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Stochastic simulation algorithms for computational systems biology: Exact, approximate, and hybrid methods. 计算系统生物学的随机模拟算法:精确、近似和混合方法。
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-11-01 Epub Date: 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1459
Giulia Simoni, Federico Reali, Corrado Priami, Luca Marchetti

Nowadays, mathematical modeling is playing a key role in many different research fields. In the context of system biology, mathematical models and their associated computer simulations constitute essential tools of investigation. Among the others, they provide a way to systematically analyze systems perturbations, develop hypotheses to guide the design of new experimental tests, and ultimately assess the suitability of specific molecules as novel therapeutic targets. To these purposes, stochastic simulation algorithms (SSAs) have been introduced for numerically simulating the time evolution of a well-stirred chemically reacting system by taking proper account of the randomness inherent in such a system. In this work, we review the main SSAs that have been introduced in the context of exact, approximate, and hybrid stochastic simulation. Specifically, we will introduce the direct method (DM), the first reaction method (FRM), the next reaction method (NRM) and the rejection-based SSA (RSSA) in the area of exact stochastic simulation. We will then present the τ-leaping method and the chemical Langevin method in the area of approximate stochastic simulation and an implementation of the hybrid RSSA (HRSSA) in the context of hybrid stochastic-deterministic simulation. Finally, we will consider the model of the sphingolipid metabolism to provide an example of application of SSA to computational system biology by exemplifying how different simulation strategies may unveil different insights into the investigated biological phenomenon. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods.

如今,数学建模在许多不同的研究领域发挥着关键作用。在系统生物学的背景下,数学模型及其相关的计算机模拟构成了研究的基本工具。其中,他们提供了一种方法来系统地分析系统扰动,发展假设来指导新的实验测试的设计,并最终评估特定分子作为新的治疗靶点的适用性。为了达到这些目的,随机模拟算法(SSAs)已经被引入,通过适当地考虑这种系统固有的随机性,来数值模拟搅拌良好的化学反应系统的时间演化。在这项工作中,我们回顾了在精确、近似和混合随机模拟的背景下引入的主要ssa。具体来说,我们将介绍精确随机模拟领域的直接法(DM)、第一反应法(FRM)、次反应法(NRM)和基于拒绝的SSA (RSSA)。然后,我们将在近似随机模拟领域提出τ跳跃法和化学朗格万法,并在混合随机-确定性模拟的背景下实现混合RSSA (HRSSA)。最后,我们将考虑鞘脂代谢模型,通过举例说明不同的模拟策略如何揭示对所研究的生物现象的不同见解,为SSA在计算系统生物学中的应用提供一个例子。本文分类为:系统特性与过程模型>机制模型>分析与计算方法>计算方法。
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引用次数: 14
Multiscale modeling of the neuromuscular system: Coupling neurophysiology and skeletal muscle mechanics. 神经肌肉系统的多尺度建模:耦合神经生理学和骨骼肌力学。
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-11-01 Epub Date: 2019-06-24 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1457
Oliver Röhrle, Utku Ş Yavuz, Thomas Klotz, Francesco Negro, Thomas Heidlauf

Mathematical models and computer simulations have the great potential to substantially increase our understanding of the biophysical behavior of the neuromuscular system. This, however, requires detailed multiscale, and multiphysics models. Once validated, such models allow systematic in silico investigations that are not necessarily feasible within experiments and, therefore, have the ability to provide valuable insights into the complex interrelations within the healthy system and for pathological conditions. Most of the existing models focus on individual parts of the neuromuscular system and do not consider the neuromuscular system as an integrated physiological system. Hence, the aim of this advanced review is to facilitate the prospective development of detailed biophysical models of the entire neuromuscular system. For this purpose, this review is subdivided into three parts. The first part introduces the key anatomical and physiological aspects of the healthy neuromuscular system necessary for modeling the neuromuscular system. The second part provides an overview on state-of-the-art modeling approaches representing all major components of the neuromuscular system on different time and length scales. Within the last part, a specific multiscale neuromuscular system model is introduced. The integrated system model combines existing models of the motor neuron pool, of the sensory system and of a multiscale model describing the mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles. Since many sub-models are based on strictly biophysical modeling approaches, it closely represents the underlying physiological system and thus could be employed as starting point for further improvements and future developments. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models.

数学模型和计算机模拟具有极大的潜力,可以大大增加我们对神经肌肉系统生物物理行为的理解。然而,这需要详细的多尺度和多物理场模型。一旦得到验证,这些模型就可以进行系统的计算机研究,而这些研究在实验中不一定是可行的,因此,有能力为健康系统和病理条件内复杂的相互关系提供有价值的见解。现有的大多数模型关注的是神经肌肉系统的单个部分,而没有将神经肌肉系统作为一个完整的生理系统来考虑。因此,本综述的目的是促进整个神经肌肉系统详细生物物理模型的前瞻性发展。为此,本文分为三个部分。第一部分介绍了健康神经肌肉系统建模所必需的关键解剖和生理方面。第二部分概述了在不同时间和长度尺度上代表神经肌肉系统所有主要组成部分的最先进的建模方法。最后,介绍了一个具体的多尺度神经肌肉系统模型。该综合系统模型结合了现有的运动神经元池模型、感觉系统模型和描述骨骼肌力学行为的多尺度模型。由于许多子模型是严格基于生物物理建模方法的,因此它紧密地代表了潜在的生理系统,因此可以作为进一步改进和未来发展的起点。本文分类如下:生理学>健康与疾病中的哺乳动物生理学>系统特性和过程的计算方法模型>器官、组织和生理模型。
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引用次数: 27
Agent-based models of inflammation in translational systems biology: A decade later. 转化系统生物学中基于代理的炎症模型:十年之后
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-11-01 Epub Date: 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1460
Yoram Vodovotz, Gary An

Agent-based modeling is a rule-based, discrete-event, and spatially explicit computational modeling method that employs computational objects that instantiate the rules and interactions among the individual components ("agents") of system. Agent-based modeling is well suited to translating into a computational model the knowledge generated from basic science research, particularly with respect to translating across scales the mechanisms of cellular behavior into aggregated cell population dynamics manifesting at the tissue and organ level. This capacity has made agent-based modeling an integral method in translational systems biology (TSB), an approach that uses multiscale dynamic computational modeling to explicitly represent disease processes in a clinically relevant fashion. The initial work in the early 2000s using agent-based models (ABMs) in TSB focused on examining acute inflammation and its intersection with wound healing; the decade since has seen vast growth in both the application of agent-based modeling to a wide array of disease processes as well as methodological advancements in the use and analysis of ABM. This report presents an update on an earlier review of ABMs in TSB and presents examples of exciting progress in the modeling of various organs and diseases that involve inflammation. This review also describes developments that integrate the use of ABMs with cutting-edge technologies such as high-performance computing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, with a view toward the future integration of these methodologies. This article is categorized under: Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organismal Models.

基于代理的建模是一种基于规则、离散事件和空间明确的计算建模方法,它采用的计算对象实例化了系统各个组成部分("代理")之间的规则和相互作用。基于代理的建模非常适合将基础科学研究产生的知识转化为计算模型,特别是将细胞行为机制转化为组织和器官水平的聚集细胞群动态的跨尺度模型。这种能力使基于代理的建模成为转化系统生物学(TSB)中不可或缺的方法,这种方法使用多尺度动态计算建模,以临床相关的方式明确表示疾病过程。本世纪初,在转化系统生物学中使用基于代理的模型(ABMs)的最初工作主要集中在研究急性炎症及其与伤口愈合的相互关系上;此后的十年间,基于代理的模型在广泛的疾病过程中的应用以及在使用和分析基于代理的模型的方法上的进步都有了长足的发展。本报告是对 TSB 中基于代理的建模的早期综述的更新,介绍了在涉及炎症的各种器官和疾病的建模方面取得的令人振奋的进展。本综述还介绍了将 ABM 的使用与高性能计算、机器学习和人工智能等前沿技术相结合的发展情况,以期在未来将这些方法整合在一起。本文归类于转化、基因组与系统医学 > 转化医学 系统属性与过程模型 > 机制模型 系统属性与过程模型 > 器官、组织与生理模型 系统属性与过程模型 > 有机体模型。
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引用次数: 0
Lipidomics: Current state of the art in a fast moving field 脂质组学:快速发展领域的最新技术
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1466
V. O’Donnell, K. Ekroos, G. Liebisch, M. Wakelam
Lipids are essential for all facets of life. They play three major roles: energy metabolism, structural, and signaling. They are dynamic molecules strongly influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors including genetics, diet, age, lifestyle, drugs, disease and inflammation. As precision medicine starts to become mainstream, there is a huge burgeoning interest in lipids and their potential to act as unique biomarkers or prognostic indicators. Lipids comprise a large component of all metabolites (around one‐third), and our expanding knowledge about their dynamic behavior is fueling the hope that mapping their regulatory biochemical pathways on a systems level will revolutionize our ability to prevent, diagnose, and stratify major human diseases. Up to now, clinical lipid measurements have consisted primarily of total cholesterol or triglycerides, as a measure for cardiovascular risk and response to lipid lowering drugs. Nowadays, we are able to measure thousands of individual lipids that make up the lipidome. nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) metabolomics is also being increasingly used in large cohort studies where it can report on total levels of selected lipid classes, and relative levels of fatty acid saturation. To support the application of lipidomics research, LIPID MAPS was established in 2003, and since then has gone on to become the go‐to resource for several lipid databases, lipid drawing tools, data deposition, and more recently lipidomics informatics tools, and a lipid biochemistry encyclopedia, LipidWeb. Alongside this, the recently established Lipidomics Standards Initiative plays a key role in standardization of lipidomics methodologies.
脂质对生活的各个方面都是必不可少的。它们起着三个主要作用:能量代谢、结构和信号传导。它们是动态分子,受遗传、饮食、年龄、生活方式、药物、疾病和炎症等内源性和外源性因素的强烈影响。随着精准医疗开始成为主流,人们对脂质及其作为独特生物标志物或预后指标的潜力产生了巨大的兴趣。脂质是所有代谢物的重要组成部分(约占三分之一),我们对其动态行为的不断扩展的知识为在系统水平上绘制其调节生化途径带来了希望,这将彻底改变我们预防、诊断和分层主要人类疾病的能力。到目前为止,临床脂质测量主要包括总胆固醇或甘油三酯,作为衡量心血管风险和对降脂药物反应的指标。如今,我们能够测量组成脂质组的数千种单个脂质。核磁共振谱(NMR)代谢组学也越来越多地用于大型队列研究,它可以报告选定脂类的总水平和脂肪酸饱和度的相对水平。为了支持脂质组学研究的应用,脂质地图成立于2003年,从那时起,它已经成为几个脂质数据库的首选资源,脂质绘图工具,数据沉积,以及最近的脂质组学信息学工具,以及脂质生物化学百科全书LipidWeb。除此之外,最近建立的脂质组学标准倡议在脂质组学方法的标准化中起着关键作用。
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引用次数: 61
Going low to reach high: Small‐scale ChIP‐seq maps new terrain 从低到高:小尺度ChIP - seq绘制新的地形
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1465
Madeleine Fosslie, Adeel Manaf, Mads Lerdrup, K. Hansen, G. Gilfillan, J. Dahl
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) enables mapping of specific histone modifications or chromatin‐associated factors in the genome and represents a powerful tool in the study of chromatin and genome regulation. Importantly, recent technological advances that couple ChIP with whole‐genome high‐throughput sequencing (ChIP‐seq) now allow the mapping of chromatin factors throughout the genome. However, the requirement for large amounts of ChIP‐seq input material has long made it challenging to assess chromatin profiles of cell types only available in limited numbers. For many cell types, it is not feasible to reach high numbers when collecting them as homogeneous cell populations in vivo. Nonetheless, it is an advantage to work with pure cell populations to reach robust biological conclusions. Here, we review (a) how ChIP protocols have been scaled down for use with as little as a few hundred cells; (b) which considerations to be aware of when preparing small‐scale ChIP‐seq and analyzing data; and (c) the potential of small‐scale ChIP‐seq datasets for elucidating chromatin dynamics in various biological systems, including some examples such as oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development.
染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP)能够在基因组中定位特定的组蛋白修饰或染色质相关因子,是研究染色质和基因组调控的有力工具。重要的是,最近的技术进步将ChIP与全基因组高通量测序(ChIP - seq)结合起来,现在可以在整个基因组中绘制染色质因子。然而,对大量ChIP‐seq输入材料的需求长期以来使得仅在有限数量的细胞类型中评估染色质谱具有挑战性。对于许多细胞类型,在体内收集它们作为同质细胞群时不可能达到高数量。尽管如此,使用纯细胞群来得出可靠的生物学结论是一个优势。在这里,我们回顾了(a) ChIP协议如何缩小到只有几百个细胞的使用;(b)在准备小规模ChIP - seq和分析数据时需要注意哪些事项;(c)小型ChIP - seq数据集在阐明各种生物系统中染色质动力学的潜力,包括一些例子,如卵母细胞成熟和胚胎着床前发育。
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引用次数: 6
Calcium signals that determine vascular resistance. 决定血管阻力的钙信号。
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Epub Date: 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1448
Matteo Ottolini, Kwangseok Hong, Swapnil K Sonkusare

Small arteries in the body control vascular resistance, and therefore, blood pressure and blood flow. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the arterial walls respond to various stimuli by altering the vascular resistance on a moment to moment basis. Smooth muscle cells can directly influence arterial diameter by contracting or relaxing, whereas endothelial cells that line the inner walls of the arteries modulate the contractile state of surrounding smooth muscle cells. Cytosolic calcium is a key driver of endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions. Cytosolic calcium can be increased either by calcium release from intracellular stores through IP3 or ryanodine receptors, or the influx of extracellular calcium through ion channels at the cell membrane. Depending on the cell type, spatial localization, source of a calcium signal, and the calcium-sensitive target activated, a particular calcium signal can dilate or constrict the arteries. Calcium signals in the vasculature can be classified into several types based on their source, kinetics, and spatial and temporal properties. The calcium signaling mechanisms in smooth muscle and endothelial cells have been extensively studied in the native or freshly isolated cells, therefore, this review is limited to the discussions of studies in native or freshly isolated cells. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models.

人体的小动脉控制着血管阻力,因此也控制着血压和血流量。动脉壁上的内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞对各种刺激做出反应,逐时改变血管阻力。平滑肌细胞可通过收缩或放松直接影响动脉直径,而动脉内壁的内皮细胞则可调节周围平滑肌细胞的收缩状态。细胞钙是内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞功能的主要驱动力。细胞膜钙可通过 IP3 或雷诺丁受体从细胞内储存的钙释放出来,或通过细胞膜上的离子通道流入细胞外钙而增加。根据细胞类型、空间定位、钙信号源和被激活的钙敏感目标,特定的钙信号可以扩张或收缩动脉。血管中的钙信号可根据其来源、动力学、空间和时间特性分为几种类型。平滑肌和内皮细胞中的钙信号机制已在原生细胞或新鲜分离细胞中进行了广泛研究,因此本综述仅限于讨论原生细胞或新鲜分离细胞中的研究。本文归类于生物机制 > 细胞信号实验室方法与技术 > 系统特性与过程的成像模型 > 机制模型。
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引用次数: 0
Circadian rhythms and proteomics: It's all about posttranslational modifications! 昼夜节律和蛋白质组学:都是关于翻译后修饰的!
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Epub Date: 2019-04-29 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1450
Daniel Mauvoisin

The circadian clock is a molecular endogenous timekeeping system and allows organisms to adjust their physiology and behavior to the geophysical time. Organized hierarchically, the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, coordinates peripheral clocks, via direct, or indirect signals. In peripheral organs, such as the liver, the circadian clock coordinates gene expression, notably metabolic gene expression, from transcriptional to posttranslational level. The metabolism in return feeds back on the molecular circadian clock via posttranslational-based mechanisms. During the last two decades, circadian gene expression studies have mostly been relying primarily on genomics or transcriptomics approaches and transcriptome analyses of multiple organs/tissues have revealed that the majority of protein-coding genes display circadian rhythms in a tissue specific manner. More recently, new advances in mass spectrometry offered circadian proteomics new perspectives, that is, the possibilities of performing large scale proteomic studies at cellular and subcellular levels, but also at the posttranslational modification level. With important implications in metabolic health, cell signaling has been shown to be highly relevant to circadian rhythms. Moreover, comprehensive characterization studies of posttranslational modifications are emerging and as a result, cell signaling processes are expected to be more deeply characterized and understood in the coming years with the use of proteomics. This review summarizes the work studying diurnally rhythmic or circadian gene expression performed at the protein level. Based on the knowledge brought by circadian proteomics studies, this review will also discuss the role of posttranslational modification events as an important link between the molecular circadian clock and metabolic regulation. This article is categorized under: Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Proteomics Methods Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling.

生物钟是一种分子内源性计时系统,允许生物体根据地球物理时间调整其生理和行为。视交叉上核中的主时钟按等级组织,通过直接或间接信号协调外周时钟。在肝脏等外周器官中,生物钟从转录到翻译后水平协调基因表达,尤其是代谢基因表达。代谢反过来通过基于翻译后的机制反馈给分子昼夜节律钟。在过去的二十年中,昼夜节律基因表达的研究主要依赖于基因组学或转录组学方法,而对多个器官/组织的转录组分析表明,大多数蛋白质编码基因以组织特异性的方式显示昼夜节律。最近,质谱的新进展为昼夜节律蛋白质组学提供了新的视角,即在细胞和亚细胞水平以及翻译后修饰水平上进行大规模蛋白质组学研究的可能性。细胞信号传导已被证明与昼夜节律高度相关,在代谢健康中具有重要意义。此外,对翻译后修饰的全面表征研究正在兴起,因此,在未来几年,随着蛋白质组学的使用,细胞信号传导过程有望得到更深入的表征和理解。本文综述了在蛋白质水平上研究昼夜节律或昼夜基因表达的工作。基于昼夜节律蛋白质组学研究带来的知识,本文还将讨论翻译后修饰事件作为分子生物钟与代谢调节之间的重要纽带的作用。本文分类如下:实验室方法与技术>蛋白质组学方法生理学>健康与疾病中的哺乳动物生理学生物学机制>细胞信号传导。
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引用次数: 23
Essential contributions of enhancer genomic regulatory elements to microglial cell identity and functions. 增强基因组调控元件对小胶质细胞身份和功能的重要贡献。
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Epub Date: 2019-04-23 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1449
André Machado Xavier, Sarah Belhocine, David Gosselin

Microglia are the specialized macrophages of the brain and play essential roles in ensuring its proper functioning. Accumulating evidence suggests that these cells coordinate the inflammatory response that accompanies various clinical brain conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, investigating the functions of these cells and how these are regulated have become important areas of research in neuroscience over the past decade. In this regards, recent efforts to characterize the epigenomic mechanisms underlying microglial gene transcription have provided significant insights into the mechanisms that control the ontogeny and the cellular competences of microglia. In particular, these studies have established that a substantial proportion of the microglial repertoire of promoter-distal genomic regulatory elements, or enhancers, is relatively specific to these cells compared to other tissue-resident macrophages. Notably, this specificity is under the regulation of factors present in the brain that modulate activity of target axes of signaling pathways-transcription factors in microglia. Thus, the microglial enhancer repertoire is highly responsive to perturbations in the cerebral tissue microenvironment and this responsiveness has profound implications on the activity of these cells in brain diseases. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Developmental Biology > Lineages.

小胶质细胞是大脑中特化的巨噬细胞,在确保大脑正常运作中起着至关重要的作用。越来越多的证据表明,这些细胞协调伴随各种临床脑疾病的炎症反应,包括神经退行性疾病和精神疾病。因此,在过去的十年中,研究这些细胞的功能以及它们是如何被调节的已经成为神经科学研究的重要领域。在这方面,最近表征小胶质细胞基因转录的表观基因组机制的努力为控制小胶质细胞的个体发生和细胞能力的机制提供了重要的见解。特别是,这些研究已经确定,与其他组织驻留巨噬细胞相比,启动子-远端基因组调控元件或增强子的相当大比例的小胶质细胞库对这些细胞相对特异性。值得注意的是,这种特异性是在大脑中存在的调节信号通路靶轴活动的因子-小胶质细胞中的转录因子的调节下产生的。因此,小胶质增强子库对脑组织微环境的扰动具有高度反应性,这种反应性对脑疾病中这些细胞的活动具有深远的影响。本文分类如下:生理学>健康和疾病中的哺乳动物生理学系统特性和过程模型>机制模型生物学机制>细胞命运发育生物学>谱系。
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引用次数: 1
IL7 receptor signaling in T cells: A mathematical modeling perspective. 白细胞介素7受体信号在T细胞:一个数学模型的观点。
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-09-01 Epub Date: 2019-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1447
Jung-Hyun Park, Adam T Waickman, Joseph Reynolds, Mario Castro, Carmen Molina-París

Interleukin-7 (IL7) plays a nonredundant role in T cell survival and homeostasis, which is illustrated in the severe T cell lymphopenia of IL7-deficient mice, or demonstrated in animals or humans that lack expression of either the IL7Rα or γ c chain, the two subunits that constitute the functional IL7 receptor. Remarkably, IL7 is not expressed by T cells themselves, but produced in limited amounts by radio-resistant stromal cells. Thus, T cells need to constantly compete for IL7 to survive. How T cells maintain homeostasis and further maximize the size of the peripheral T cell pool in face of such competition are important questions that have fascinated both immunologists and mathematicians for a long time. Exceptionally, IL7 downregulates expression of its own receptor, so that IL7-signaled T cells do not consume extracellular IL7, and thus, the remaining extracellular IL7 can be shared among unsignaled T cells. Such an altruistic behavior of the IL7Rα chain is quite unique among members of the γ c cytokine receptor family. However, the consequences of this altruistic signaling behavior at the molecular, single cell and population levels are less well understood and require further investigation. In this regard, mathematical modeling of how a limited resource can be shared, while maintaining the clonal diversity of the T cell pool, can help decipher the molecular or cellular mechanisms that regulate T cell homeostasis. Thus, the current review aims to provide a mathematical modeling perspective of IL7-dependent T cell homeostasis at the molecular, cellular and population levels, in the context of recent advances in our understanding of the IL7 biology. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods.

白细胞介素-7 (IL7)在T细胞存活和稳态中起着非冗余的作用,这在IL7缺陷小鼠的严重T细胞淋巴减少中得到了证明,或者在动物或人类中缺乏IL7Rα或γ c链的表达,这两个亚基构成了功能性IL7受体。值得注意的是,IL7不是由T细胞本身表达的,而是由抗辐射基质细胞产生的。因此,T细胞需要不断竞争IL7才能生存。面对这样的竞争,T细胞如何维持稳态并进一步最大化外周T细胞池的大小是长期以来吸引免疫学家和数学家的重要问题。特殊的是,IL7下调其自身受体的表达,因此IL7信号T细胞不消耗细胞外IL7,因此,剩余的细胞外IL7可以在未信号T细胞中共享。IL7Rα链的这种利他行为在γ c细胞因子受体家族成员中是相当独特的。然而,这种利他信号行为在分子、单细胞和群体水平上的后果尚不清楚,需要进一步研究。在这方面,如何共享有限资源的数学建模,同时保持T细胞库的克隆多样性,可以帮助破译调节T细胞稳态的分子或细胞机制。因此,本文旨在结合我们对IL7生物学的最新了解,从分子、细胞和群体水平上提供IL7依赖性T细胞稳态的数学建模视角。本文分类如下:系统特性和过程模型>器官、组织和生理模型生物机制>系统特性和过程的细胞信号模型>机制模型分析和计算方法>计算方法。
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引用次数: 5
MRI in systems medicine 磁共振成像在系统医学中的应用
IF 7.9 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2019-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1463
Thomas T. Liu
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the primary medical imaging modalities and a key component of the standard of care in modern healthcare systems. One of the factors that distinguishes MRI from other imaging methods is the ability to program the MRI system to reveal a wide range of imaging contrasts, where each type of contrast offers unique information about the biological sample of interest. This ability stems from the fact that both the amplitude and phase of the magnetization of the underlying tissue can be manipulated to highlight different biological phenomenon. The flexibility and capabilities offered by modern MRI systems have enabled the development of a myriad of techniques for characterizing anatomy, physiology, and function. These include methods to characterize gross anatomy, tissue microstructure, bulk blood flow, tissue perfusion, and functional changes in blood oxygenation.
磁共振成像(MRI)是主要的医学成像方式之一,也是现代医疗保健系统中护理标准的关键组成部分。将MRI与其他成像方法区分开来的因素之一是能够对MRI系统进行编程,以显示广泛的成像对比,其中每种类型的对比提供有关感兴趣的生物样本的独特信息。这种能力源于这样一个事实,即底层组织磁化的振幅和相位都可以被操纵,以突出不同的生物现象。现代核磁共振成像系统提供的灵活性和能力使无数的解剖学、生理学和功能表征技术得以发展。这些方法包括描述大体解剖、组织微观结构、大容量血流量、组织灌注和血氧功能变化。
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引用次数: 6
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