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A Petri net oriented approach for advanced building energy management systems 面向Petri网的先进建筑能源管理系统方法
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.3233/ais-230065
S. Marrone, L. Campanile, Roberta De Fazio, Michele Di Giovanni, U. Gentile, F. Marulli, Laura Verde
Sustainability is one of the main goals to pursue in several aspects of everyday life; the recent energy shortage and the price raise worsen this problem, especially in the management of energy in buildings. As the Internet of Things (IoT) is an assessed computing paradigm able to capture meaningful data from the field and send them to cloud infrastructures, other approaches are also enabled, namely model-based approaches. These methods can be used to predict functional and non-functional properties of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) before setting up them. This paper aims at bridging the gap between model-based approaches and physical realizations of sensing and small computing devices. Through an integrated approach, able to exploit the power of different dialects of Petri Nets, this paper proposes a methodology for the early evaluation of BEMS properties as well as the automatic generation of IoT controllers.
可持续性是日常生活中几个方面追求的主要目标之一;近年来的能源短缺和价格上涨加剧了这一问题,特别是在建筑能源管理方面。由于物联网(IoT)是一种评估计算范式,能够从现场捕获有意义的数据并将其发送到云基础设施,因此也启用了其他方法,即基于模型的方法。这些方法可用于在建立建筑能源管理系统(BEMS)之前预测其功能和非功能特性。本文旨在弥合基于模型的方法与传感和小型计算设备的物理实现之间的差距。通过一种集成的方法,能够利用Petri网的不同方言的力量,本文提出了一种早期评估BEMS属性以及自动生成物联网控制器的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Energy-efficient multisensor adaptive sampling and aggregation for patient monitoring in edge computing based IoHT networks 基于边缘计算的IoHT网络患者监测节能多传感器自适应采样和聚合
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.3233/ais-220610
A. Idrees, Duaa Abd Alhussein, Hassan Harb
The need for remote healthcare monitoring systems that utilize limited resources’ biosensors is growing. These biosensors increase the amount of transmitted data across the Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) network. Therefore, it is necessary to decrease the transmitted data and make a decision at the edge gateway to save the energy of the biosensors and produce a quick response for the medical staff. This paper proposes an energy-efficient multisensor adaptive sampling and aggregation (EMASA) for patient monitoring in edge computing-based IoHT networks. In the edge-based IoHT network, EMASA operates on two levels: biosensors and the edge gateway. Each biosensor removes the redundant sensed data using the local emergency detection and sampling rate adaptation algorithms. In the edge gateway, it implements a machine learning-based Support Vector Machine (SVM) model to provide a suitable decision about the status of the monitored patient. We accomplished various examinations using real data from the patients’ biosensors. According to the simulation results, EMASA reduced the size of transmitted data from 93.5% to 99% and saved 78.35% of energy when compared to a previous study. It keeps the whole score with a good representation at the Edge gateway and provides accurate and fast decisions based on the patient’s condition.
对利用有限资源的生物传感器的远程医疗监测系统的需求正在增长。这些生物传感器增加了通过医疗物联网(IoHT)网络传输的数据量。因此,有必要在边缘网关减少传输数据并做出决策,以节省生物传感器的能量并为医务人员提供快速响应。本文提出了一种高效的多传感器自适应采样和聚合(EMASA)方法,用于基于边缘计算的IoHT网络中的患者监测。在基于边缘的物联网网络中,EMASA在两个层面上运行:生物传感器和边缘网关。每个生物传感器使用本地紧急检测和采样率自适应算法去除冗余感测数据。在边缘网关中,它实现了基于机器学习的支持向量机(SVM)模型,对被监测患者的状态提供合适的决策。我们使用来自患者生物传感器的真实数据完成了各种检查。仿真结果表明,与之前的研究相比,EMASA将传输数据的大小从93.5%减少到99%,节省了78.35%的能源。它在Edge网关上保持完整的分数,并根据患者的病情提供准确和快速的决策。
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引用次数: 0
Gas mask wearing detection based on faster R-CNN 基于更快R-CNN的防毒面具佩戴检测
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.3233/ais-220460
Bangrong Wang, Jun Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Xianglin Bao
Gas masks are essential respiratory protective equipment commonly used by laborers who work in harsh environments. However, respiratory diseases and accidents can occur due to the absence of gas masks. To prevent these accidents, this paper developed an object detector that uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect whether workers are wearing gas masks. To achieve this goal, a gas mask detection dataset was constructed derived from real industrial scenarios and Faster R-CNN was improved for gas mask wearing detection. Firstly, to address the multi-scale problem in real scenes, the Feature Pyramid Network was introduced into Faster R-CNN to effectively fuse features between different levels and improve the detection ability of small objects. Secondly, the Online Hard Sample Mining algorithm was used to alleviate the class imbalance problems in the dataset. Finally, Mixup and Mosaic were used in the training process to augment the data and make the model better adapt to different scenes and complex backgrounds. After multiple experiments, the combination of the three optimization strategies improved the mAP 0.5 : 0.95 by 23.2%. This work is an initial attempt at gas mask wearing detection and there is still much room for improvement in terms of model and dataset.
防毒面具是在恶劣环境下工作的劳动者常用的基本呼吸防护装备。然而,由于没有防毒面具,呼吸系统疾病和事故可能会发生。为了防止这些事故,本文开发了一种使用卷积神经网络(cnn)来检测工人是否戴着防毒面具的物体检测器。为了实现这一目标,构建了一个来自真实工业场景的防毒面具检测数据集,并改进了Faster R-CNN用于防毒面具佩戴检测。首先,针对真实场景中的多尺度问题,在Faster R-CNN中引入特征金字塔网络,有效融合不同层次的特征,提高小目标的检测能力。其次,采用在线硬样本挖掘算法缓解数据集中的类不平衡问题;最后,在训练过程中使用Mixup和Mosaic来增强数据,使模型更好地适应不同的场景和复杂的背景。经过多次实验,三种优化策略的组合使mAP 0.5: 0.95提高了23.2%。这项工作是对防毒面具佩戴检测的初步尝试,在模型和数据集方面仍有很大的改进空间。
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引用次数: 0
Building information modeling and affective occupancy evaluation: A scoping review 建筑信息建模和情感占用评估:范围界定综述
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.3233/ais-230046
José L. Gómez-Sirvent, Desirée Fernández-Sotos, Francisc López de la Rosa, A. Fernández-Caballero
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a powerful process for creating and managing data throughout the life cycle of a building. Traditionally, measuring the well-being of building occupants has been addressed solely through objective physical variables such as temperature or relative air humidity. However, recent studies indicate that the built environment influences subjective aspects of human well-being. This article presents a scoping review to find information related to the use of BIM in the assessment of the mental and emotional state of inhabitants. A scoping review has been undertaken following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines by searching in Scopus, ACM, IEEE Xplore and PsycINFO databases. Fourteen articles meeting the inclusion criteria were found after the screening process, all of them published in the last decade, twelve in the last five years. Two ways of using BIM have been identified in relation to the subject matter of this review: (i) for visualization and monitoring of occupant well-being and (ii) for showing building design alternatives to future occupants. The included papers show that BIM has potential for assessing the mental and emotional state of building occupants. However, the results of these studies are still limited and much research in this area remains pending.
建筑信息模型(BIM)是一个强大的过程,用于创建和管理整个建筑生命周期的数据。传统上,测量建筑居住者的幸福感仅通过客观的物理变量,如温度或相对空气湿度来解决。然而,最近的研究表明,建筑环境影响人类福祉的主观方面。这篇文章提出了一个范围审查,以找到有关使用BIM在评估居民的精神和情绪状态的信息。通过检索Scopus、ACM、IEEE Xplore和PsycINFO数据库,按照PRISMA-ScR指南进行了范围审查。经过筛选,共有14篇文章符合纳入标准,全部发表于近十年,12篇发表于近五年内。关于本次审查的主题,已经确定了两种使用BIM的方法:(i)可视化和监测居住者的健康状况;(ii)向未来的居住者展示建筑设计方案。所收录的论文表明,BIM在评估建筑居住者的精神和情绪状态方面具有潜力。然而,这些研究的结果仍然有限,这一领域的许多研究尚未完成。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive path planning for unknown environment monitoring 未知环境监测的自适应路径规划
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.3233/ais-220175
Nandhagopal Gomathi, Krishnamoorthi Rajathi
The purpose of this paper is to offer a unique adaptive path planning framework to address a new challenge known as the Unknown environment Persistent Monitoring Problem (PMP). To identify the unknown events’ occurrence location and likelihood, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) equipped with a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and camera is used to record such events in agriculture land. A certain level of detecting capability must be the distinct monitoring priority in order to keep track of them to a certain distance. First, to formulate a model, we developed an event-oriented modelling strategy for unknown environment perception and the effect is enumerated by uncertainty, which takes into account the sensor’s detection capabilities, the detection interval, and monitoring weight. A mobile robot scheme utilizing LIDAR on integrative approach was created and experiments were carried out to solve the high equipment budget of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for robotic systems. To map an unfamiliar location using the robotic operating system (ROS), the 3D visualization tool for Robot Operating System (RVIZ) was utilized, and GMapping software package was used for SLAM usage. The experimental results suggest that the mobile robot design pattern is viable to produce a high-precision map while lowering the cost of the mobile robot SLAM hardware. From a decision-making standpoint, we built a hybrid algorithm HSAStar (Hybrid SLAM & A Star) algorithm for path planning based on the event oriented modelling, allowing a UGV to continually monitor the perspectives of a path. The simulation results and analyses show that the proposed strategy is feasible and superior. The performance of the proposed hyb SLAM-A Star-APP method provides 34.95%, 27.38%, 33.21% and 29.68% lower execution time, 26.36%, 29.64% and 29.67% lower map duration compared with the existing methods, such as ACO-APF-APP, APFA-APP, GWO-APP and PSO-APP.
本文的目的是提供一个独特的自适应路径规划框架,以应对一个新的挑战,即未知环境持续监测问题(PMP)。为了确定未知事件的发生位置和可能性,使用配备了光探测和测距(LIDAR)和相机的无人地面车辆(UGV)来记录农田中的此类事件。一定水平的检测能力必须是不同的监控优先级,以便在一定距离内跟踪它们。首先,为了建立模型,我们为未知环境感知开发了一种面向事件的建模策略,并通过不确定性来列举影响,其中考虑了传感器的检测能力、检测间隔和监测权重。针对机器人系统同时定位和测绘(SLAM)设备预算高的问题,提出了一种基于LIDAR的一体化移动机器人方案,并进行了实验。为了使用机器人操作系统(ROS)绘制不熟悉的位置,使用了机器人操作系统的3D可视化工具(RVIZ),并使用了GMapping软件包用于SLAM。实验结果表明,该移动机器人设计模式能够在降低移动机器人SLAM硬件成本的同时生成高精度地图。从决策的角度来看,我们基于面向事件的建模,构建了一种用于路径规划的混合算法HSAStar(hybrid SLAM&a Star)算法,允许UGV持续监控路径的视角。仿真结果和分析表明,该策略是可行的、优越的。与现有方法(如ACO-PF-APP、APF-AAPP、GWO-APP和PSO-APP)相比,所提出的hyb SLAM-A Star APP方法的性能分别降低了34.95%、27.38%、33.21%和29.68%的执行时间,26.36%、29.64%和29.67%的映射持续时间。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction-based channel assignment for minimizing channel switching in mobile WBANs 基于预测的信道分配,以减少移动wban中的信道切换
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.3233/ais-220193
P. Pradhan, Sanghita Bhattacharjee
As the world’s population rises, the healthcare system experiences significant changes. Wireless body area network (WBAN) is an emerging technology that has considerable impact on medical and non-medical applications. However, two crucial challenges in WBANs are interference minimization and channel assignment. High interference may increase collision probability, transmission delay, and energy consumption. Multichannel schemes are proposed to reduce the data transmission latency and improve the system throughput by allowing simultaneous transmission of sensors in coexisting WBANs. When WBAN users move, they need to switch the channels frequently to avoid potential channel conflicts and to maintain the Quality of Service (QoS). However, frequent switching may raise energy consumption and aggravate delay. Existing multichannel assignment schemes failed to perform well in highly dynamic and densely deployed WBANs environments. In contrast to existing studies, this paper proposes a Prediction-based Channel Assignment (PCA) algorithm that selects the channels for WBANs to remain valid for future time instances and thus minimizes the delay and number of channel switches for dynamic and coexisting WBANs. When a WBAN needs to switch a channel, the proposed method predicts the future neighbors of that WBAN based on its history. It explores the channel information of present and future neighbors to select a suitable channel with higher resilience in a dynamic environment. Thus, our algorithm minimizes channel interference by avoiding unnecessary channel switching. We have used machine learning algorithms to predict the future neighbors of a WBAN. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than an existing algorithm and random channel assignment in delay and throughput.
随着世界人口的增长,医疗保健系统经历了重大变化。无线体域网络(WBAN)是一项新兴技术,对医疗和非医疗应用都有相当大的影响。然而,无线宽带网络面临的两个关键挑战是干扰最小化和信道分配。高干扰会增加碰撞概率、传输延迟和能耗。为了减少数据传输延迟,提高系统吞吐量,提出了多通道方案,允许传感器在共存的无线宽带网络中同时传输。当WBAN用户移动时,为了避免潜在的信道冲突和保持服务质量(QoS),需要频繁地切换信道。但频繁切换会增加能耗,加重时延。现有的多信道分配方案在高动态和密集部署的无线宽带网络环境中表现不佳。与现有研究相比,本文提出了一种基于预测的信道分配(PCA)算法,该算法为wban选择在未来时间实例中保持有效的信道,从而最大限度地减少动态和共存wban的延迟和信道切换数量。当WBAN需要切换信道时,该方法根据WBAN的历史预测未来的邻居。挖掘当前和未来邻居的通道信息,在动态环境中选择具有较高弹性的合适通道。因此,我们的算法通过避免不必要的信道切换来最小化信道干扰。我们已经使用机器学习算法来预测WBAN未来的邻居。实验结果表明,该算法在时延和吞吐量方面都优于现有的随机信道分配算法。
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引用次数: 0
Design of a wheeled type in-pipe inspection robot to overcome motion singularity in curved pipes 一种克服弯曲管道运动奇异性的轮式管道内检测机器人设计
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.3233/ais-220247
Rajendran Sugin Elankavi, D. Dinakaran, A. Doss, R.M. Kuppan Chetty, M. M. Ramya
This paper discusses the development and design of two wheeled-type In-Pipe Inspection Robots (IPIRs), Kuzhali I and Kuzhali II, which were created to address the limitations of traditional human inspection methods and earlier robot designs. Specifically, the robots aim to overcome the motion singularity experienced by IPIRs when navigating through curved pipes. Kuzhali I was developed with wheels mounted at an asymmetric angle, which enables the wheels to maintain contact with the pipe’s surface, preventing motion singularity. However, Kuzhali I had limitations due to its prismatic mechanism, and thus Kuzhali II was developed with a telescopic mechanism to allow it to pass through vertical pipes with obstacles. Motion analysis was conducted on both robots to demonstrate how they overcome motion singularity and navigate through straight and curved pipelines. Simulation results showed that the forces acting on the robots’ wheels fell within 5 N to 12 N, demonstrating stability while navigating pipeline junctions. Experimental tests were conducted on Kuzhali II, and the results were compared to simulation results, showing an error of less than 5%. The results of the experiments indicate that Kuzhali II is safe to use for pipeline inspection, can navigate through vertical pipelines with ease and can overcome motion singularity in curved pipes. These robots offer a faster, more accurate, and safer alternative to human inspection, which can reduce the risk of pipeline failures and associated environmental and safety hazards.
本文讨论了两轮式管道内检测机器人Kuzhali I和Kuzhali II的开发和设计,它们是为了解决传统人工检测方法和早期机器人设计的局限性而创建的。具体来说,机器人的目标是克服IPIR在弯曲管道中导航时所经历的运动奇异性。Kuzhali I是用不对称角度安装的轮子开发的,这使轮子能够与管道表面保持接触,防止运动奇异性。然而,由于Kuzhali I的棱柱机构,它有局限性,因此Kuzhali II被开发为具有伸缩机构,使其能够穿过有障碍物的垂直管道。对这两个机器人进行了运动分析,以证明它们是如何克服运动奇异性并在直线和曲线管道中导航的。仿真结果表明,作用在机器人轮子上的力在5N至12N范围内,表明了在管道连接处航行时的稳定性。在Kuzhali II上进行了实验测试,并将结果与模拟结果进行了比较,误差小于5%。实验结果表明,Kuzhali II型管道检测安全,可以轻松通过垂直管道,并可以克服弯曲管道中的运动奇异性。这些机器人提供了一种更快、更准确、更安全的替代人工检查的方法,可以降低管道故障以及相关的环境和安全隐患的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Preface to JAISE 15(2) JAISE 15(2)序言
4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.3233/ais-235002
Juan Carlos Augusto, Hamid Aghajan, Andrés Muñoz
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引用次数: 0
Acknowledgment of JAISE reviewers in 2022 2022年JAISE审稿人致谢
4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.3233/ais-235001
Hamid Aghajan, Juan Carlos Augusto, Andrés Muñoz Ortega
Over the past fourteen years of its life, our Journal has been supported by a large number of colleagues who contributed with their time and expertise to assess the quality of the submissions to JAISE and helped decide which papers qualify to be published. These reviewers are an important part of the JAISE community and we would like to explicitly thank all of them for their valuable contributions. The effort of reviewers often remains unnoticed in the community served by a journal, especially in a blind review system. Since nine years ago, we have been acknowledging the participation of our reviewers in the making of JAISE. As a second step towards making our gratitude explicit and highlighting the importance of the contributions made by our reviewers, we have also implemented the practice of selecting two reviewers each year who have consistently provided detailed and quality reviews and inviting them to serve as part of the Editorial Board of JAISE. The list of reviewers in 2022 includes:1 Edgard Benitez-Guerrero, Zhiwen Xiao, Florentin Thullier, IndraRaj Upadhyaya, Qinghe Zheng, Michaelraj Kingston Roberts, J Logeshwaran, Raquel Martinez, Chellaswamy C., S. Rubin Bose, Mario Quinde, Shahzad Ali, Thien T.T. Le, Godwin Okechukwu Ogbuabor, Guadalupe Ortiz, Honghao Gao, Zhenglong Li, Filippo Palumbo, Awais Khan Jumani, Noorayisahbe binti mohd yaacob, Mohanraj Murugesan, Shanthini A., Sowmipriya Rajendiran, Gabriel A., Karthik Chandran, Mohamed Shakeel P., Suganiya Murugan, Velammal B.L., Mohamed P.S., Mimma Nardelli, Rajalakshmi Sivanaiah, Tülay Korkusuz Polat, pushpa gothwal, Pushpendu Kar, Sumit Kumar Jindal, Ganesh Babu R., Raviraja Holla, Siva Sankari Subbiah, Stephen Czarnuch, Xingqun Qi, Waheb A. Jabbar, Lavanya S., Fouziya Sulthana S., Michele Girolami, Mohammed B., Anbarasan M., Dinesh Samuel, Dhanasekar Kesavan, Bharat Subedi, Abdulsattar Abdullah Hamad, Sabri Barbaria, Hamad Absullah Hamad, Angelin Sophy, Ramesh Kumar S., Stan Curtis, Hui Yie Teh, David Lattanzi, Theodor Panagiotakopoulos, Claudio Vairo, Rosen Ivanov, Davoli Luca, Alexander Kröner, Davide La Rosa, Seonghun Lee, Mohammad Reza Ebrahimi Dishabi, Tong Wang, Sathishkumar V. E., Ihsane Gryech, Ali Araabi, Shabih Fatima, Yuan Roger Luo, David Susic, Balasubramaniyan Divager, Nawa Sakanga, Mervin R., Emna Ben Abdallah, Kenan Meng, S. Padmavathi, Sergio Aguilar Romero, Peer Stelldinger, Sivasankar Ganesan, Martin Stommel, Zijian Wang, Zhisheng Yan, Jose Gines Gimenez, Cherifa Nakkach, Marcel Voelschow, Yilin Kang, Marina Andric, Kumar Gaurav, Ziga Kolar, Lukas Hedegaard, Ali Kadhum M. Al-Qurabat, Bouneb Zine el Abidine, Amine Dahane, Ionel-Bujorel Pavaloiu, Wilfred Pinfold, Antonio Caruso, Ashad Kabir, Cho Doxuan, Ricardo Serafin Alonso, Israa Mohamed, Peyman Najafi, Liyakathunisa Syed.
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引用次数: 0
Internet of Things (IoT)-based indoor plant care system 基于物联网(IoT)的室内植物养护系统
IF 1.7 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.3233/ais-220483
Gleiston Guerrero-Ulloa, Alejandra Méndez-García, Valeria Torres-Lindao, Vivian Zamora-Mecías, C. Rodríguez-Domínguez, Miguel J. Hornos
The list of Sustainable Development Goals created by the United Nations include good health and well-being as one of its primary objectives. Pollution is a concern worldwide, and pollution levels inside buildings (homes or workplaces) can be higher than outdoors. To alleviate this problem and improve air quality, ornamental plants can be used. This paper presents the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop a system called P4L, an acronym for “Plants for Life”. The objective of P4L is the automated care of potted plants to improve air quality and make the indoor environments of a building healthier. This IoT-based system (IoTS) has been developed through low-cost Arduino-compatible components. In addition, the Test-Driven Development Methodology for IoT-based Systems (TDDM4IoTS) has been used to guide P4L development. In fact, this article shows the result of the application of this methodology (phase by phase), with the help of the Test-Driven Development Tool for IoT-based Systems (TDDT4IoTS), which supports the aforementioned methodology, to develop P4L. To validate the methodology, we conducted a survey among developers that have used it, the results of which show that it is efficient and covers all aspects of IoTS development.
联合国制定的可持续发展目标清单将良好健康和福祉作为其主要目标之一。污染是全世界关注的问题,建筑物(家庭或工作场所)内的污染水平可能高于室外。为了缓解这一问题并改善空气质量,可以使用观赏植物。本文介绍了应用物联网(IoT)技术开发一个名为P4L的系统,P4L是“生命植物”的缩写。P4L的目标是对盆栽植物进行自动化护理,以改善空气质量,使建筑物的室内环境更健康。这个基于物联网的系统(iot)是通过低成本的arduino兼容组件开发的。此外,基于物联网系统的测试驱动开发方法(tddm4iot)已被用于指导P4L开发。事实上,本文在支持上述方法的基于物联网系统的测试驱动开发工具(tddt4iot)的帮助下,展示了应用该方法(一阶段一阶段)开发P4L的结果。为了验证该方法,我们在使用它的开发人员中进行了一项调查,结果表明它是高效的,涵盖了物联网开发的各个方面。
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引用次数: 5
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Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
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