sulfidation improved the floatability of the chrysocolla sample.
{"title":"Enhanced sulfidation of chrysocolla with ammonium carbamate and its effect on flotation","authors":"Ziang Wang, Dandan Wu, Jing Cao, Hui-fang Chen","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/168573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/168573","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, flotation experiments, zeta potential, XPS, AFM, SEM-EDS, and contact angle measurements were performed to study the influence of ammonium carbamate (CH6N2O2) on the sulfidation flotation of chrysocolla. The results of the sulfidation flotation experiments showed that the recovery of chrysocolla increased more than 40% on the optimal condition after adding ammonium carbamate. In addition, the zeta potential of samples with ammonium carbamate was clearly higher than ores for pH > 6, which was due to the complexation reaction between ammonium carbamate and copper ion on the surface of chrysocolla samples. The activity of copper adsorption has also been improved. Furthermore, the XPS data indicated that the content of Cu-S compounds on the mineral surface has been significantly enhanced after ammonium carbamate complex sulfidation. The chemical analysis of the solution led to the same conclusion. The AFM results showed that ammonium carbamate had a positive impact on the adsorption of minerals surface, and increased the flotation recovery. It can be deduced from the SEM-EDS analysis that the surface of chrysocolla better combined with S–, and more Cu-S components were generated on the surface, which led to 1.04% increase of S atomic concentration. Finally, the contact angle measurements showed that the water contact angle of chrysocolla after adding ammonium carbamate could reach 90.4°, which proved that the sulfidation improved the floatability of the chrysocolla sample.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42479316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepeng Zhou, Han-Chung Wu, Jiangfeng Guo, Xuekun Tang, W. Huang, Xianping Luo
It is known that the flotation separation of scheelite and calcite is quite difficult due to their similar surface properites. To slove the problem, ethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid) sodium (EDTMPS), an environmentally friendly reagent, was employed as an efficient depressant for flotation separation of calcite for the first time. In flotation experiments, it demonstrates that EDTMPS could strongly inhibit the flotation of calcite but barely affect the flotaiton behavior of scheelite, showing excellent dpress ability and selectivity. Based on a series of measurements including contact angle analysis, zeta potential, and XPS analysis, it was found that large amout of EDTMPS could be absorbed on the surface of calcite through strong chemical chelation reaction and thus inhibiting the further adsorption of NaOL. On the contrary, little EDTMPS was absorbed on that of scheelite owing to the negatively charged tungstate ions on the surface in relative terms. All in all, these results exhibit EDTMPS has excellent selective inhibition ability on calcite, which can be potentially applied in actual scheelite and calcite flotation separation process.
{"title":"Effective flotation separation of scheelite and calcite by applying methylene phosphonic acid sodium as a novel and green depressant","authors":"Hepeng Zhou, Han-Chung Wu, Jiangfeng Guo, Xuekun Tang, W. Huang, Xianping Luo","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/168517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/168517","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that the flotation separation of scheelite and calcite is quite difficult due to their similar surface properites. To slove the problem, ethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid) sodium (EDTMPS), an environmentally friendly reagent, was employed as an efficient depressant for flotation separation of calcite for the first time. In flotation experiments, it demonstrates that EDTMPS could strongly inhibit the flotation of calcite but barely affect the flotaiton behavior of scheelite, showing excellent dpress ability and selectivity. Based on a series of measurements including contact angle analysis, zeta potential, and XPS analysis, it was found that large amout of EDTMPS could be absorbed on the surface of calcite through strong chemical chelation reaction and thus inhibiting the further adsorption of NaOL. On the contrary, little EDTMPS was absorbed on that of scheelite owing to the negatively charged tungstate ions on the surface in relative terms. All in all, these results exhibit EDTMPS has excellent selective inhibition ability on calcite, which can be potentially applied in actual scheelite and calcite flotation separation process.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45135348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suqiang Li, Jiaqiao Yuan, Z. Ding, Jie Li, Anmei Yu, Shuming Shuming Wen, S. Bai
Depression of pyrite in a low-alkaline system has sparked soaring interests for the multi-metal sulfide minerals flotation recently. This study investigates effects of combined depressants (Ca(ClO)2 and CaO) on pyrite flotation with butyl xanthate (KBX). Micro-flotation experiments indicate that the addition of 200 mg/L combined depressants (a mass ratios of CaO to Ca(ClO)2 of 2:3) and 1.0×10−3 mol/L KBX at pH 9.5 can effectively depresses the flotation of pyrite, and a minimum pyrite recovery rate of 12.5% is obtained. Basic thermodynamic evaluation results confirm the participation of Ca(ClO)2 significantly decrease the negative Gibbs free energies of pyrite oxidation reaction. Besides, the calcium species (Ca(OH)2, Ca2+ and Ca(Cl)2) will spontaneously transform into CaCO3, and it is the ultimate dominant calcium species in the CO32- system. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that CaCO3 can chemically adsorb onto the pyrite surface with an adsorption energy of –671.13 kJ/mol. The O1 and Ca atoms mainly contribute to the bonding process and are responsible for the stable adsorption of CaCO3. ToF-SIMS results provide strong evidence that the combined depressants increase the amount of hydrophilic species and decrease dixanthogen adsorption onto the pyrite surface. The thickness of the whole formed hydrophilic species is approximately 50 nm. Semiquantitative amounts of hydrophilic species follow the order of hydroxy calcium>iron carbonyl>calcium carbonate. Overall, hydrophilic species repulse adsorption of dixanthogen and significantly reduce the flotation performance of pyrite.
{"title":"The depression mechanism on pyrite in a low-alkaline system with combined depressants: Experiment, HSC, DFT and ToF–SIMS studies","authors":"Suqiang Li, Jiaqiao Yuan, Z. Ding, Jie Li, Anmei Yu, Shuming Shuming Wen, S. Bai","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/168454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/168454","url":null,"abstract":"Depression of pyrite in a low-alkaline system has sparked soaring interests for the multi-metal sulfide minerals flotation recently. This study investigates effects of combined depressants (Ca(ClO)2 and CaO) on pyrite flotation with butyl xanthate (KBX). Micro-flotation experiments indicate that the addition of 200 mg/L combined depressants (a mass ratios of CaO to Ca(ClO)2 of 2:3) and 1.0×10−3 mol/L KBX at pH 9.5 can effectively depresses the flotation of pyrite, and a minimum pyrite recovery rate of 12.5% is obtained. Basic thermodynamic evaluation results confirm the participation of Ca(ClO)2 significantly decrease the negative Gibbs free energies of pyrite oxidation reaction. Besides, the calcium species (Ca(OH)2, Ca2+ and Ca(Cl)2) will spontaneously transform into CaCO3, and it is the ultimate dominant calcium species in the CO32- system. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that CaCO3 can chemically adsorb onto the pyrite surface with an adsorption energy of –671.13 kJ/mol. The O1 and Ca atoms mainly contribute to the bonding process and are responsible for the stable adsorption of CaCO3. ToF-SIMS results provide strong evidence that the combined depressants increase the amount of hydrophilic species and decrease dixanthogen adsorption onto the pyrite surface. The thickness of the whole formed hydrophilic species is approximately 50 nm. Semiquantitative amounts of hydrophilic species follow the order of hydroxy calcium>iron carbonyl>calcium carbonate. Overall, hydrophilic species repulse adsorption of dixanthogen and significantly reduce the flotation performance of pyrite.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49429000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zheng-yan He, Wenrui Nie, Huifang Yang, Yuchen Tang, Aoyang Sha, Jun Qu, Zhigao Xu, Ruan Chi
The exchangeability of rare earth (RE) in weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores largely depends on its interaction with clay minerals, which may be significantly influenced by various cations. Therefore, the effects of K+, Ca2+ and Al3+ on RE3+ adsorption and desorption in binding sites of montmorillonite (MMT) were investigated. Through the pre-saturation, the interlayer ions of MMT had been replaced by K+, Ca2+ or Al3+. RE3+ can adsorb on the interlayer sites of Ca-MMT and K-MMT, but nearly not Al-MMT. The basal spacing of Ca-MMT is larger than K-MMT, which provides a smaller hinder effect of interlayer collapse for the interlayer diffusion of RE3+. The adsorption capacity followed the order: Ca-MMT＞K-MMT＞Al-MMT and La3+＞Y3+＞Eu3+. It can predict that the grade of the exchangeable RE in ores abundant in Ca2+ is the most, followed by the ore rich in K+ and Al3+ the least. Clay minerals tend to adsorb light RE and hard to adsorb middle and heavy RE. The reversibility of RE adsorbed in interlayers, especially in collapsed interlayers, is far worse than that on externals. The desorption rates of RE were in the order of RE-Al-MMT＞RE-K-MMT＞RE-Ca-MMT and Eu3+＞Y3+＞La3+. For the desorption of interlayer RE3+, NH4+ is better than Mg2+ because the larger change of the basal spacings (Δd) provides more minor activation energy barriers (ΔE) for NH4+ diffusion within interlayers. It can enrich the metallogeny theory of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores and provide a certain theoretical basis for its efficient exploitation.
风化壳淋溶稀土矿石中稀土的互换性在很大程度上取决于其与粘土矿物的相互作用，而这种相互作用可能受到各种阳离子的显著影响。因此，研究了K+、Ca2+和Al3+对蒙脱土(MMT)结合位点上RE3+吸附和解吸的影响。通过预饱和，MMT的层间离子被K+、Ca2+或Al3+取代。RE3+可以吸附在Ca-MMT和K-MMT的层间位置，但几乎不能吸附Al-MMT。Ca-MMT的基间距大于K-MMT，层间坍塌对RE3+层间扩散的阻碍作用较小。吸附量大小顺序为:Ca-MMT>K-MMT>Al-MMT和La3+>Y3+>Eu3+。可以预测富Ca2+矿的可交换稀土品位最高，富K+矿次之，富Al3+矿品位最低。粘土矿物倾向于吸附轻稀土，而难以吸附中重稀土。层间特别是塌陷层间吸附稀土的可逆性远差于外部。RE的解吸速率依次为RE- al - mmt >RE- k - mmt >RE- ca - mmt和Eu3+>Y3+>La3+。对于层间RE3+的解吸，NH4+优于Mg2+，因为基间距变化较大(Δd)为层间NH4+扩散提供了较小的活化能垒(ΔE)。丰富了风化壳淋溶型稀土矿成矿理论，为其高效开采提供了一定的理论依据。
{"title":"Effects of cations on rare earth adsorption and desorption in binding sites of montmorillonite","authors":"Zheng-yan He, Wenrui Nie, Huifang Yang, Yuchen Tang, Aoyang Sha, Jun Qu, Zhigao Xu, Ruan Chi","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/168280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/168280","url":null,"abstract":"The exchangeability of rare earth (RE) in weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores largely depends on its interaction with clay minerals, which may be significantly influenced by various cations. Therefore, the effects of K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup> on RE<sup>3+</sup> adsorption and desorption in binding sites of montmorillonite (MMT) were investigated. Through the pre-saturation, the interlayer ions of MMT had been replaced by K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> or Al<sup>3+</sup>. RE<sup>3+</sup> can adsorb on the interlayer sites of Ca-MMT and K-MMT, but nearly not Al-MMT. The basal spacing of Ca-MMT is larger than K-MMT, which provides a smaller hinder effect of interlayer collapse for the interlayer diffusion of RE<sup>3+</sup>. The adsorption capacity followed the order: Ca-MMT＞K-MMT＞Al-MMT and La<sup>3+</sup>＞Y<sup>3+</sup>＞Eu<sup>3+</sup>. It can predict that the grade of the exchangeable RE in ores abundant in Ca<sup>2+</sup> is the most, followed by the ore rich in K<sup>+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup> the least. Clay minerals tend to adsorb light RE and hard to adsorb middle and heavy RE. The reversibility of RE adsorbed in interlayers, especially in collapsed interlayers, is far worse than that on externals. The desorption rates of RE were in the order of RE-Al-MMT＞RE-K-MMT＞RE-Ca-MMT and Eu<sup>3+</sup>＞Y<sup>3+</sup>＞La<sup>3+</sup>. For the desorption of interlayer RE<sup>3+</sup>, NH<sup>4+</sup> is better than Mg<sup>2+</sup> because the larger change of the basal spacings (Δd) provides more minor activation energy barriers (ΔE) for NH<sup>4+</sup> diffusion within interlayers. It can enrich the metallogeny theory of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores and provide a certain theoretical basis for its efficient exploitation.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45527083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Izabela Klapiszewska, Sebastian Balicki, K. Wilk, Ł. Klapiszewski, A. Ślosarczyk
In this study, physical and functional properties of the cement composites containing ZnO, ZnO/lignin and lignin admixtures were investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The I-optimal design based on RSM was used to assess the influence of ZnO-based doping agent, of either commercial or synthetic origin, on cement composite production in the function of average compressive strength and cost. Polynomial mathematical models were developed by RSM confronting results from the experimental design. The accuracy and precision of the utilized models established by I¬-optimal design were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The first stage of formulation optimization revealed that the use of commercially available ZnO-based admixture no. 4 (ZnO-SA, supplied by Sigma Aldrich) allowed to achieve the desired results, passing all the requirements, i.e., the best microbial purity combined with reasonable cost, followed by satisfactory physical properties. In the second stage of formulation optimization, the influence of implementing the hybrid materials, i.e., ZnO-SA mixed in different proportions with lignin was evaluated. RSM revealed that doping admixture no. 3, i.e., ZnO-SA/lignin (5:1), is the best candidate, which comprised augmented functional and physical properties of the fabricated cement composite. This component exhibited the best microbial purity as well as the lowest total pore volume, followed by satisfactory physical properties. Verification of the model findings indicated considerable agreement between the predicted and experimental values. From the findings, it was confirmed that a reasonable cost-performance balance for cement composites can be achieved using ZnO-SA and ZnO-SA/lignin (5:1).
{"title":"Statistical approach to the production of cement composites doped with ZnO and ZnO-based materials","authors":"Izabela Klapiszewska, Sebastian Balicki, K. Wilk, Ł. Klapiszewski, A. Ślosarczyk","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/168352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/168352","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, physical and functional properties of the cement composites containing ZnO, ZnO/lignin and lignin admixtures were investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The I-optimal design based on RSM was used to assess the influence of ZnO-based doping agent, of either commercial or synthetic origin, on cement composite production in the function of average compressive strength and cost. Polynomial mathematical models were developed by RSM confronting results from the experimental design. The accuracy and precision of the utilized models established by I¬-optimal design were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The first stage of formulation optimization revealed that the use of commercially available ZnO-based admixture no. 4 (ZnO-SA, supplied by Sigma Aldrich) allowed to achieve the desired results, passing all the requirements, i.e., the best microbial purity combined with reasonable cost, followed by satisfactory physical properties. In the second stage of formulation optimization, the influence of implementing the hybrid materials, i.e., ZnO-SA mixed in different proportions with lignin was evaluated. RSM revealed that doping admixture no. 3, i.e., ZnO-SA/lignin (5:1), is the best candidate, which comprised augmented functional and physical properties of the fabricated cement composite. This component exhibited the best microbial purity as well as the lowest total pore volume, followed by satisfactory physical properties. Verification of the model findings indicated considerable agreement between the predicted and experimental values. From the findings, it was confirmed that a reasonable cost-performance balance for cement composites can be achieved using ZnO-SA and ZnO-SA/lignin (5:1).","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47047899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintaining clean and pristine nature is the key to the use of super clean coal (SCC) for coal-based materials or energy combustion. Herein, SCC is prepared by a new water-only cyclone method, and compared the surface characteristics with the SCC products obtained by conventional chemical deashing method. The results indicate that: FTIR analysis revealed that the chemical method changed the original functional group of coal; BET analysis revealed that the SCC products prepared by the water-only method maintained the micropore volume of the raw coal and yielded a uniform and concentrated distribution of pore sizes, however, the chemical method destroying the original pore structure in the coal; SEM-EDS analysis indicated that the surface of SCC particles that were deashed using the water-only cyclone method was smooth and neat, whereas those obtained using the chemical method were seriously corroded, had a rough surface, and the SCC particles were prone to acid residues and precipitates. This study opens an innovative, simple, and clean method for the preparation of SCC, which further expands and enhances the potential application value of SCC.
{"title":"Study on the cleanliness of super clean coal prepared by water-only cyclone","authors":"Peikun Liu, Hui Wang, Lanyue Jiang, Yuekan Zhang, Xinghua Yang, Xiaoyu Li, Feng Li","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/168129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/168129","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining clean and pristine nature is the key to the use of super clean coal (SCC) for coal-based materials or energy combustion. Herein, SCC is prepared by a new water-only cyclone method, and compared the surface characteristics with the SCC products obtained by conventional chemical deashing method. The results indicate that: FTIR analysis revealed that the chemical method changed the original functional group of coal; BET analysis revealed that the SCC products prepared by the water-only method maintained the micropore volume of the raw coal and yielded a uniform and concentrated distribution of pore sizes, however, the chemical method destroying the original pore structure in the coal; SEM-EDS analysis indicated that the surface of SCC particles that were deashed using the water-only cyclone method was smooth and neat, whereas those obtained using the chemical method were seriously corroded, had a rough surface, and the SCC particles were prone to acid residues and precipitates. This study opens an innovative, simple, and clean method for the preparation of SCC, which further expands and enhances the potential application value of SCC.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41620850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Muzakky, H. Poernomo, D. S. Prabasiwi, R. Amiliana
This research was focusing on shortening the process of Zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) synthesis to get a more efficient process. In the earlier method, Zr(OH)4 was produced through ZOC, which was the product of Na2ZrO3 reacted with HCl. While this study offers a new method to synthesize Zr(OH)4 through the hydrolysis process of sodium zirconate (Na2ZrO3), removing the leaching step of Na2ZrO3 with HCl. The hydrolysis process of Na2ZrO3 was carried out in a multistage stirred reactor at 70 °C. The multistage hydrolysis process occurred in 13 stages with 4000 grams of feed and 890 liters of water. This process produced 2500 grams of Zr(OH)4. Then the impurities analysis was done using UV-Vis and atomic absorption spectroscopy (SAA). The UV-Vis analysis was done to analyze Si concentration, while the atomic absorption spectroscopy (SAA) was done to analyze Na concentration. Si and Na concentrations could decrease to 23.98 µg/ml and 1.05 µg/ml, respectively. The Zr(OH)4 contained in the residue was characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, the calcination process of Zr(OH)4 was done at 300 °C and 400 °C for 1 hour, and characterized using XRD. The XRD result shows crystals of zirconium titanium oxide or srilankite, and SiO2 crystals that are separated from ZrO2 or TiO2 crystals. Surface analysis was done using Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), the result shows that the hydrolysis process at the 3rd, 7th, and 13th stages have different amorphous crystals with bright colors. At the 13th hydrolysis stage, Zr concentration increased to 63.38%, and Si concentration decreased. Thus, the shorter process of Zr(OH)4 synthesis has been done successfully.
{"title":"Shortening synthesis process of zirconium hydroxide as a hydrolysis product of sodium zirconate","authors":"M. Muzakky, H. Poernomo, D. S. Prabasiwi, R. Amiliana","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/167965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/167965","url":null,"abstract":"This research was focusing on shortening the process of Zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub>) synthesis to get a more efficient process. In the earlier method, Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> was produced through ZOC, which was the product of Na<sub>2</sub>ZrO<sub>3</sub> reacted with HCl. While this study offers a new method to synthesize Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> through the hydrolysis process of sodium zirconate (Na<sub>2</sub>ZrO<sub>3</sub>), removing the leaching step of Na<sub>2</sub>ZrO<sub>3</sub> with HCl. The hydrolysis process of Na<sub>2</sub>ZrO<sub>3</sub> was carried out in a multistage stirred reactor at 70 °C. The multistage hydrolysis process occurred in 13 stages with 4000 grams of feed and 890 liters of water. This process produced 2500 grams of Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub>. Then the impurities analysis was done using UV-Vis and atomic absorption spectroscopy (SAA). The UV-Vis analysis was done to analyze Si concentration, while the atomic absorption spectroscopy (SAA) was done to analyze Na concentration. Si and Na concentrations could decrease to 23.98 µg/ml and 1.05 µg/ml, respectively. The Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> contained in the residue was characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, the calcination process of Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> was done at 300 °C and 400 °C for 1 hour, and characterized using XRD. The XRD result shows crystals of zirconium titanium oxide or srilankite, and SiO<sub>2</sub> crystals that are separated from ZrO<sub>2</sub> or TiO<sub>2</sub> crystals. Surface analysis was done using Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), the result shows that the hydrolysis process at the 3<sup>rd</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, and 13<sup>th</sup> stages have different amorphous crystals with bright colors. At the 13th hydrolysis stage, Zr concentration increased to 63.38%, and Si concentration decreased. Thus, the shorter process of Zr(OH)<sub>4</sub> synthesis has been done successfully.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research study, we focus on the tree test results as well as the first-order kinetic model to evaluate flotation test data to propose a conceptual design of a flotation circuit for a specific coal sample. Results from the tree test showed it was possible to achieve a product with ash content less than 10% with 8% as combustible recovery and indicated for this coal sample, to obtain low ash – low recovery condition. Kinetic test results showed some of the streams had the same constant, so it could combine streams with similar rates according to configuration aspects. The proposed circuit includes stages (1- rougher, 2- rougher -scavenger, 3- cleaner, 4- cleaner -scavenger, and 5-recleaner) and recleaner concentrate indicated as the final product and rougher -scavenger tailings and cleaner -scavenger tailings also indicated as a final tailing. It is worth noting the proposed circuit is a conceptual design, so the validation of data on a larger scale for the obtainment of the optimized circuit is crucial.
{"title":"A conceptual flotation circuit for fine coal processing based on combination of the tree analysis and kinetic data","authors":"M. Ranjbar, Mehdi Bazmandeh","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/167948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/167948","url":null,"abstract":"In this research study, we focus on the tree test results as well as the first-order kinetic model to evaluate flotation test data to propose a conceptual design of a flotation circuit for a specific coal sample. Results from the tree test showed it was possible to achieve a product with ash content less than 10% with 8% as combustible recovery and indicated for this coal sample, to obtain low ash – low recovery condition. Kinetic test results showed some of the streams had the same constant, so it could combine streams with similar rates according to configuration aspects. The proposed circuit includes stages (1- rougher, 2- rougher -scavenger, 3- cleaner, 4- cleaner -scavenger, and 5-recleaner) and recleaner concentrate indicated as the final product and rougher -scavenger tailings and cleaner -scavenger tailings also indicated as a final tailing. It is worth noting the proposed circuit is a conceptual design, so the validation of data on a larger scale for the obtainment of the optimized circuit is crucial.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43591420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective dehydration and flocculation of mine slurries or sludge is important for nonferrous metal industries and environmental engineering. However, the mechanisms for the flocculation of slurry remain largely unclear. This paper presents the results of a series of flocculation tests, which was conducted on the slurry suspensions treated by xanthan gum (flocculant) at different pH values. It is shown that the settlement rate of mine slurry particles can be accelerated by adding xanthan gum, and the maximum sedimentation rate was obtained at a pH value of 5.9, and the final volume of flocs is significantly increased due to the addition of the flocculant. In addition, the settlement rates of xanthan gum-treated slurry suspensions at the pH values of 3, 5 and 7 decrease slightly compared with the reference slurry suspensions with pH=5.9, and the slurries remained stable as suspensions at the pH value of 9 and 11. The zeta potential measurement and SEM image analysis show that flocculation occurs primarily due to electrostatic attraction between slurry particles and the flocculants, and the bridging effect between the carboxylic groups in the side chains of xanthan gum molecule and the suspension particles.
{"title":"Effect of pH value on effectiveness of biopolymer-based treatment of bauxite mine slurry","authors":"J. Meng, Shanmei Li, Rongtao Yan, C. Wei","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/167949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/167949","url":null,"abstract":"Effective dehydration and flocculation of mine slurries or sludge is important for nonferrous metal industries and environmental engineering. However, the mechanisms for the flocculation of slurry remain largely unclear. This paper presents the results of a series of flocculation tests, which was conducted on the slurry suspensions treated by xanthan gum (flocculant) at different pH values. It is shown that the settlement rate of mine slurry particles can be accelerated by adding xanthan gum, and the maximum sedimentation rate was obtained at a pH value of 5.9, and the final volume of flocs is significantly increased due to the addition of the flocculant. In addition, the settlement rates of xanthan gum-treated slurry suspensions at the pH values of 3, 5 and 7 decrease slightly compared with the reference slurry suspensions with pH=5.9, and the slurries remained stable as suspensions at the pH value of 9 and 11. The zeta potential measurement and SEM image analysis show that flocculation occurs primarily due to electrostatic attraction between slurry particles and the flocculants, and the bridging effect between the carboxylic groups in the side chains of xanthan gum molecule and the suspension particles.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70020234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to introduce the terms NI-Natural Intelligence, AI-Artificial Intelligence, ML-Machine Learning, DL-Deep Learning, ES-Expert Systems and etc. used by modern digital world to mining and mineral processing and to show the main differences between them. As well known, each scientific and technological step in mineral industry creates huge amount of raw data and there is a serious necessity to firstly classify them. Afterwards experts should find alternative solutions in order to get optimal results by using those parameters and relations between them using special simulation software platforms. Development of these simulation models for such complex operations is not only time consuming and lacks real time applicability but also requires integration of multiple software platforms, intensive process knowledge and extensive model validation. An example case study is also demonstrated and the results are discussed within the article covering the main inferences, comments and decision during NI use for the experimental parameters used in a flotation related postgraduate study and compares with possible AI use.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence versus natural intelligence in mineral processing","authors":"S. G. Ozkan","doi":"10.37190/ppmp/167501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/167501","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to introduce the terms NI-Natural Intelligence, AI-Artificial Intelligence, ML-Machine Learning, DL-Deep Learning, ES-Expert Systems and etc. used by modern digital world to mining and mineral processing and to show the main differences between them. As well known, each scientific and technological step in mineral industry creates huge amount of raw data and there is a serious necessity to firstly classify them. Afterwards experts should find alternative solutions in order to get optimal results by using those parameters and relations between them using special simulation software platforms. Development of these simulation models for such complex operations is not only time consuming and lacks real time applicability but also requires integration of multiple software platforms, intensive process knowledge and extensive model validation. An example case study is also demonstrated and the results are discussed within the article covering the main inferences, comments and decision during NI use for the experimental parameters used in a flotation related postgraduate study and compares with possible AI use.","PeriodicalId":49137,"journal":{"name":"Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46185855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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