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Introduction: Our work has examined the controversial role of NGOs in health development in Africa. NGOs are criticized for perpetuating the power structures of domination inherited from colonialism by appropriating development assistance for health (DAH) resources, thereby replacing national governments on the ground and imposing their own agenda in the provision of health services to populations.

Methods: We have utilized two sources of knowledge to address this concern. A review of the literature published after 2014 was used to explain the inappropriate practices of the development aid industry in relation to the health sector in Africa. Next, the authors' experiences in dealing with this situation were drawn on to define a new partnership for global public health that meets Africa's needs.

Results: The strategy of Africa's Global North partners is increasingly to use NGOs as the preferred intermediaries for their support, accusing African countries of being corrupt and incompetent. With the resources they appropriate, the NGOs take the place of national governments on the ground and, in many cases, undermine four key pillars in the development of any health system: governance, financing, human resources, and the provision of services, thereby contributing to the ongoing weakening of healthcare systems in Africa. The accompaniment approach, in which donors transfer DAH resources to governments, who in turn choose the NGOs they wish to work with, would be a more beneficial partnership for Africa. The fight against corruption and the strengthening of Africa's capacity for health action would be technical-assistance priorities in a new partnership grounded in mutual trust.

Discussion: The decolonization of public health in Africa is underway. Africa offers TFPs and NGOs a new partnership based on trust, in which it decides on the health agenda and the support model that will be most beneficial to it.

The Conférence nationale de santé (CNS) (French National Health Conference) is a consultative health democracy body that reports to the Minister of Health. After deciding to examine oral health as part of its work program, the Director General of Health asked the CNS to submit a report by the end of 2024. These recommendations are a summary of more than forty working meetings and thirty-two hearings held over a period of nine months. Among the key recommendations, we would particularly stress the need for an inter-ministerial delegate to lead on a possible "oral health" roadmap. Enabling this delegate to report on the actions undertaken to the CNS bodies would represent an unprecedented opportunity to strengthen the consultative role of this health democracy body.

Introduction: According to the French Medical Council (CNOM), the share of permanent employment among active physicians has been steadily decreasing since 2010, while a growing proportion of young physicians are choosing to work as locums. The objective of this survey was to describe the population of locum primary care physicians (PCPs) in France in 2022, and to characterize their professional activity.

Methods: This was a retrospective quantitative observational survey using an online self-administered questionnaire, distributed by email and social media.

Results: 624 responses were collected, and 612 were included in the study. 72% of the PCPs in our sample were women, their average age was 33 years, and 75% had defended their PhD thesis. 77% worked solely in private practice, 79% in associate medical offices. 73% performed at least one regular locum shift. The study participants covered for an average of 7 physicians per year, worked nearly 32 weeks per year, and 7 half-days per week. 45% worked 8 half-days or more per week. 44% participated in after-hours outpatient care. The overall health of the respondents was fairly good, with an average self-rating of 7.6/10, but their mental health was less good. Finally, 59% of the physicians responding to the questionnaire reported wanting to secure permanent employment.

Conclusion: Representative data of locum PCPs are rare. In this study, they report a significant level of activity that points to them being an essential link in the continuity of care, and, contrary to popular belief, an asset for established physicians. It would be interesting to study what young primary care physicians want to see in relation to their future practice and their professional life, within a changing health care system.

Introduction: Integrating type 1 diabetes (T1D) care in Cameroon is a challenge. Despite a number of initiatives providing free insulin to children, care is still inadequate.

Purpose of the study: This study explores the experiences of and recommendations for health professionals and families as actors in the integration of T1D care into the health system in Cameroon.

Methods: 38 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted: 5 with experts from the Ministry of Health, 13 with health care workers, and 20 with families (n=23 family members). An iterative approach was used in the thematic analysis. Categories were coded using QDA Miner 5.0.31 (Provalis).

Results: Participants revealed the importance of seeing T1D care more prominently as a government issue. Care professionals and families highlighted organizational challenges, stigma, and lack of understanding of the disease as major barriers. By contrast, caregivers highlighted the workload due to the lack of staff with training and education in T1D, and infrastructure issues, as barriers to the integration aspects of T1D care.

Conclusions: Despite concerted efforts, health professionals and families identified multiple barriers to the effective integration of T1D care. The results suggest opportunities/recommendations for addressing community challenges with a view to more integrated and participatory T1D care.

Introduction: Health coverage financing is a key issue for the sustainability and equity of health care systems. In Morocco, the roll-out of compulsory health insurance (CHI) represents major progress, but poses challenges related to managing contributions, and integrating the informal sector. This article analyzes the Moroccan health financing system and compares it with international examples to identify potential improvements.

Methods: The study is based on a systematic literature review and comparative analysis covering data from 2013 to 2023. The selection process followed the PRISMA framework. The main indicators examined include out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses, and the percentage of GDP allocated to health care.

Results: The findings reveal a high fragmentation of resources and a strong dependence on out-of-pocket expenses, limiting equity and access to care. However, Morocco has significant levers for reform. The comparative analysis with Thailand, Turkey, and France highlights applicable solutions: diversifying funding sources (sectoral taxes, and risk pooling), digitizing processes to improve efficiency, and strengthening regulatory mechanisms to control costs.

Discussion: The study emphasizes the importance of integrated governance and enhanced coordination between public and private stakeholders in improving the sustainability of the system.

Conclusion: Reforms combining funding diversification, digitization, and strengthened regulation are essential to enhance the equity and resilience of Morocco's health care system.