Pub Date : 2024-01-11DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00007
S. Ogurtsov, A. Khapugin, A. S. Zheltukhin, Elena B. Fedoseeva, Alexander V. Antropov, María del Mar Delgado, Vincenzo Penteriani
Abstract: Brown bear (Ursus arctos) diet composition and seasonal food habits were examined in the Central Forest Nature Reserve (CFNR) in West-European Russia. This territory has 2 landscape types: (1) a mostly intact and strictly protected CFNR core area with southern taiga forests, and (2) a human-modified buffer zone around it. We collected 758 bear scats between March and November 2008–2021. Fleshy fruits were the most important food category in the bear diet and represented 30% of the annual estimated dietary energy content (EDEC). Among fruits, the most important food items were apples (Malus domestica; EDEC = 22%). Bears highly preferred bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in the late summer and early fall seasons (EDEC = 9%). During the hyperphagia period, bears fed on apples, hazel nuts (Corylus avellana; EDEC = 17%), oat (Avena sativa; EDEC = 9%), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia; EDEC = 5%), and cranberry (V. microcarpum and V. oxycoccos; EDEC = 4%). Herbaceous plants were also important (EDEC = 6%) from late spring to early fall. Among insects, bears actively consumed ants (Formicidae; EDEC = 3%) and social wasps (Vespidae; EDEC = 3%). Ungulates, especially adult moose (Alces alces) and calves, comprised the most important food item for bears during spring, contributing 15% of the EDEC. The CFNR core area, which presents natural foods for bears, had a prevalence of bilberry in scat amount (Cliff's Delta = –0.20). The buffer zone had a prevalence of apples (Cliff's Delta = 0.19) and oat (Cliff's Delta = 0.14), whose distributions were associated with abandoned orchards and cultivated fields. Brown bear food habits in the CFNR are similar to those in southern and eastern Europe, with a great dietary contribution of plant materials (especially fleshy fruits and hard mast). However, at the same time, CFNR bears have a significant dietary impact associated with boreal ecosystems (high Vaccinium berry consumption and active moose hunting), which makes it similar to populations from northern Europe.
{"title":"Brown bear food habits in natural and human-modified landscapes in West-European Russia","authors":"S. Ogurtsov, A. Khapugin, A. S. Zheltukhin, Elena B. Fedoseeva, Alexander V. Antropov, María del Mar Delgado, Vincenzo Penteriani","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Brown bear (Ursus arctos) diet composition and seasonal food habits were examined in the Central Forest Nature Reserve (CFNR) in West-European Russia. This territory has 2 landscape types: (1) a mostly intact and strictly protected CFNR core area with southern taiga forests, and (2) a human-modified buffer zone around it. We collected 758 bear scats between March and November 2008–2021. Fleshy fruits were the most important food category in the bear diet and represented 30% of the annual estimated dietary energy content (EDEC). Among fruits, the most important food items were apples (Malus domestica; EDEC = 22%). Bears highly preferred bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in the late summer and early fall seasons (EDEC = 9%). During the hyperphagia period, bears fed on apples, hazel nuts (Corylus avellana; EDEC = 17%), oat (Avena sativa; EDEC = 9%), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia; EDEC = 5%), and cranberry (V. microcarpum and V. oxycoccos; EDEC = 4%). Herbaceous plants were also important (EDEC = 6%) from late spring to early fall. Among insects, bears actively consumed ants (Formicidae; EDEC = 3%) and social wasps (Vespidae; EDEC = 3%). Ungulates, especially adult moose (Alces alces) and calves, comprised the most important food item for bears during spring, contributing 15% of the EDEC. The CFNR core area, which presents natural foods for bears, had a prevalence of bilberry in scat amount (Cliff's Delta = –0.20). The buffer zone had a prevalence of apples (Cliff's Delta = 0.19) and oat (Cliff's Delta = 0.14), whose distributions were associated with abandoned orchards and cultivated fields. Brown bear food habits in the CFNR are similar to those in southern and eastern Europe, with a great dietary contribution of plant materials (especially fleshy fruits and hard mast). However, at the same time, CFNR bears have a significant dietary impact associated with boreal ecosystems (high Vaccinium berry consumption and active moose hunting), which makes it similar to populations from northern Europe.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"4 7","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-23-00005
Morteza Arianejad, T. Ghadirian, Danial Nayeri, A. Ghoddousi
Abstract: The range of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) extends in its western limits to southeastern Iran where the species lives in arid mountainous landscapes in low densities. A better understanding of the adaptations of this threatened subspecies, the Baluchistan black bear (U. t. gedrosianus), to these harsh environmental conditions is necessary to devise conservation action. Here, we investigated the use and characteristics of Asiatic black bear dens in Hormozgan Province, one of the critical components of its life cycle. We detected 12 dens in caves and monitored them from 2012 to 2021 using camera traps (1,972 trap-nights). We obtained 138 bear detections, together with detections of 8 other wildlife species, in 12 dens. Our findings show that bears use dens as heat and probably anthropogenic refugia. Given the importance of dens for the Asiatic black bear, we suggest protecting these areas from human disturbances and expanding efforts to other areas with bear dens.
{"title":"Escaping heat and anthropogenic pressures? Asiatic black bear denning behavior in its westernmost global range","authors":"Morteza Arianejad, T. Ghadirian, Danial Nayeri, A. Ghoddousi","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-23-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-23-00005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The range of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) extends in its western limits to southeastern Iran where the species lives in arid mountainous landscapes in low densities. A better understanding of the adaptations of this threatened subspecies, the Baluchistan black bear (U. t. gedrosianus), to these harsh environmental conditions is necessary to devise conservation action. Here, we investigated the use and characteristics of Asiatic black bear dens in Hormozgan Province, one of the critical components of its life cycle. We detected 12 dens in caves and monitored them from 2012 to 2021 using camera traps (1,972 trap-nights). We obtained 138 bear detections, together with detections of 8 other wildlife species, in 12 dens. Our findings show that bears use dens as heat and probably anthropogenic refugia. Given the importance of dens for the Asiatic black bear, we suggest protecting these areas from human disturbances and expanding efforts to other areas with bear dens.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"24 3","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-23-00003R1
S. Swaminathan, Yogaraj Pannerselvam, Reagan Puspanathan, Aaliya Mir, Thomas R. Sharp, K. Satyanarayan
Abstract: The social lives of brown bears (Ursus arctos) are still largely a mystery, partly because of the difficulty in studying the topic. Here we report on the interactions between 2 Himalayan brown bear family units at a dump site roughly 53 km outside of Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Brown bear cubs from 2 different mothers were observed playing together between 3 September and 16 October 2021, on 13 discrete occasions. These play sessions lasted 20–80 minutes (mean H 24.3 ± 4.59 standard deviation). Each interaction ended with the family units leaving independently. The relationship between the mother bears is not known, though we speculate that they may be related. Although the interactions do not constitute adoption, they do demonstrate a level of tolerance by mother bears toward cubs to which they did not give birth.
{"title":"Interactions between brown bear cubs of different mothers in Kashmir, India","authors":"S. Swaminathan, Yogaraj Pannerselvam, Reagan Puspanathan, Aaliya Mir, Thomas R. Sharp, K. Satyanarayan","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-23-00003R1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-23-00003R1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The social lives of brown bears (Ursus arctos) are still largely a mystery, partly because of the difficulty in studying the topic. Here we report on the interactions between 2 Himalayan brown bear family units at a dump site roughly 53 km outside of Srinagar, Kashmir, India. Brown bear cubs from 2 different mothers were observed playing together between 3 September and 16 October 2021, on 13 discrete occasions. These play sessions lasted 20–80 minutes (mean H 24.3 ± 4.59 standard deviation). Each interaction ended with the family units leaving independently. The relationship between the mother bears is not known, though we speculate that they may be related. Although the interactions do not constitute adoption, they do demonstrate a level of tolerance by mother bears toward cubs to which they did not give birth.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"17 12","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00011.1
Thomas Connor, Ken Frank, Maiju Qiao, Kim Scribner, Jin Hou, Jindong Zhang, Abbey Wilson, Vanessa Hull, Rengui Li, Jianguo Liu
Abstract: Analyses of animal social networks have traditionally been conducted on species that exhibit social behaviors such as group living, whereas relatively less work has been done on species that are thought of as solitary, are cryptic, and that communicate through scent-marking cues. We employed noninvasive fecal genetic sampling, conducted from March 2015 to February 2016, to identify individuals of one such species, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), across a study population in southwestern China. We then used spatiotemporal proximity thresholds to infer scent mark–based association networks and conduct social network analyses of the population. Results show social clustering in which cluster members preferentially associated with each other. Genetic relatedness was a positive predictor of associations outside the mating season but a negative predictor of associations in the mating season (Mar–Jun), potentially indicating a behavioral change that would reduce risk of inbreeding and kin competition that we term “kin-space recognition.” Our findings suggest that associations between individuals in species generally thought of as solitary may be widespread and dependent on complex behavior.
{"title":"Social network analysis uncovers hidden social complexity in giant pandas","authors":"Thomas Connor, Ken Frank, Maiju Qiao, Kim Scribner, Jin Hou, Jindong Zhang, Abbey Wilson, Vanessa Hull, Rengui Li, Jianguo Liu","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00011.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00011.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Analyses of animal social networks have traditionally been conducted on species that exhibit social behaviors such as group living, whereas relatively less work has been done on species that are thought of as solitary, are cryptic, and that communicate through scent-marking cues. We employed noninvasive fecal genetic sampling, conducted from March 2015 to February 2016, to identify individuals of one such species, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), across a study population in southwestern China. We then used spatiotemporal proximity thresholds to infer scent mark–based association networks and conduct social network analyses of the population. Results show social clustering in which cluster members preferentially associated with each other. Genetic relatedness was a positive predictor of associations outside the mating season but a negative predictor of associations in the mating season (Mar–Jun), potentially indicating a behavioral change that would reduce risk of inbreeding and kin competition that we term “kin-space recognition.” Our findings suggest that associations between individuals in species generally thought of as solitary may be widespread and dependent on complex behavior.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"62 6","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00010R1
S. S. Abdul-Mawah, Y. Norma-Rashid, R. Ramli
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate parasitic infection in captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) in Malaysia from December 2018 to May 2019. We collected 58 fecal samples from sun bears housed in the National Zoo, Taiping Zoo & Night Safari, Lok Kawi Wildlife Park, and Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre. We analyzed the samples using modified fecal flotation techniques. We found 4 species of helminths (Ancylostoma spp., Baylisascaris spp., Trichuris spp., and Strongyloides spp.) and 1 species of protozoa (Eimeria spp.) in captive sun bears. The general prevalence of infection was 55.2%, with 48.3% prevalence of helminth infections and 34.5% protozoic infections. Juvenile males (69.2%) and juvenile females (61.5%) had the highest prevalence of parasitic infection. For nematodes, Baylisascaris spp. and Ancylostoma spp. had ≥50% prevalence rate in captive bears. For protozoa, the prevalence rate was <50%. We also found a high intensity of infection for Ancylostoma spp. in captive sun bears with a mean of 258.24 ± 0.62 eggs per gram (EPG), and the lowest intensity was recorded for Strongyloides spp. with 34.37 ± 1.17 EPG. Generally, the parasites we found were common in other species of bears and other mammals. This study revealed presence of parasites that could affect the well-being of sun bears in captivity. Therefore, we suggest that fecal screening be done regularly at 3-month intervals, and that it is essential to reduce the degree of parasitic infection in captive animals.
摘要:本研究旨在调查2018年12月至2019年5月马来西亚圈养马来熊(Helarctos malayanus)的寄生虫感染情况。我们从国家动物园、太平动物园和夜间野生动物园、乐卡威野生动物园和婆罗洲马来熊保护中心收集了58个马来熊的粪便样本。我们使用改良的粪便浮选技术对样品进行分析。在圈养马来熊体内发现4种蠕虫(钩虫、Baylisascaris、Trichuris、Strongyloides)和1种原生动物(艾美耳球虫)。总感染率为55.2%，其中蠕虫感染率为48.3%，原生动物感染率为34.5%。青少年男性(69.2%)和青少年女性(61.5%)的寄生虫感染率最高。线虫方面，贝氏蛔虫和钩虫在圈养熊中患病率≥50%。原生动物患病率<50%。圈养太阳熊的感染强度最高，平均为258.24±0.62个/ g (EPG)，而圆线虫的感染强度最低，为34.37±1.17个/ g。一般来说，我们发现的寄生虫在其他种类的熊和其他哺乳动物中很常见。这项研究揭示了可能影响圈养马来熊健康的寄生虫的存在。因此，我们建议每隔3个月定期进行粪便筛查，这对降低圈养动物的寄生虫感染程度至关重要。
{"title":"Survey on gastro-intestinal parasites of captive sun bears in Malaysia","authors":"S. S. Abdul-Mawah, Y. Norma-Rashid, R. Ramli","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00010R1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00010R1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study aimed to investigate parasitic infection in captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) in Malaysia from December 2018 to May 2019. We collected 58 fecal samples from sun bears housed in the National Zoo, Taiping Zoo & Night Safari, Lok Kawi Wildlife Park, and Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre. We analyzed the samples using modified fecal flotation techniques. We found 4 species of helminths (Ancylostoma spp., Baylisascaris spp., Trichuris spp., and Strongyloides spp.) and 1 species of protozoa (Eimeria spp.) in captive sun bears. The general prevalence of infection was 55.2%, with 48.3% prevalence of helminth infections and 34.5% protozoic infections. Juvenile males (69.2%) and juvenile females (61.5%) had the highest prevalence of parasitic infection. For nematodes, Baylisascaris spp. and Ancylostoma spp. had ≥50% prevalence rate in captive bears. For protozoa, the prevalence rate was <50%. We also found a high intensity of infection for Ancylostoma spp. in captive sun bears with a mean of 258.24 ± 0.62 eggs per gram (EPG), and the lowest intensity was recorded for Strongyloides spp. with 34.37 ± 1.17 EPG. Generally, the parasites we found were common in other species of bears and other mammals. This study revealed presence of parasites that could affect the well-being of sun bears in captivity. Therefore, we suggest that fecal screening be done regularly at 3-month intervals, and that it is essential to reduce the degree of parasitic infection in captive animals.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"17 6","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138600925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanjay Gubbi, Amrita Menon, Shravan Suthar, Kiran Prabhu, H. C. Poornesha
Abstract: Estimating home range size is an important aspect of ecological studies that helps in understanding species biology. The myrmecophagous sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is one of the least studied large carnivores and is found in the Indian subcontinent with India being its stronghold. Despite its wide distribution in India, only one study has estimated its home range. In this study, we estimate the home range of a sloth bear using location data obtained through camera-trapping in Bannerghatta National Park in southern India during 2019 and 2020. A sloth bear was identified based on a unique marking on its pelage that was possibly caused by a wire snare. Using the minimum convex polygon and 40 camera-trap encounters, we estimated its home range to be ∼58 km2. Although camera-trapping was conducted to understand the population dynamics of leopards (Panthera pardus pardus), the data provided opportunistic information on nontarget species. Such byproduct data should be utilized to enhance our knowledge on various aspects of species biology.
{"title":"Home range estimate of sloth bear using noninvasive camera-trap data","authors":"Sanjay Gubbi, Amrita Menon, Shravan Suthar, Kiran Prabhu, H. C. Poornesha","doi":"10.2192/URSU-D-22-00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSU-D-22-00004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Estimating home range size is an important aspect of ecological studies that helps in understanding species biology. The myrmecophagous sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is one of the least studied large carnivores and is found in the Indian subcontinent with India being its stronghold. Despite its wide distribution in India, only one study has estimated its home range. In this study, we estimate the home range of a sloth bear using location data obtained through camera-trapping in Bannerghatta National Park in southern India during 2019 and 2020. A sloth bear was identified based on a unique marking on its pelage that was possibly caused by a wire snare. Using the minimum convex polygon and 40 camera-trap encounters, we estimated its home range to be ∼58 km2. Although camera-trapping was conducted to understand the population dynamics of leopards (Panthera pardus pardus), the data provided opportunistic information on nontarget species. Such byproduct data should be utilized to enhance our knowledge on various aspects of species biology.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"41 7","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139245552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-22-00018
Brent George, Terri Bateman, Mckay Formica, Wyatt Gronnemose, Nicholas Hilke, Usman Iqbal, B.J. Kirschoffer, Bernhard Rabus, Tom Smith, Jeff Stacey, Lucas Stock, Evan Zaugg, David Long
Knowing the location of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in their winter dens is crucial for minimizing disturbance during this critical period in their life cycle. Previous research has used Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) technology to detect bear dens but has only achieved a detection accuracy of 45% for single flights. The thermal nature of FLIR means that some bears are never detected nor are detectable using FLIR. In this paper we explore the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as an alternative polar bear detection technology in a simple pilot study in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, during October 2021. In this experimental study, we focused on the detection of polar bears on the surface in the SAR images. The result of this study can inform future efforts to proceed to den-detection experiments. In this study, we achieved a polar bear identification accuracy of 66%, albeit with a small sample size. Many of the challenges we encountered involved low signal-to-noise ratios and imprecise flight paths. Concurrent research from other parties shows that neural networks and other machine learning techniques can overcome these challenges to some degree, suggesting that SAR may be a promising candidate to become an effective tool for polar bear detection, particularly when coupled with other sensors such as FLIR.
{"title":"On evaluating the efficacy of air-borne synthetic aperture radar for detecting polar bears: A pilot study","authors":"Brent George, Terri Bateman, Mckay Formica, Wyatt Gronnemose, Nicholas Hilke, Usman Iqbal, B.J. Kirschoffer, Bernhard Rabus, Tom Smith, Jeff Stacey, Lucas Stock, Evan Zaugg, David Long","doi":"10.2192/ursus-d-22-00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/ursus-d-22-00018","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing the location of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in their winter dens is crucial for minimizing disturbance during this critical period in their life cycle. Previous research has used Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) technology to detect bear dens but has only achieved a detection accuracy of 45% for single flights. The thermal nature of FLIR means that some bears are never detected nor are detectable using FLIR. In this paper we explore the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as an alternative polar bear detection technology in a simple pilot study in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, during October 2021. In this experimental study, we focused on the detection of polar bears on the surface in the SAR images. The result of this study can inform future efforts to proceed to den-detection experiments. In this study, we achieved a polar bear identification accuracy of 66%, albeit with a small sample size. Many of the challenges we encountered involved low signal-to-noise ratios and imprecise flight paths. Concurrent research from other parties shows that neural networks and other machine learning techniques can overcome these challenges to some degree, suggesting that SAR may be a promising candidate to become an effective tool for polar bear detection, particularly when coupled with other sensors such as FLIR.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135970150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00013.1
R. Stimmelmayr, Carla SimsKayotuk, Mike Pederson, G. Sheffield, Rita Frantz, Jared Nayakik, B. Adams
Abstract: We report on anthropogenic waste ingestion and associated foreign-body gastric pathology in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) within the North Slope Borough, Alaska, from stomach content analysis of 42 bears during 2010 to 2020. User plastics and rubbish other than plastics were observed in 28.6% (12/42) and 11.9% (5/42), respectively. Acute gastritis was present in 33.3% (14/42) of polar bear stomachs. Fifty percent of the acute gastritis cases (n = 7) were observed in animals with user plastics in their stomach content. The findings of our multiyear polar bear stomach-content analysis emphasize that anthropogenic waste ingestion is common in polar bears of the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation. For the future, controlling access to anthropogenic foods (e.g., garbage dumps, stored wildlife resources) will be an important component of proactive human polar bear management on the North Slope, Alaska, and for the entire Arctic.
{"title":"Anthropogenic waste ingestion of Southern Beaufort Sea polar bears, Alaska (2010–2020)","authors":"R. Stimmelmayr, Carla SimsKayotuk, Mike Pederson, G. Sheffield, Rita Frantz, Jared Nayakik, B. Adams","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00013.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: We report on anthropogenic waste ingestion and associated foreign-body gastric pathology in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) within the North Slope Borough, Alaska, from stomach content analysis of 42 bears during 2010 to 2020. User plastics and rubbish other than plastics were observed in 28.6% (12/42) and 11.9% (5/42), respectively. Acute gastritis was present in 33.3% (14/42) of polar bear stomachs. Fifty percent of the acute gastritis cases (n = 7) were observed in animals with user plastics in their stomach content. The findings of our multiyear polar bear stomach-content analysis emphasize that anthropogenic waste ingestion is common in polar bears of the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation. For the future, controlling access to anthropogenic foods (e.g., garbage dumps, stored wildlife resources) will be an important component of proactive human polar bear management on the North Slope, Alaska, and for the entire Arctic.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"105 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75614949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D21-00020.1
Laura R. Quintero, A. Pulido-Villamarín, Ángela Parra-Romero, R. Castañeda-Salazar, J. Pérez-Torres, I. Vela-Vargas
Abstract: The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only species of the Ursidae that inhabits the Andes in South America. The natural history of the species and health issues related to infectious diseases, particularly the presence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP), is unknown. To determine the prevalence, infestation, and richness of GIP in fecal samples of wild Andean bears, 21 fecal samples were collected at different sites of the Chingaza National Park, Colombia, and its buffer area from February to April of 2019. Samples were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative coprological techniques. A minimum of one parasitic species was present in 100% (n = 21) of the samples and in 86% of them, co-infection was detected. In decreasing order, the observed parasite prevalence was as follows: 100% for Cryptosporidium spp.; 62% for Ascaris spp.; 38% for Baylisascaris spp.; 33% for Trichomonas spp.; 19% for Strongylus spp.; 14% for Microsporidia and Coccidian oocysts; followed by Trichostrongylus spp. and ciliated protozoans with 10%; and Ancylostoma spp., Blastocystis spp., and Fasciola spp. were present in 5% of the samples. The presence of Blastocystis spp., Baylisascaris spp., Ascaris spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. suggests a possible rotation of parasitic species between domestic and wild host species. This is the first report of GIP for Andean bears in the east range of Colombia, which could help to generate other studies in the country and South America.
{"title":"Andean bear gastrointestinal parasites in Chingaza Massif, Colombia","authors":"Laura R. Quintero, A. Pulido-Villamarín, Ángela Parra-Romero, R. Castañeda-Salazar, J. Pérez-Torres, I. Vela-Vargas","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D21-00020.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D21-00020.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only species of the Ursidae that inhabits the Andes in South America. The natural history of the species and health issues related to infectious diseases, particularly the presence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP), is unknown. To determine the prevalence, infestation, and richness of GIP in fecal samples of wild Andean bears, 21 fecal samples were collected at different sites of the Chingaza National Park, Colombia, and its buffer area from February to April of 2019. Samples were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative coprological techniques. A minimum of one parasitic species was present in 100% (n = 21) of the samples and in 86% of them, co-infection was detected. In decreasing order, the observed parasite prevalence was as follows: 100% for Cryptosporidium spp.; 62% for Ascaris spp.; 38% for Baylisascaris spp.; 33% for Trichomonas spp.; 19% for Strongylus spp.; 14% for Microsporidia and Coccidian oocysts; followed by Trichostrongylus spp. and ciliated protozoans with 10%; and Ancylostoma spp., Blastocystis spp., and Fasciola spp. were present in 5% of the samples. The presence of Blastocystis spp., Baylisascaris spp., Ascaris spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. suggests a possible rotation of parasitic species between domestic and wild host species. This is the first report of GIP for Andean bears in the east range of Colombia, which could help to generate other studies in the country and South America.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"35 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91369164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00005.1
M. Madadi, Bagher Nezami, Mohsen Kaboli, H. Rezaei, A. Mohammadi
Abstract: Identifying factors that influence human–wildlife conflict and people's attitudes toward carnivores can help managers mitigate conflicts and improve wildlife management. In this study, we used a questionnaire and conducted 230 interviews to evaluate some aspects of conflicts between local communities and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Mazandaran Province in the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran between 2009 and 2019. The questionnaire included the variables age group, education level, occupation, and source of income as well as experience with attacks and damage to agricultural properties, livestock, and beehives. Damage by brown bears to orchards was reported by 44% of respondents and to beehives by 32%; these were the main conflict causes. Brown bear attacks on humans occurred while humans were hunting, sheepherding, and collecting medicinal plants. About 30% of respondents were opposed to the presence of bears in nature because of economic losses they suffered due to bears, and people's attitudes toward predators were mainly influenced by economic factors. Understanding different patterns of human–brown bear conflicts can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is essential for informing conflict mitigation measures in the area. Moreover, education programs on brown bear behavior and implementation of compensation methods can reduce human–brown bear conflicts.
{"title":"Human–brown bear conflicts in the North of Iran: Implication for conflict management","authors":"M. Madadi, Bagher Nezami, Mohsen Kaboli, H. Rezaei, A. Mohammadi","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00005.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00005.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Identifying factors that influence human–wildlife conflict and people's attitudes toward carnivores can help managers mitigate conflicts and improve wildlife management. In this study, we used a questionnaire and conducted 230 interviews to evaluate some aspects of conflicts between local communities and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Mazandaran Province in the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran between 2009 and 2019. The questionnaire included the variables age group, education level, occupation, and source of income as well as experience with attacks and damage to agricultural properties, livestock, and beehives. Damage by brown bears to orchards was reported by 44% of respondents and to beehives by 32%; these were the main conflict causes. Brown bear attacks on humans occurred while humans were hunting, sheepherding, and collecting medicinal plants. About 30% of respondents were opposed to the presence of bears in nature because of economic losses they suffered due to bears, and people's attitudes toward predators were mainly influenced by economic factors. Understanding different patterns of human–brown bear conflicts can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is essential for informing conflict mitigation measures in the area. Moreover, education programs on brown bear behavior and implementation of compensation methods can reduce human–brown bear conflicts.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"66 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90176683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：