Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova最新文献

The authors present a theoretical analysis of a role of genetic polymorphisms in formation of individual differences influencing the quality of professional activity. The last 20 years have seen a rise in works dedicated to genetics of various cognitive and psychological functions. This review focuses on the psychological and cognitive traits affecting a subject's behavior during his work. Among them are differences in working memory performance, emotional reactions and some personality traits, alterations in prefrontal cortex functions, a number of emotional reactions and personality traits, chronotype and sleep deprivation sensitivity. It has been shown that their individual variability is to a large extent genetically determined. The studies have demonstrated the importance of allele variations of a number of genes in adrenergic, serotonergic and especially dopaminergic systems as well as molecular clock genes for emotional and cognitive spheres. This review is designed for specialists working in the fields of psychogenetics, cognitive and psychological aspects of human factors, occupational safety.

Short-term modifications of postsynaptic responses to paired-pulse stimulation depend not only on presynaptic facilitation. IPSP generated immediately after EPSP in response to the first stimulus is superimposed to synaptic facilitation, decreasing PPF at the shortest interpulse intervals or even producing paired-pulse depression. This effect can be used to measure the efficacy of inhibitory transmission specifically in the hippocampal CA1 area. Comparison of paired-pulse ratio was performed by different methods for the better extraction of GABA(A) IPSP involvement into CA1 field potentials of the rat hippocampal slices. Paired-pulse stimuli were delivered with the set of different stimulus intensity and two interpulse intervals--70 and 15 ms. PPF changes in accordance with exponential decrease of presynaptic residual calcium were observed mainly at low stimuli intensities, but more intensive activation suppressed PPF15 relative to PPF70, sometimes up to paired-pulse depression. The difference of the second in pair amplitudes (A2(15)-A2(70)) upon stimulus intensity corresponded to linear function with a negative slope. The negativity disappeared after bicuculline treatment, suggesting the involvement of GABA(A) inhibition. Therefore individual gradients of these functions can be considered as the coefficients of inhibition to measure its modifications in on-line regime.

Activity of single neurons in the retrosplenial cortex of rats during realization of the operant food-acquisition behavior was recorded. In the first group of rats the recordings were made in the first six days after learning of the task and in the second group--following a week of a rest after learning. There were no significant differences in proportion of neurons specialized in relation to the learned behavior; however in the first group 40% of these cells had specific activations only in 80-90%, but not in all (100%) realizations of their specific behavioral acts, while in the second group there were much less relative numbers (4%) of such cells. All neurons with not-100% activations on the early stages after the learning were specialized in relation to acts of approaching and pressing the pedal that rats acquired on the last session of learning. It could be supposed that during the first stages of consolidation of the operant skill some variable set of retrosplenial cortex neurons specialized to new behavioral acts can be involved.

A single session of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in apparently healthy young people and adolescents aged 14-17 years in order to increase vagal effects on heart rhythm and also electroencephalograms were carried out. Different variants of EEG spectral power during the successful HRV biofeedback session were identified. In the case of I variant of EEG activity the increase of power spectrum of alpha-, betal-, theta-components takes place in all parts of the brain. In the case of II variant of EEG activity the reduction of power spectrum of alpha-, betal-, theta-activity in all parts of the brain was observed. I and II variants of EEG activity cause more intensive regime of cortical-subcortical interactions. During the III variant of EEG activity the successful biofeedback is accompanied by increase of alpha activity in the central, front and anteriofrontal brain parts and so indicates the formation of thalamocortical relations of neural network in order to optimize the vegetal regulation of heart function. There was an increase in alpha- and beta1-activity in the parietal, central, frontal and temporal brain parts during the IV variant of EEG activity and so that it provides the relief of neural networks communication for information processing. As a result of V variance of EEG activity there was the increase of power spectrum of theta activity in the central and frontal parts of both cerebral hemispheres, so it was associated with the cortical-hippocampal interactions to achieve a successful biofeedback.

We have found that activation of 5-HT1A receptor with 8-OH-DPAT (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i. p.) considerably and dose-dependently reduced the number of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated head-twitches, whereas 5-HT1A receptor blockade with WAY-100635 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i. p.), on the contrary, pro- duced significant enhancement of this 5-HT2A receptor functional response. At the same time 5-HTA receptor activation with DOI (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i. p.) abolished the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hypothermic reaction, whereas 5-HT2A receptor blockade with ketanserin (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, i. p.) increased this 5-HT1A receptor functional response. Moreover, we revealed that 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, i. p.; or 20 and 40 nmol, i. c. v.) produced the considerable dose-dependent hypothermia. This ketanserin-induced (40 nmol, i. c. v.) hypothermic reaction was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (1.0 mg/kg, i. p.), indicating that 5-HT2A receptor-related hypothermic response is mediated, at least partially, via activation of 5-HT1A receptors. The obtained data indicate that 5-HTA and 5-HT2A receptors are able to modulate each other functional activity by means of bilateral functional cross-talk.

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are a set of interconnected neurons capable of generating a basic pattern of motor output underlying "automatic" movements (breathing, locomotion, chewing, swallowing, and so on) in the absence of afferent signals from the executive motor apparatus. They can be divided into the constitutive CPGs active throughout the entire lifetime (respiratory CPGs) and conditional CPGs controlling episodic movements (locomotion, chewing, swallowing, and others). Since a motor output of CPGs is determined by their internal organization, the activities of the conditional CPGs are initiated by simple commands coming from higher centers. We describe the structural and functional organization of the locomotor CPGs in the marine mollusk Clione limacina, lamprey, frog embryo, and laboratory mammals (cat, mouse, and rat), CPGs controlling the respiratory and swallowing movements in mammals, and CPGs controlling discharges of the electric organ in the gymnotiform fish. It is shown that in all these cases, the generation of rhythmic motor output is based both on the endogenous (pacemaker) activity of specific groups of interneurons and on interneural interactions. These two interrelated mechanisms complement each other, ensuring the high reliability of CPG functionality. We discuss how the experience obtained in studying CPGs can be used to understand mechanisms of more complex functions of the brain, including its cognitive functions.

Epileptiform potentials after the application of GABA A receptor antagonist first appeared in a local part of the cortex of anesthetized rats, and then with a small time lag appeared in other areas of the cortex. Externally, it looked like spreading. Potentials originally appeared at any point of recording, and then appeared (propagated) both in the rostral-caudal direction (forward) and reciprocally. The quantitative evaluation of this phenomenon showed that there are three periods of the epileptiform potential spreading. During the initial period, the epileptiform potentials appeared and spread relatively equally in rostrocaudal direction and backwards. In period 2 dominated potentials shift in rostrocaudal direction. After application of a sodium channel blocker epileptic activity significantly decreased. Frequency of initial appearance of potentials in the caudal areas increased. Propagation of the activity in one or another direction was observed. Obtained in this study quantitative characteristics of the initiation and spreading of epileptic activity suggest that in the cortex may exist independent generators, and distribution of the epileptiform potentials and the nature of this distribution implies that this process is based on direct and reciprocal functional connection of neurons.

We studied auditory word repetition suppression effect using magnetoencephalography while subjects listened to "new" and "old" words whose familiarity they had to judge upon presentation. The lateralization of brain magnetic activity during processing of "new" and "old" words were estimated by computing RMS measure of whole-brain magnetic response within time window of semantic N400 (350-450 ms). A magnetic N400 was significantly stronger in the left than in the right hemisphere for the "new" words only. Repetition of "new" words led to sharp decrease of N400 response RMS in the left hemisphere but did not change right-hemispheric N400 RMS. The asymmetry index of this repetition suppression effect was lateralized to the left hemisphere for the majority of the participants and its magnitude was related to memory task performance. The findings point to a strong left-hemispheric dominance of word repetition suppression effect within the brain semantic networks at the level of whole-network response.

Behavioral effects of classic antidepressants, fluoxetine and imipramine, and new psychotropic benzopentathiepin TC-2153 (20 mg/kg, per os) were studied on mice differing in the predisposition to catalepsy-noncataleptic AKR strain and cataleptic strains CBA and AKR.CBA-D13Mit76 (D13). Mice of D13 strain was created by transferring the CBA-allele of major locus of catalepsy to AKR genome. In the forced swim test (FST) fluoxetine showed antidepressant effect on mice of all three strains, imipramine was effective only in D13 mice, while TC-2153 produced antidepressant effect on AKR and D13 mice. Unlike to imipramine and fluoxetine, TC-2153 did not produce negative side effects in the open field and elevated plus-maze tests. Thus, TC-2153 produces antidepressant effects similar to imipramine and fluoxetine, without any visible negative side effect on locomotory activity and anxiety. The D13 mice in the FST showed high sensitivity to the studied drugs in comparison to the parent strains and can be used as new genetic model for investigation of the mechanism of antidepressant effects.