The onshore Nuussuaq Basin in West Greenland is important for hydrocarbon exploration since many of the key petroleum systems components are well exposed and accessible for study. The basin has thus long served as an analogue for offshore exploration. The discovery of oil seeps on Disko, Nuussuaq, Ubekendt Ejland, and Svartenhuk Halvø (Fig. 1) in the early 1990s resulted in exploration onshore as well. In several wells, oil stains were observed in both the siliciclastic sandstone and in the volcanic series. An important aspect of any petroleum system is a high quality reservoir rock. The aim of this paper is to review petrophysical aspects of the reservoir potential of key stratigraphic intervals within the Nuussuaq and West Greenland Basalt groups. Reservoir parameters and porosity–permeability trends for potential siliciclastic and volcanic reservoirs within the relevant formations of the Nuussuaq Basin are discussed below. Geological setting
{"title":"Potential hydrocarbon reservoirs of Albian–Paleocene age in the Nuussuaq Basin, West Greenland","authors":"M. L. Hjuler, N. Schovsbo, G. Pedersen, J. Hopper","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4408","url":null,"abstract":"The onshore Nuussuaq Basin in West Greenland is important for hydrocarbon exploration since many of the key petroleum systems components are well exposed and accessible for study. The basin has thus long served as an analogue for offshore exploration. The discovery of oil seeps on Disko, Nuussuaq, Ubekendt Ejland, and Svartenhuk Halvø (Fig. 1) in the early 1990s resulted in exploration onshore as well. In several wells, oil stains were observed in both the siliciclastic sandstone and in the volcanic series. An important aspect of any petroleum system is a high quality reservoir rock. The aim of this paper is to review petrophysical aspects of the reservoir potential of key stratigraphic intervals within the Nuussuaq and West Greenland Basalt groups. Reservoir parameters and porosity–permeability trends for potential siliciclastic and volcanic reservoirs within the relevant formations of the Nuussuaq Basin are discussed below. Geological setting","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"8 1","pages":"49-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72712831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimising geological mapping of glacial deposits using high-resolution electromagnetic induction data","authors":"K. Klint, I. Møller, P. Maurya, A. Christiansen","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"81 1","pages":"9-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84131398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asynchronous ice-sheet development along the central East Greenland margin: a GLANAM project contribution","authors":"L. Pérez, T. Nielsen","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4416","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"2016 1","pages":"61-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82625709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prospectivity mapping for orogenic gold in South-East Greenland","authors":"B. Heincke, B. M. Stensgaard","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"47 1","pages":"41-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77341506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denmark has a long tradition for having central geological databases, including a systematic collection and storage of geological and hydrological information from all surficial boreholes which was initiated in 1926. Since the mid-1970s such data have been stored digitally. A large variety of users access a central Danish, geological database: the public, for information about their local drinking water quality, environmental employees in municipalities, regions and the state for using, entering and updating data as well as consultants and drilling companies working for public administration and local water works. The local Danish administrative system previously consisted of 14 counties and 248 municipalities. The counties were responsible for groundwater mapping, drinking water management and activities concerning contaminated soil, as well as for harmonisation and transfer of data to the central database. With effect from 1 January 2007, this administrative system was replaced by five regions, seven environmental centres and 98 municipalities, which required major changes in the administrative handling of borehole data at the local and regional levels. For this, a public and shared central database was established and a countrywide harmonisation of data, transfer and storage was initiated and all geological, groundwater and drinking water data were transferred to this central database at Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). In an updated database system, public authorities were set up to access the central database to store their relevant borehole data and almost all data were made publicly available. The database is maintained by GEUS. It is directly connected to other public databases at GEUS including the shallow geophysical database GERDA, where e.g. borehole loggings are stored, and to the Model Database where simple geological models are stored (Fig. 1). An integrated public information system for geology, groundwater and drinking water in Denmark
{"title":"An integrated public information system for geology, groundwater and drinking water in Denmark","authors":"M. Hansen, Charlotte T. Thomsen","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4423","url":null,"abstract":"Denmark has a long tradition for having central geological databases, including a systematic collection and storage of geological and hydrological information from all surficial boreholes which was initiated in 1926. Since the mid-1970s such data have been stored digitally. A large variety of users access a central Danish, geological database: the public, for information about their local drinking water quality, environmental employees in municipalities, regions and the state for using, entering and updating data as well as consultants and drilling companies working for public administration and local water works. The local Danish administrative system previously consisted of 14 counties and 248 municipalities. The counties were responsible for groundwater mapping, drinking water management and activities concerning contaminated soil, as well as for harmonisation and transfer of data to the central database. With effect from 1 January 2007, this administrative system was replaced by five regions, seven environmental centres and 98 municipalities, which required major changes in the administrative handling of borehole data at the local and regional levels. For this, a public and shared central database was established and a countrywide harmonisation of data, transfer and storage was initiated and all geological, groundwater and drinking water data were transferred to this central database at Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). In an updated database system, public authorities were set up to access the central database to store their relevant borehole data and almost all data were made publicly available. The database is maintained by GEUS. It is directly connected to other public databases at GEUS including the shallow geophysical database GERDA, where e.g. borehole loggings are stored, and to the Model Database where simple geological models are stored (Fig. 1). An integrated public information system for geology, groundwater and drinking water in Denmark","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"42 1","pages":"69-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82058625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arctic geopolitics and the beginning of earthquake monitoring in Denmark and Greenland","authors":"A. Jacobsen","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4424","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"20 1","pages":"73-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85687206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Buried valleys are elongate erosional structures in the Danish subsurface now partly or completely filled and covered with younger sediments. The majority was formed by meltwater underneath ice sheets. The number of buried-valley structures in Denmark is large, and because the valley-infill in many areas hosts significant groundwater resources, knowledge of them and their formation is important. This was the starting point of the buried-valley mapping project, which was initiated in the late 1990s and continued until the end of 2015 (Sandersen & Jørgensen 2016). This project became part of the National Groundwater Mapping Programme which was set up with the purpose of mapping the groundwater resources within areas of specific groundwater interest (Thomsen et al. 2004). The areas of specific groundwater interest encompass existing catchment areas and cover around 40% of the country. Within these areas, high-density electromagnetic surveys have typically been performed together with exploration drilling and supplementary geophysical measurements. The mapping of the buried valleys has been based on these newly collected data as well as existing data in the national databases. In some instances, it has also been possible to map buried valleys in less data-dense areas outside the surveyed areas, mainly on the basis of borehole data. The groundwater resource and its vulnerability have been important in the mapping of the buried valleys. The valleys also constitute an important part of the subsurface geological architecture, and it is obvious that a thorough knowledge of them is critical for the general understandBuried tunnel valleys in Denmark and their impact on the geological architecture of the subsurface
埋藏的山谷是丹麦地下的细长侵蚀结构，现在部分或完全被较年轻的沉积物填满和覆盖。大部分是由冰盖下的融水形成的。丹麦的埋谷结构数量很大，由于许多地区的山谷填充区拥有大量的地下水资源，因此了解它们及其形成非常重要。这是埋谷测绘项目的起点，该项目始于20世纪90年代末，一直持续到2015年底(Sandersen & Jørgensen 2016)。该项目成为国家地下水测绘计划的一部分，该计划的建立是为了绘制地下水特定利益区域内的地下水资源(Thomsen et al. 2004)。对地下水有特殊兴趣的地区包括现有的集水区，约占全国的40%。在这些地区，高密度电磁测量通常与勘探钻井和补充地球物理测量一起进行。埋藏山谷的地图是根据这些新收集的数据以及国家数据库中的现有数据绘制的。在某些情况下，也可以主要根据钻孔数据，在调查地区以外数据密度较低的地区绘制埋谷图。地下水资源及其脆弱性在潜谷制图中具有重要意义。山谷也是地下地质构造的重要组成部分，很明显，深入了解它们对于全面了解丹麦地下隧道山谷及其对地下地质构造的影响至关重要
{"title":"Buried tunnel valleys in Denmark and their impact on the geological architecture of the subsurface","authors":"P. Sandersen, F. Jørgensen","doi":"10.34194/geusb.v38.4388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v38.4388","url":null,"abstract":"Buried valleys are elongate erosional structures in the Danish subsurface now partly or completely filled and covered with younger sediments. The majority was formed by meltwater underneath ice sheets. The number of buried-valley structures in Denmark is large, and because the valley-infill in many areas hosts significant groundwater resources, knowledge of them and their formation is important. This was the starting point of the buried-valley mapping project, which was initiated in the late 1990s and continued until the end of 2015 (Sandersen & Jørgensen 2016). This project became part of the National Groundwater Mapping Programme which was set up with the purpose of mapping the groundwater resources within areas of specific groundwater interest (Thomsen et al. 2004). The areas of specific groundwater interest encompass existing catchment areas and cover around 40% of the country. Within these areas, high-density electromagnetic surveys have typically been performed together with exploration drilling and supplementary geophysical measurements. The mapping of the buried valleys has been based on these newly collected data as well as existing data in the national databases. In some instances, it has also been possible to map buried valleys in less data-dense areas outside the surveyed areas, mainly on the basis of borehole data. The groundwater resource and its vulnerability have been important in the mapping of the buried valleys. The valleys also constitute an important part of the subsurface geological architecture, and it is obvious that a thorough knowledge of them is critical for the general understandBuried tunnel valleys in Denmark and their impact on the geological architecture of the subsurface","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"11 1","pages":"13-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87156495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albedo, Latin for ‘whiteness’, is a term used to describe the amount of sunlight reflected by the ground. Fresh snow albedo can exceed 85%, making it among the most reflective natural substances. Warm conditions promote snow crystal metamorphosis that, like the presence of liquid water, bring snow albedo down below 65%. With the darkening, caused by the metamorphosis, absorbed solar energy thus increases by roughly a factor of two. Seasonal snow melts over the lower reaches of a glacier leading to the exposure of bare ice with albedo below 55%. Impurities such as dust, black carbon or microbes can bring glacier-ice albedo below 30%, meaning that snow ablation gives way to impurity-rich, bare glacier ice which increases absorbed sunlight by more than a factor of three. The thickness of the winter snow layer and the intensity of spring melt are important determinants of the annual glacier-ice melt, as the amount of snow cover governs the timing of darker ice exposure; the earlier the exposure, the more ice can melt. Because snow and ice albedo properties make it an amplifier of climate change, surface albedo has been designated as an Essential Climate Variable and a Target Requirement for climate monitoring (WMO 2011). Polar orbiting satellites facilitate albedo mapping with Arctic coverage multiple times per day in clear-sky conditions. Satellite-based retrievals of surface albedo depend on accurate compensation of the intervening atmosphere. Thus, without ground truth, the satellite retrievals are uncertain. In Greenland, snow and ice albedo is monitored by automatic weather stations (AWSs) from The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net; Steffen et al. 1996) since 1995 and after 2007 from The Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE; van As et al. 2013). Using the GC-Net data, satellite-derived albedo values are compared with ground data (e.g. Stroeve et al. 2013). Here, we present comparisons of daily GC-Net and PROMICE albedo data to satellite-derived albedo from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD10A1 product (Hall et al. 1995). MOD10A1 data have been available since May 2000 and are here de-noised, gap-filled and calibrated into a daily 500 × 500 m grid covering Greenland, Iceland and the Canadian Arctic glaciers (Fig. 1).
反照率在拉丁语中是“白度”的意思，用来描述太阳光被地面反射的程度。新鲜雪的反照率可超过85%，是反射性最强的自然物质之一。温暖的环境促进了雪晶体的变形，就像液态水的存在一样，使雪的反照率降至65%以下。随着变形引起的变暗，吸收的太阳能因此增加了大约两倍。冰川下游的季节性积雪融化，导致反照率低于55%的裸冰暴露出来。灰尘、黑碳或微生物等杂质可以使冰川的反照率低于30%，这意味着积雪消融让位于富含杂质的裸露冰川冰，从而使吸收的阳光增加三倍以上。冬季雪层的厚度和春季融化的强度是每年冰川-冰融化的重要决定因素，因为积雪量决定了深色冰暴露的时间;暴露得越早，融化的冰就越多。由于冰雪的反照率特性使其成为气候变化的放大器，因此地表反照率已被指定为一个基本气候变量和气候监测的目标要求(WMO 2011)。在晴朗的天气条件下，极地轨道卫星每天多次为北极地区的反照率制图提供便利。基于卫星的地表反照率反演依赖于中间大气的精确补偿。因此，没有地面真相，卫星检索是不确定的。在格陵兰岛，冰雪反照率由格陵兰气候网(GC-Net)的自动气象站(AWSs)监测;Steffen et al. 1996)自1995年以来和2007年之后从格陵兰冰盖监测计划(PROMICE;van As et al. 2013)。利用GC-Net数据，将卫星获得的反照率值与地面数据进行比较(例如Stroeve et al. 2013)。在这里，我们将GC-Net和PROMICE的每日反照率数据与NASA中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS) MOD10A1产品的卫星反照率进行了比较(Hall et al. 1995)。MOD10A1数据自2000年5月以来一直可用，在这里进行降噪、补空和校准，形成覆盖格陵兰岛、冰岛和加拿大北极冰川的每日500 × 500米网格(图1)。
{"title":"Greenland, Canadian and Icelandic land-ice albedo grids (2000–2016)","authors":"J. Box, D. As, K. Steffen","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB.V38.4414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB.V38.4414","url":null,"abstract":"Albedo, Latin for ‘whiteness’, is a term used to describe the amount of sunlight reflected by the ground. Fresh snow albedo can exceed 85%, making it among the most reflective natural substances. Warm conditions promote snow crystal metamorphosis that, like the presence of liquid water, bring snow albedo down below 65%. With the darkening, caused by the metamorphosis, absorbed solar energy thus increases by roughly a factor of two. Seasonal snow melts over the lower reaches of a glacier leading to the exposure of bare ice with albedo below 55%. Impurities such as dust, black carbon or microbes can bring glacier-ice albedo below 30%, meaning that snow ablation gives way to impurity-rich, bare glacier ice which increases absorbed sunlight by more than a factor of three. The thickness of the winter snow layer and the intensity of spring melt are important determinants of the annual glacier-ice melt, as the amount of snow cover governs the timing of darker ice exposure; the earlier the exposure, the more ice can melt. Because snow and ice albedo properties make it an amplifier of climate change, surface albedo has been designated as an Essential Climate Variable and a Target Requirement for climate monitoring (WMO 2011). Polar orbiting satellites facilitate albedo mapping with Arctic coverage multiple times per day in clear-sky conditions. Satellite-based retrievals of surface albedo depend on accurate compensation of the intervening atmosphere. Thus, without ground truth, the satellite retrievals are uncertain. In Greenland, snow and ice albedo is monitored by automatic weather stations (AWSs) from The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net; Steffen et al. 1996) since 1995 and after 2007 from The Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE; van As et al. 2013). Using the GC-Net data, satellite-derived albedo values are compared with ground data (e.g. Stroeve et al. 2013). Here, we present comparisons of daily GC-Net and PROMICE albedo data to satellite-derived albedo from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD10A1 product (Hall et al. 1995). MOD10A1 data have been available since May 2000 and are here de-noised, gap-filled and calibrated into a daily 500 × 500 m grid covering Greenland, Iceland and the Canadian Arctic glaciers (Fig. 1).","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"9 1","pages":"53-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82198689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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