Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology最新文献

This history page in the series "Leaders in Musculoskeletal Radiology" is dedicated to the memory and achievements of the German radiologist Alban Köhler (1874-1947), whose name is immortalized in several eponymous conditions, including Köhler's disease I and II. His pioneering work in skeletal imaging and his meticulous approach to radiographic analysis have left an enduring legacy in the field of musculoskeletal radiology.

Flexor tendon pathologies of the hand are frequently encountered in musculoskeletal radiology and require a precise diagnosis and treatment due to the complexity of the anatomy. Typical conditions are acute traumatic injuries such as tendon and/or pulley rupture as well as open lacerations. In addition, there is a wide range of infectious diseases, chronic overuse conditions, as well as degenerative, neoplastic, and systemic/rheumatic tendon disorders. Accurate characterization of these lesions with ultrasound for basic diagnostics and magnetic resonance imaging for further clarification is crucial for optimal therapy management and prognosis. Following a patient presentation, this article reviews the anatomy and diagnostic imaging features of the most common flexor tendon pathologies.

The recently introduced CUP classification of the triangular fibrocartilage complex divides the lesions into central (C), ulnar (U), and peripheral (P). The periphery of the triangular fibrocartilage complex consists of the meniscus homologue, the ulnocarpal joint capsule including the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath, and the ulnotriquetral and ulnolunate ligaments. Peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions can occur in isolation or in combination with injuries of the ulnar insertions and/or the articular disk. Most commonly the meniscus homologue and dorsal capsule are affected. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography/magnetic arthrography are used to assess peripheral lesions. The arthroscopic assessment of peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions is limited. To date, data on the clinical relevance of the radiologic reporting of peripheral lesions are lacking. This pictorial review illustrates typical peripheral lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex according to the CUP classification.

Disorders of the extensor mechanism of the wrist and hand are frequently encountered in clinical practice and observed more commonly than pathologies affecting the flexor system. When unrecognized or inadequately treated, these conditions may lead to substantial functional impairment and suboptimal clinical outcomes. Extensor tendon pathologies encompass a wide range of etiologies, such as repetitive overuse, acute trauma, inflammatory arthropathies, and degenerative tendinopathies. Accurate diagnosis depends on a thorough clinical evaluation, supported by high-resolution imaging. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are particularly useful for assessing tendon structure, surrounding soft tissues, and dynamic abnormalities. This review offers an updated overview of extensor tendon disorders of the wrist and fingers, focusing on their underlying causes and key imaging findings on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound to support an accurate and efficient diagnosis by radiologists.

A wide spectrum of conditions can trigger signal alterations in the lunate bone. From vascular complications such as Kienböck's disease to axial microtrauma in ulnocarpal impaction syndrome, the lunate signal is an essential indicator of carpal health. Many of the pathologies described in this review rely on magnetic resonance imaging for analysis; however combined assessment of patient history, clinical symptoms, and imaging is often the only way to find the correct diagnosis. Standard radiography serves as the first-line modality for diagnostic assessment in most patients, but morphological analyses are more precise when based on high-resolution computed tomography imaging. Because gadolinium enhancement (not edema) is the deciding factor in the vitality assessment of the lunate, the imaging work-up of suspected osteonecrosis should include intravenous administration of contrast agent to discern viable tissue and so-called repair zones from entirely necrotic bone.

Imaging, an essential diagnostic tool found ubiquitously in modern clinical practice, is particularly useful for evaluating musculoskeletal (MSK) pathology. However, technical errors in imaging and imaging artifacts are pitfalls that frequently diminish image quality and may lead to misinterpretation of radiologic studies by radiologists and clinicians. This review describes the causes and imaging appearances of the more common and important MSK imaging technical errors and artifacts in radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and MSK intervention that may potentially lead to erroneous interpretation. Where applicable, strategies to mitigate the impact of these pitfalls are also discussed.

Most mistakes relate to either a lesion being missed or when a lesion is seen a wrong diagnosis being made. Clinicians and patients understandably want an accurate diagnosis. An accurate diagnosis, however, is not always possible given the complexities and inherent limitations of imaging. There is an inevitable trade off between committing to trying to provide a definitive diagnosis and occasionally getting it wrong. Better, and more useful, to being occasionally wrong though than habitually noncommittal.

Assessment of internal derangement is a common indication for imaging of the injured knee in athletes. The first line of imaging is conventional radiography, but magnetic resonance imaging is often required. Radiographic features of ligament injury can be subtle, even when the soft tissue injury is devastating, resulting in instability that may require surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging to assess for ligament injury has several potential pitfalls that can lead to interpretation errors. This article describes common errors when imaging knee ligament injuries in the athlete and discusses strategies to reduce inaccuracies in imaging technique and interpretation. Mistakes on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographs typically arise from the timing of imaging (early/acute versus delayed/chronic), technical factors, potential mimics of pathology, and the inherent limitations of radiography.

Musculoskeletal imaging plays a central role in diagnosing and managing a wide range of orthopedic conditions. However, it remains susceptible to both interpretive and noninterpretive errors, amplified by increasing imaging demand and complexity. Artificial intelligence, especially deep learning and large language models, has shown growing potential to reduce these errors at every stage of the imaging workflow. From optimizing exam requests and imaging protocols to reducing artifacts and improving interpretative consistency, artificial intelligence supports radiologists in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility. Applications now extend across all modalities, including magnetic resonance, radiography, computed tomography, and ultrasound, and they address common pitfalls such as subjective assessments and measurement variability. Post-interpretation tools using large language models further improve report clarity and patient communication. Although integration into clinical practice remains ongoing, artificial intelligence already offers a transformative opportunity to improve musculoskeletal imaging quality and safety through collaborative human-machine interaction.

Non-neoplastic and noninfectious subchondral bone lesions incorporate several entities: acute traumatic injuries, insufficiency and fatigue fractures, primary or secondary osteonecrosis, osteochondritis dissecans, subchondral abnormalities related to cartilage loss, and marrow changes accompanying disuse or other causes of accelerated bone remodeling. Differentiating these conditions on imaging can be challenging due to overlapping imaging features, technical aspects, and insufficient clinical history. This review discusses how to avoid common mistakes in the imaging diagnosis of subchondral lesions, focusing on descriptive terminology, imaging scenarios, and reporting key imaging features that affect prognosis in these lesions.