Narratives Verstehen von alltaglichen Geschichten folgt einer weitgehend unbewussten rezeptiven Erzahlsemantik. Diese beruht auf einem mentalen Situationsmodell, in dem der Strom an Informationen online in Erzahlabschnitte segmentiert und wiederkehrende Erzahlwechsel (narrative Shifts) erfasst werden. Narrative Shifts werden dem Modell nach durch sprachunabhangige konzeptuelle Parameter des Sprachverstandnisses ausgelost. Sie eignen sich daher gut zur Auslese zwischen aphasischen Erzahlverstandnisstorungen und Beeintrachtigungen in grundlegenden kognitiven Verstehensprozessen. Es ist zu erwarten, dass Personen mit Aphasie bei der Rezeption sprachlicher Texte beeintrachtigt sind, wahrend die sprachunabhangige kognitive Verarbeitung narrativer Shifts, z. B. im Stummfilm, unbeeintrachtigt sein sollte. Demgegenuber mussten bei Patienten mit kognitiven Storungen Symptome in beiden Leistungen auftreten. Nachfolgend sollen das Situationsmodell und narrative Shifts als Verstehensprozesse theoretisch eingefuhrt sowie Studien zur Rezeption narrativer Shifts und zu deren neuralen Korrelaten vorgestellt werden. Story comprehension determines much of our everyday experiences and is governed by implicit processes of narrative semantics. The stream of incoming information is segmented into narrative events. Thereby, new information and expectations based on general world knowledge are integrated into a mental situation model that is characterised by constituent features such as characters, time and location. Narrative shifts indicate major conceptual changes at event boundaries (e. g., change of character), which result in updating of the situation model. Since the situation model predicts narrative shifts to represent cognitive comprehension processes that are independent of verbal coding, they are a promising parameter to discriminate between neurocognitive deficits and purely aphasic difficulties of narrative comprehension. While persons with aphasia typically have difficulties in spoken or written text comprehension, they have less difficulty to understand silent movies. In contrast, non-language-related cognitive deficits should result in problems with text and movies. In the following, the situation model and the notion of narrative shift will be delineated theoretically, and behavioural as well as imaging data from 2 empirical studies on the reception of narrative shifts will be presented.
{"title":"Situationsmodell und narrative Shifts: Voruntersuchungen zur Diagnostik von sprachlichen und kognitiven Verstehensproblemen bei hirngeschädigten Patienten","authors":"J. Klann, W. Huber","doi":"10.1055/S-0031-1273714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0031-1273714","url":null,"abstract":"Narratives Verstehen von alltaglichen Geschichten folgt einer weitgehend unbewussten rezeptiven Erzahlsemantik. Diese beruht auf einem mentalen Situationsmodell, in dem der Strom an Informationen online in Erzahlabschnitte segmentiert und wiederkehrende Erzahlwechsel (narrative Shifts) erfasst werden. Narrative Shifts werden dem Modell nach durch sprachunabhangige konzeptuelle Parameter des Sprachverstandnisses ausgelost. Sie eignen sich daher gut zur Auslese zwischen aphasischen Erzahlverstandnisstorungen und Beeintrachtigungen in grundlegenden kognitiven Verstehensprozessen. Es ist zu erwarten, dass Personen mit Aphasie bei der Rezeption sprachlicher Texte beeintrachtigt sind, wahrend die sprachunabhangige kognitive Verarbeitung narrativer Shifts, z. B. im Stummfilm, unbeeintrachtigt sein sollte. Demgegenuber mussten bei Patienten mit kognitiven Storungen Symptome in beiden Leistungen auftreten. Nachfolgend sollen das Situationsmodell und narrative Shifts als Verstehensprozesse theoretisch eingefuhrt sowie Studien zur Rezeption narrativer Shifts und zu deren neuralen Korrelaten vorgestellt werden. Story comprehension determines much of our everyday experiences and is governed by implicit processes of narrative semantics. The stream of incoming information is segmented into narrative events. Thereby, new information and expectations based on general world knowledge are integrated into a mental situation model that is characterised by constituent features such as characters, time and location. Narrative shifts indicate major conceptual changes at event boundaries (e. g., change of character), which result in updating of the situation model. Since the situation model predicts narrative shifts to represent cognitive comprehension processes that are independent of verbal coding, they are a promising parameter to discriminate between neurocognitive deficits and purely aphasic difficulties of narrative comprehension. While persons with aphasia typically have difficulties in spoken or written text comprehension, they have less difficulty to understand silent movies. In contrast, non-language-related cognitive deficits should result in problems with text and movies. In the following, the situation model and the notion of narrative shift will be delineated theoretically, and behavioural as well as imaging data from 2 empirical studies on the reception of narrative shifts will be presented.","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81584471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Die Versorgung von hochgradig horgeschadigten Kleinkindern mit einem Cochlea-Implantat (elektronische Innenohrprothese – CI) hat sich in den letzten 22 Jahren bewahrt. Sowohl die standige Weiterentwicklung horresterhaltender Operationstechniken, die Entwicklung neuer Implantate, neue Sprachkodierungsstrategien, die Miniaturisierung der Sprachprozessoren als auch die guten Resultate bzgl. des horgestutzten Lautspracherwerbs CI-versorgter Kinder halfen uns – Schritt fur Schritt – Angste und Zweifel der Gegner zu minimieren. Auch das Erweitern der Indikation auf horrestige und mehrfachbehinderte Kinder sowie gehorlose Kinder gehorloser Eltern und die Entwicklung neuer Therapiekonzepte trugen wesentlich zum Erfolg bei. In the past 22 years cochlear implantation for deaf-born and deafened children has proved to be an effective tool for speech acquisition through hearing. Permanent developments like the soft surgery technique, new implants designs, new speech coding strategies, the reduction of the size of the speech processors and the good results in terms of speech acquisition through hearing after cochlear implantation in children have supported us in the step-by-step surmounting of fear and doubt among the opponents. The extension of indication criteria now includes also children with residual hearing, children with special needs and the deaf children of deaf and hearing-impaired parents.
对于高度机密的儿童，有22年没有使用人工耳蜗植入手术。持续不断地发展这种叫人吃惊的操作技术，研制新的植入体，新的语言编码法，使语言处理器微型化，以及取得良好的结果。聆听那些吵闹小孩的行为…帮助我们一步一步地减少敌人的恐惧和疑虑此外，证据的工作也把“证据”的工作扩大到性侵和多残疾儿童、不服从父母的子女和新疗法的制定，都大大增加了学习的难度。在《二十十二年过去》中，为了挽救难民的出生和贫困环境而进行人工呼吸的机器非常值得用。永久developments喜欢软surgery technique,纽implants设计,新speech coding strategies的the reduction of the超大of the speech processors and the在条件好一点的saber of speech) acquisition hearing通过严格筛选cochlear移植到儿童有supported美国《step-by-step surmounting of fear and疑慮兄弟連教化the opponents .其他城市也正在扩大
{"title":"Von den Anfängen zur Gegenwart der Cochlea-Implantat-Versorgung von hörgeschädigten Kindern","authors":"B. Bertram","doi":"10.1055/S-0030-1269867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0030-1269867","url":null,"abstract":"Die Versorgung von hochgradig horgeschadigten Kleinkindern mit einem Cochlea-Implantat (elektronische Innenohrprothese – CI) hat sich in den letzten 22 Jahren bewahrt. Sowohl die standige Weiterentwicklung horresterhaltender Operationstechniken, die Entwicklung neuer Implantate, neue Sprachkodierungsstrategien, die Miniaturisierung der Sprachprozessoren als auch die guten Resultate bzgl. des horgestutzten Lautspracherwerbs CI-versorgter Kinder halfen uns – Schritt fur Schritt – Angste und Zweifel der Gegner zu minimieren. Auch das Erweitern der Indikation auf horrestige und mehrfachbehinderte Kinder sowie gehorlose Kinder gehorloser Eltern und die Entwicklung neuer Therapiekonzepte trugen wesentlich zum Erfolg bei. In the past 22 years cochlear implantation for deaf-born and deafened children has proved to be an effective tool for speech acquisition through hearing. Permanent developments like the soft surgery technique, new implants designs, new speech coding strategies, the reduction of the size of the speech processors and the good results in terms of speech acquisition through hearing after cochlear implantation in children have supported us in the step-by-step surmounting of fear and doubt among the opponents. The extension of indication criteria now includes also children with residual hearing, children with special needs and the deaf children of deaf and hearing-impaired parents.","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85985942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hearing impaired children are confronted with adverse framework conditions and difficult prerequisites related to their aural and spoken language development. Interaction in their social environment is mainly dominated by auditory-verbal communication, thus entailing a major challenge for development. Recent studies support the assumption that hearing impaired children encounter a high risk concerning their psychic and social development. In Austria about 70% of these children are already integrated into regular schools by now. In Germany a similar trend can be observed. Within the regular school system spoken language is dominant and hard of hearing children face challenges not only in regard to school achievement but also concerning the quality of their peer interactions. The present study deals with a practice-oriented evaluation of the self concept, integration experience and behavioural abnormalities of hard of hearing children. In synopsis with the literature, specific mechanisms and factors were derived, providing innovative stimuli for the psychological work with hearing impaired children in assessment, therapy, educational companionship and parental support.
{"title":"Hörgeschädigte Kinder in Regelschulen – Selbstkonzept, Integrationserleben, psychosoziale Aspekte und pädagogische Rahmenbedingungen","authors":"F. Muigg, D. Nekahm-Heis, F. Juen","doi":"10.1055/S-0030-1267970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0030-1267970","url":null,"abstract":"Hearing impaired children are confronted with adverse framework conditions and difficult prerequisites related to their aural and spoken language development. Interaction in their social environment is mainly dominated by auditory-verbal communication, thus entailing a major challenge for development. Recent studies support the assumption that hearing impaired children encounter a high risk concerning their psychic and social development. In Austria about 70% of these children are already integrated into regular schools by now. In Germany a similar trend can be observed. Within the regular school system spoken language is dominant and hard of hearing children face challenges not only in regard to school achievement but also concerning the quality of their peer interactions. The present study deals with a practice-oriented evaluation of the self concept, integration experience and behavioural abnormalities of hard of hearing children. In synopsis with the literature, specific mechanisms and factors were derived, providing innovative stimuli for the psychological work with hearing impaired children in assessment, therapy, educational companionship and parental support.","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73482966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grande, J. Tschierse, Elisabeth Meffert, W. Huber, M. Wilms, K. Willmes, S. Heim
{"title":"Eine Leseschwäche, viele Ursachen – kognitive Subtypen der Entwicklungsdyslexie","authors":"M. Grande, J. Tschierse, Elisabeth Meffert, W. Huber, M. Wilms, K. Willmes, S. Heim","doi":"10.1055/S-0030-1265171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0030-1265171","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87728666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Die Bedeutung von Phonembewusstheit und semantisch-lexikalischen Fähigkeiten für Schriftsprachleistungen in der Grundschule1","authors":"K. Berendes, C. Schnitzler, K. Willmes, W. Huber","doi":"10.1055/S-0029-1246203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1246203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76178649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Befragung eines heterogenen Kollektivs von hörgestörten Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen hinsichtlich FM-Anlagen","authors":"S. Rohrbach, C. Bischof, M. Gross, J. Rosenfeld","doi":"10.1055/S-0030-1263191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0030-1263191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88247604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Verbales Arbeitsgedächtnis und verbales Lernen: Wort- und Pseudowortlernen in einem Fall von pathologischer Arbeitsgedächtnisbeeinträchtigung","authors":"J. Dittmann, S. Abel","doi":"10.1055/S-0030-1253361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0030-1253361","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73398901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hör-Gedächtnisspanne für mehrsilbige Wortfolgen im Kindesalter: Ein Gruppenvergleich","authors":"C. Kiese-Himmel, M. Reeh","doi":"10.1055/S-0028-1102954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1102954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79065918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paediatric swallowing and feeding disorders are mostly of a complex nature. The complexity in these disorders results from the interlinking of medical diagnosis, psychosocial risk constellation und developmental disorders. Due to its complex symptomatics, pathogenesis and developmental course, an interdisciplinary approach to the problem is essential. Such an interdisciplinary approach to diagnostics and treatment gives the team a wide range possibilities to develop an optimal treatment strategy for the individual child. The aim of treatment is a sufficient and safe supply with nutrition and fluids without placing pressure or using force on the child. Feeding and drinking should be a precious experience, which should be enjoyed by children and parents. An appropriate treatment approach is presented in this paper.
{"title":"Diagnostik und Therapie von Schluck- und Fütterstörungen bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern: Eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe","authors":"C. Aswathanarayana, M. Wilken, A. Krahl, G. Golla","doi":"10.1055/S-0030-1248335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0030-1248335","url":null,"abstract":"Paediatric swallowing and feeding disorders are mostly of a complex nature. The complexity in these disorders results from the interlinking of medical diagnosis, psychosocial risk constellation und developmental disorders. Due to its complex symptomatics, pathogenesis and developmental course, an interdisciplinary approach to the problem is essential. Such an interdisciplinary approach to diagnostics and treatment gives the team a wide range possibilities to develop an optimal treatment strategy for the individual child. The aim of treatment is a sufficient and safe supply with nutrition and fluids without placing pressure or using force on the child. Feeding and drinking should be a precious experience, which should be enjoyed by children and parents. An appropriate treatment approach is presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84224640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: It is becoming more and more important to stabilize the contents of conventional face to face therapy with computer-based therapy materials. With this method of self-conducted intervention, a highly intensive therapy can be realized. In the present study the efficacy of a computer-based therapy was reviewed in which subjects relearned in a self-conducted manner the lexical retrieval of randomly generated items. METHOD: A commercial version of a computerised therapy programme (ITS/aphasiaware, Siemens) was applied in the experiment. Due to the pilot character of the study, a small-n design with two subjects with contrasting symptoms of aphasia was chosen: Subject A suffered from an acute, fluent aphasia with mild anomia; Subject B suffered from a chronic, nonfluent aphasia with severe anomia. Both patients named in 17/20 sessions 60 items at a time, which were randomly generated from an 832 items sized pool. On average every single item was presented only two times (range: 1−12). The computer-based training was completed without additional therapeutic help but the procedure was controlled. In addition, the subjects achieved unspecific motivation in their learning behaviour. Reactions were recorded, classified and assessed with a session-related item-score. RESULTS: From session to session, the two subjects demonstrated a continuously and significantly improvement in performance. In pre- and post-tests, both subjects showed more correct reactions. The responses became more related to the target-item. In addition, the influence of lexical parameters like length and frequency decreased. The benefit for both single cases underlines the assumption that supervised, computer-based, self-conducted training of lexical retrieval is feasible and effective in different types of aphasia.
{"title":"Supervidierte computergestützte Benenntherapie mit randomisierten Items: Zwei Einzelfallstudien bei Aphasie","authors":"R. Darkow, K. Hußmann, W. Huber","doi":"10.1055/S-0029-1242743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1242743","url":null,"abstract":"RESEARCH QUESTIONS: It is becoming more and more important to stabilize the contents of conventional face to face therapy with computer-based therapy materials. With this method of self-conducted intervention, a highly intensive therapy can be realized. In the present study the efficacy of a computer-based therapy was reviewed in which subjects relearned in a self-conducted manner the lexical retrieval of randomly generated items. METHOD: A commercial version of a computerised therapy programme (ITS/aphasiaware, Siemens) was applied in the experiment. Due to the pilot character of the study, a small-n design with two subjects with contrasting symptoms of aphasia was chosen: Subject A suffered from an acute, fluent aphasia with mild anomia; Subject B suffered from a chronic, nonfluent aphasia with severe anomia. Both patients named in 17/20 sessions 60 items at a time, which were randomly generated from an 832 items sized pool. On average every single item was presented only two times (range: 1−12). The computer-based training was completed without additional therapeutic help but the procedure was controlled. In addition, the subjects achieved unspecific motivation in their learning behaviour. Reactions were recorded, classified and assessed with a session-related item-score. RESULTS: From session to session, the two subjects demonstrated a continuously and significantly improvement in performance. In pre- and post-tests, both subjects showed more correct reactions. The responses became more related to the target-item. In addition, the influence of lexical parameters like length and frequency decreased. The benefit for both single cases underlines the assumption that supervised, computer-based, self-conducted training of lexical retrieval is feasible and effective in different types of aphasia.","PeriodicalId":49480,"journal":{"name":"Sprache-Stimme-Gehor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2009-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91181637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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