Tieraerztliche Praxis Ausgabe Kleintiere Heimtiere最新文献

The aim of this study was to describe the surgical treatment of combined radius and ulna fractures in Toy breeds using an external fixator and an intramedullary pin as well as to describe the advantages and disadvantages of this method.This retrospective study only included dogs of different Toy breeds that presented to the Grußendorf Animal Health Center between 2012 and 2023 with a distal diaphyseal radius and ulnar fracture. In all animals, the fracture was set using surgical repositioning as well as an intramedullary radial pin and subsequently fixated with a type 2 external fixator. Follow-up care included short-term hospitalization as well as a follow-up examination of the surgical site 10 days 10 days post-operatively and re-evaluation radiographs 6 weeks after surgery. Following implant removal, a supportive bandage treatment was carried out for 2 week. Complications were classified as either minor or serious, with serious complications characterized by the need for either medical or surgical additional treatment.A total of 54 patients met the study's inclusion criteria. On average, patients were hospitalized postoperatively during a period of 3 days, and the external fixator was removed after 9.2 weeks. Complications occurred in 17 patients (31.5%). There were 14 minor and 3 serious complications. In all cases, the described fracture treatment led to complete recovery (restitutio ad integrum).In the presented patient population, the combination of a Type 2 external fixator and intramedullary pinning of the radius in the treatment of distal radius and ulna fractures in toy and miniature dog breeds was shown to be reliable. This method may be performed with minimal material requirements.

Miniature pet pigs, called Minipigs, were originally bred for experimental purposes. Since the 1990s, they have been kept as pets in private households. They are kept indoor, in stables with runs and outdoors. Mistakes in feeding and insufficient knowledge of pet owners about their animals lead to husbandry-related diseases. Veterinary practices for small animals are often visited in the case of disease or necessary care measures. In this review, the topics of breeding lines, husbandry, feeding, legal principles, clinical examination, the most important diseases and their treatment are presented.

Primary erythrocytosis, also known as polycythemia vera, is a myoproliferative disease resulting in an increased red blood cell mass and is associated with increased hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. Patients have an augmented risk for thrombosis and bleeding. Typical clinical signs are weakness and central neurologic disturbances. An important clinical finding is the evidence of brick-red mucous membranes. Diagnosis of primary erythrocytosis is made by exclusion. Diagnostic work up includes measurement of erythropoietin levels as well as exclusion of common causes of secondary erythrocytosis (i.e. hypoxic disease, EPO-secreting tumors, kidney disorders). The treatment consists of initial phlebotomies, often combined with hydroxyurea as a chemotherapeutic agent. Patients may occasionally survive for years with long-term treatment. In this case report, a mixed-breed dog failed to show adequate response to chemotherapy with fever, diarrhoea and anorexia occurring during the hydroxyurea treatment period. Following the discontinuation of chemotherapy, clinical signs subsided. Due to rapid increases in hematocrit, phlebotomies were required very frequently (every 2 to 3 weeks) throughout the treatment. This case report demonstrates that control of clinical signs may be achieved with phlebotomy only and survival may exceed 30 months.

Owners commonly have certain concerns about vaccinations, particularly regarding potential adverse reactions. This review presents a summary of vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) reported in cats. The most commonly observed VAAEs in cats include mild, non-specific signs such as a mildly reduced general condition, anorexia, and increased body temperature. These mild systemic reactions commonly indicate a good immune response. Severe VAAEs, such as type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic or anaphylactic reaction), are very rare but potentially life-threatening. They can occur either immediately (within minutes) or several hours later and usually require treatment. The risk of VAAEs increases with the number of applied vaccines per visit. Therefore, a risk-benefit analysis should be carried out for each vaccination, and the number of vaccine components per visit should be minimized. Antibody measurements can be performed to assess the need for re-vaccinations, at least against panleukopenia in adult cats (re-vaccination only if antibodies are lacking). Also, long-term reactions after vaccinations play a role in cats. The most serious VAAE in cats is the feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS), which can develop at injection sites following vaccinations (or other injections). The definitive cause of FISS is still not fully understood. Furthermore, studies have found a potential correlation between (frequent) vaccinations and chronic kidney disease in cats, although a definite causal proof is lacking. Therefore, this principle should always be followed: vaccinate as often as necessary but not more than necessary.

Vaccination is one of the most important measures for preventing infectious diseases. The basic immunization of puppies is particularly important, because the development of robust, active immunity in the young has a positive effect on the health and constitution of the entire later life. Maternal antibodies can seriously interfere with the success of the vaccination by neutralizing the administered vaccine antigen - especially with live vaccines. The higher the levels of these antibodies, the longer they may prevent successful induction of active immunity. The level of these antibodies is usually unknown. Therefore, repeated vaccinations during the first months of life keep the time window, in which maternal antibodies have declined and no active immunity has been developed, as short as possible.In dogs, vaccinations against distemper, parvovirosis and leptospirosis are considered core vaccinations. The use of tetravalent leptospirosis vaccines is highly recommended. The attenuated live components against distemper and parvovirus should be administered to puppies in week 8, 12 and 16. Since the leptospirosis component is inactivated and is as much affected by maternal antibodies, it is sufficient to administer the leptospirosis vaccination in week 8 and 12. A vaccination against distemper, parvovirus and leptospirosis at the age of 15 months completes the basic immunization. In addition to the core components mentioned, vaccines against pathogens of the Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) (formerly: kennel cough complex), against canine herpes viruses, dermatophytoses, Lyme borreliosis and Leishmaniasis are approved for dogs. The use of these vaccines can be highly advisable depending on the individual risk of infection. For cats, vaccinations against panleukopenia and against feline herpes- and caliciviruses are considered core vaccinations. Kittens should be vaccinated against all three components in week 8, 12 and 16. A vaccination against all three components at 15 months of age completes the basic immunization. For cats, vaccinations against bordetella and chlamydia infections, against dermatophytoses and against infections with the feline leukemia virus are considered non-core. Immunization against feline infectious peritonitis is not recommended. Ferrets should be vaccinated against distemper. Rabies has been eradicated in Germany. The vaccination is therefore no longer considered a core vaccination. However, susceptible pets, i.e. dogs, cats and ferrets, that are moved within the EU or taken across the border to or from third countries must be vaccinated against rabies. Rabbits should be vaccinated against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease.

Two domestic cats (Abyssinian and Carthusian) presented with chronic respiratory signs including cough, respiratory sounds, and polypnea. One of the cats also showed intermittent fever. Thoracic radiographs demonstrated severe changes with predominantly micronodular interstitial lung patterns, some with mineralized areas. Bronchoalveolar lavage detected high-grade pyogranulomatous airway inflammation. A cytological examination for acid-fast bacteria and a PCR for Mycobacteria species of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were negative in both cats. A culture for Mycobacteria of the BALF detected Mycobacterium avium subspecies in both cats. While the clinical signs, but not the radiographic findings, could be controlled in one cat with prolonged double antibiotic therapy, the other cat developed septic peritonitis shortly after diagnosis and was euthanized. In unexplained chronic respiratory disease in cats, mycobacterial infection should be considered as a differential diagnosis. The breed of the first patient is consistent with the known predisposition for Abyssinians.

An 8-month-old castrated male Birman showing hematuria, stranguria, and intermittend head tremor was presented for further diagnostic work-up on suspicion of hepato-encephalopathic syndrome. Computed tomography examination revealed a shunt vessel emanating from the vena gastrica sinistra which connected to both the vena phrenica sinistra and a pulmonary vessel from the left caudal lung lobe draining into the left atrium. This represents the first case report describing the radiologic appearance, surgical ligation as well as the post-operative outcome of a cat with such a shunt form.

Objective: Various facultative pathogenic bacteria have been detected in the dog's prepuce. To prevent the transmission of these bacteria, some breeders flush the prepuce of their stud dogs before mating. The purpose of this study is to find out whether preputial flushing is medically useful before mating.

Material and methods: 20 male dogs participated in the study. Their prepuce was flushed with physiological saline and minimum 4 weeks later with Caniprevent. The effect of the different solutions was compared using microbiological examinations of swab samples taken before and after flushing.

Results: The most frequently identified bacterial species were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Streptococcus canis and mycoplasma. There was no significant difference in the number of bacteria detected in dogs with and without preputial discharge (p=0.878). After the flushing there was a significant decrease in bacterial growth. The bacterial reduction after preputial flushing with Caniprevent was 20.8% (p<0.001) and in that more pronounced than after flushing with NaCl (p=0.004).

Conclusion: Although a reduction in bacteria through preputial flushing could be detected in this study, the medical benefits of prophylactic flushing cannot yet be assessed.

Clinical relevance: With regard to preputial discharge and preputial flushing solutions, further research is needed in order to be able to better inform and advice pet owners.

Assessing the nutritional status is a crucial component of the general examination for all patients. However, in tortoises, this may be challenging due to their unique anatomy and limitations of the shell. Despite their popularity, there is currently no established standard for assessing their nutritional status and body condition. Depending on the equipment of the veterinary practice, different examination methods are available. As each method has advantages and disadvantages and no clear references exist, an assessment of the nutritional status of tortoises should always consist of several factors. Therefore, detailed knowledge of tortoise physiology is essential when selecting the appropriate method. This article presents an overview of the currently best-known methods and their possible applications in veterinary practice, considering the physiological characteristics of tortoises.