The lithium isotope system is increasingly being applied to a variety of Earth science studies, as the burgeoning literature attests; over 180 papers have been published in the last twelve years that report lithium isotope data, including five review papers that cover different aspects of lithium isotope applications (Elliott et al. 2004; Tomascak 2004; Tang et al. 2007b; Burton and Vigier 2011; Schmitt et al. 2012), and a book (Tomascak et al. 2016). The upswing in lithium isotope studies over the past decade reflects analytical advances that have made Li measurements readily obtainable. These include the use of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for relatively precise solution measurements (Tomascak et al. 1999a) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for high spatial resolution measurements (Chaussidon and Robert 1998; Kasemann et al. 2005; Bell et al. 2009). In addition, lithium isotope studies are motivated by the large variety of problems for which they may provide insight, including crust–mantle recycling, silicate weathering, fluid–rock interaction, as well as geospeedometry. The great interest in the Li system that spurred the development of these new analytical methods was initiated by the pioneering work of Lui-Heung Chan, who demonstrated not only that Li isotopic fractionation can be very large at or near the Earth’s surface (Chan and Edmond 1988), but also that Li isotopes are strongly fractionated during seawater-basalt interaction (Chan et al. 1992). This discovery naturally led to the search for a recycled slab signature in Li isotopes of arc lavas (some of the earlier studies include Moriguti and Nakamura 1998a; Chan et al. 1999, 2002b; Tomascak et al. 2000, 2002; Leeman et al. 2004; Moriguti et al. 2004), as well as more deeply derived intraplate basalts (e.g., Chan and Frey 2003 …
锂同位素系统越来越多地应用于各种地球科学研究，正如新兴文献所证明的那样;在过去的12年中，已经发表了180多篇报告锂同位素数据的论文，其中包括5篇综述论文，涵盖了锂同位素应用的不同方面(Elliott et al. 2004;Tomascak 2004;Tang et al. 2007b;Burton and Vigier 2011;Schmitt et al. 2012)和一本书(Tomascak et al. 2016)。在过去的十年里，锂同位素研究的上升反映了分析的进步，使得锂的测量很容易获得。其中包括使用多收集器电感耦合等离子体质谱法(MC-ICP-MS)进行相对精确的溶液测量(Tomascak等人，1999a)和二次离子体质谱法(SIMS)进行高空间分辨率测量(Chaussidon和Robert 1998;Kasemann et al. 2005;Bell et al. 2009)。此外，锂同位素研究的动力来自于它们可能提供见解的各种各样的问题，包括地壳-地幔再循环、硅酸盐风化、流体-岩石相互作用以及地质速度测量。Li - heung Chan的开创性工作引发了人们对Li体系的极大兴趣，促使这些新分析方法的发展，他不仅证明了Li同位素在地球表面或接近地球表面的分馏程度非常大(Chan和Edmond 1988)，而且证明了Li同位素在海水-玄武岩相互作用过程中分馏程度很强(Chan et al. 1992)。这一发现自然导致了在弧熔岩的Li同位素中寻找再循环板的特征(早期的一些研究包括Moriguti和Nakamura 1998a;Chan et al. 1999,2002b;Tomascak et al. 2000, 2002;Leeman et al. 2004;Moriguti et al. 2004)，以及更深层衍生的板内玄武岩(例如，Chan和Frey 2003……
{"title":"Lithium Isotope Geochemistry","authors":"S. Penniston‐Dorland, Xiao-Ming Liu, R. Rudnick","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.6","url":null,"abstract":"The lithium isotope system is increasingly being applied to a variety of Earth science studies, as the burgeoning literature attests; over 180 papers have been published in the last twelve years that report lithium isotope data, including five review papers that cover different aspects of lithium isotope applications (Elliott et al. 2004; Tomascak 2004; Tang et al. 2007b; Burton and Vigier 2011; Schmitt et al. 2012), and a book (Tomascak et al. 2016). The upswing in lithium isotope studies over the past decade reflects analytical advances that have made Li measurements readily obtainable. These include the use of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) for relatively precise solution measurements (Tomascak et al. 1999a) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for high spatial resolution measurements (Chaussidon and Robert 1998; Kasemann et al. 2005; Bell et al. 2009). In addition, lithium isotope studies are motivated by the large variety of problems for which they may provide insight, including crust–mantle recycling, silicate weathering, fluid–rock interaction, as well as geospeedometry. The great interest in the Li system that spurred the development of these new analytical methods was initiated by the pioneering work of Lui-Heung Chan, who demonstrated not only that Li isotopic fractionation can be very large at or near the Earth’s surface (Chan and Edmond 1988), but also that Li isotopes are strongly fractionated during seawater-basalt interaction (Chan et al. 1992). This discovery naturally led to the search for a recycled slab signature in Li isotopes of arc lavas (some of the earlier studies include Moriguti and Nakamura 1998a; Chan et al. 1999, 2002b; Tomascak et al. 2000, 2002; Leeman et al. 2004; Moriguti et al. 2004), as well as more deeply derived intraplate basalts (e.g., Chan and Frey 2003 …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"165-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75435961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional stable isotope geochemistry involves isotopes of light elements such as H, C, N, O, and S, which are measured predominantly by gas-source mass spectrometry (Valley et al. 1986; Valley and Cole 2001). Even though Li isotope geochemistry was developed in 1980s based on thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) (Chan 1987), the real flourish of so-called non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry was made possible by the development of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) (Halliday et al. 1995; Marechal et al. 1999). Since then, isotopes of both light (e.g., Li, Mg) and heavy (e.g., Tl, U) elements have been routinely measured at a precision that is high enough to resolve natural variations (Fig. 1). The publication of RIMG volume 55 ( Geochemistry of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes ) in 2004 was the first extensive review of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes summarizing the advances in the field up to 2003 (Johnson et al. 2004). When compared to traditional stable isotopes, the non-traditional stable isotopes have several distinctive geochemical features: 1) as many of these elements are trace elements, their concentrations vary widely in different geological reservoirs; 2) these elements range from highly volatile (e.g., Zn and K) to refractory (e.g., Ca and Ti); 3) many of these elements are redox-sensitive; 4) many of them are biologically active; 5) the bonding environments, especially for the metal elements, are different from those of H, C, N, O and S; and finally, 6) many of these elements have high atomic numbers and more than two stable isotopes. These features make the different elements susceptible to different fractionation mechanisms, and by extension, make them unique tracers of different cosmochemical, geological and biological processes, as highlighted throughout this volume. Figure 1 Non-traditional stable isotope systems covered in this volume. Figure 2 The terrestrial isotopic variation vs. the relative mass difference for non-traditional …
传统的稳定同位素地球化学涉及氢、碳、氮、氧和硫等轻元素的同位素，这些同位素主要是通过气源质谱法测量的(Valley等，1986;Valley and Cole 2001)。尽管Li同位素地球化学是在20世纪80年代基于热电离质谱法(TIMS)发展起来的(Chan 1987)，但所谓的非传统稳定同位素地球化学的真正繁荣是由于多收集器电感耦合等离子体质谱法(MC-ICPMS)的发展(Halliday et al. 1995;Marechal et al. 1999)。从那时起，轻元素(如Li, Mg)和重元素(如Tl, U)的同位素都被常规测量，其精度足以解决自然变化(图1)。2004年出版的RIMG第55卷(非传统稳定同位素的地球化学)是对非传统稳定同位素的第一次广泛回顾，总结了该领域到2003年的进展(Johnson et al. 2004)。与传统稳定同位素相比，非传统稳定同位素具有以下几个显著的地球化学特征:1)由于这些元素中有许多是微量元素，因此它们在不同地质储层中的浓度差异很大;2)这些元素的范围从高挥发性(如Zn和K)到难熔性(如Ca和Ti);3)许多这些元素是氧化还原敏感的;4)许多具有生物活性;5)不同于H、C、N、O、S的成键环境，尤其是金属元素的成键环境;最后，这些元素中有许多具有高原子序数和两个以上的稳定同位素。这些特征使不同的元素容易受到不同的分馏机制的影响，并引申开来，使它们成为不同宇宙化学、地质和生物过程的独特示踪剂，这一点在本书中得到了强调。图1本卷涵盖的非传统稳定同位素系统。图2陆地同位素变化与非传统…
{"title":"Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes: Retrospective and Prospective","authors":"F. Teng, N. Dauphas, J. Watkins","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.1","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional stable isotope geochemistry involves isotopes of light elements such as H, C, N, O, and S, which are measured predominantly by gas-source mass spectrometry (Valley et al. 1986; Valley and Cole 2001). Even though Li isotope geochemistry was developed in 1980s based on thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) (Chan 1987), the real flourish of so-called non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry was made possible by the development of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) (Halliday et al. 1995; Marechal et al. 1999). Since then, isotopes of both light (e.g., Li, Mg) and heavy (e.g., Tl, U) elements have been routinely measured at a precision that is high enough to resolve natural variations (Fig. 1). The publication of RIMG volume 55 ( Geochemistry of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes ) in 2004 was the first extensive review of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes summarizing the advances in the field up to 2003 (Johnson et al. 2004). When compared to traditional stable isotopes, the non-traditional stable isotopes have several distinctive geochemical features: 1) as many of these elements are trace elements, their concentrations vary widely in different geological reservoirs; 2) these elements range from highly volatile (e.g., Zn and K) to refractory (e.g., Ca and Ti); 3) many of these elements are redox-sensitive; 4) many of them are biologically active; 5) the bonding environments, especially for the metal elements, are different from those of H, C, N, O and S; and finally, 6) many of these elements have high atomic numbers and more than two stable isotopes. These features make the different elements susceptible to different fractionation mechanisms, and by extension, make them unique tracers of different cosmochemical, geological and biological processes, as highlighted throughout this volume. Figure 1 Non-traditional stable isotope systems covered in this volume. Figure 2 The terrestrial isotopic variation vs. the relative mass difference for non-traditional …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82298270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Chaussidon, Z. Deng, J. Villeneuve, J. Moureau, B. Watson, F. Richter, F. Moynier
Isotopic variation for traditional elements (H, C, N, O and S) has been widely used in the past 40 years in Earth and planetary sciences to study many processes with an emphasis on environments where fluids are present (e.g., Valley and Cole 2011). More recent developments have allowed high-precision measurements of isotope ratios of what has been called non-traditional elements (i.e., Mg, Si, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo), which are usually less fractionated than traditional elements by at least an order of magnitude (see this volume). These non-traditional stable isotopes can give insights on processes where fluids are not present (e.g., metal–silicate fractionation, e.g., Georg et al. 2007 and review by Poitrasson et al. 2017, this volume), evaporation processes during planetary formation (e.g., Paniello et al. 2012, Wang and Jacobsen 2016, and review by Moynier et al. 2017 this volume), igneous differentiation (e.g., Williams et al. 2009; Sossi et al. 2012; and review by Dauphas et al. 2017, this volume), and on biological processes (e.g., Walczyk and von Blanckenburg 2002, and review by Albarede et al. 2017 this volume). Among all these non-traditional isotopic systems, Mg isotopes are of major importance because (i) Mg is a major constituent of the silicate portion of planetary bodies, (ii) Mg has more than two isotopes (24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg) allowing to study processes leading to various types of mass fractionation (Young et al. 2002; Young and Galy 2004; Davis et al. 2015) and (iii) 26Mg excesses produced by the radioactive decay of short-lived 26Al (T1/2=0.73 Ma) (Lee et al. 1976) are a key tool for early Solar system chronology (see reviews by Dauphas and Chaussidon 2011; Chaussidon and Liu 2015). Note that in addition, significant Mg isotopic …
过去40年来，传统元素(氢、碳、氮、氧和硫)的同位素变化在地球和行星科学中被广泛用于研究许多过程，重点是流体存在的环境(例如，Valley和Cole, 2011年)。最近的发展已经允许对所谓的非传统元素(即Mg、Si、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mo)的同位素比率进行高精度测量，这些元素通常比传统元素的分异程度至少低一个数量级(见本卷)。这些非传统稳定同位素可以深入了解流体不存在的过程(例如，金属硅酸盐分选，例如，Georg等人，2007年和Poitrasson等人，2017年，本卷)，行星形成过程中的蒸发过程(例如，Paniello等人，2012年，Wang和Jacobsen 2016年，Moynier等人，2017年，本卷)，火成岩分异(例如，Williams等人，2009;Sossi et al. 2012;并由Dauphas等人审查。2017年，本卷)，以及生物过程(例如，Walczyk和von Blanckenburg 2002年，以及Albarede等人审查。2017年，本卷)。在所有这些非传统同位素系统中，Mg同位素非常重要，因为(i) Mg是行星体硅酸盐部分的主要成分，(ii) Mg有两种以上的同位素(24Mg, 25Mg和26Mg)，允许研究导致各种类型质量分拣的过程(Young等人，2002;Young and Galy 2004;Davis et al. 2015)和(iii)由短寿命26Al的放射性衰变产生的26Mg过量(T1/2=0.73 Ma) (Lee et al. 1976)是早期太阳系年代学的关键工具(见Dauphas和Chaussidon 2011年的评论;Chaussidon and Liu 2015)。注意，另外，显著的Mg同位素…
{"title":"In Situ Analysis of Non-Traditional Isotopes by SIMS and LA–MC–ICP–MS: Key Aspects and the Example of Mg Isotopes in Olivines and Silicate Glasses","authors":"M. Chaussidon, Z. Deng, J. Villeneuve, J. Moureau, B. Watson, F. Richter, F. Moynier","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.5","url":null,"abstract":"Isotopic variation for traditional elements (H, C, N, O and S) has been widely used in the past 40 years in Earth and planetary sciences to study many processes with an emphasis on environments where fluids are present (e.g., Valley and Cole 2011). More recent developments have allowed high-precision measurements of isotope ratios of what has been called non-traditional elements (i.e., Mg, Si, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo), which are usually less fractionated than traditional elements by at least an order of magnitude (see this volume). These non-traditional stable isotopes can give insights on processes where fluids are not present (e.g., metal–silicate fractionation, e.g., Georg et al. 2007 and review by Poitrasson et al. 2017, this volume), evaporation processes during planetary formation (e.g., Paniello et al. 2012, Wang and Jacobsen 2016, and review by Moynier et al. 2017 this volume), igneous differentiation (e.g., Williams et al. 2009; Sossi et al. 2012; and review by Dauphas et al. 2017, this volume), and on biological processes (e.g., Walczyk and von Blanckenburg 2002, and review by Albarede et al. 2017 this volume). Among all these non-traditional isotopic systems, Mg isotopes are of major importance because (i) Mg is a major constituent of the silicate portion of planetary bodies, (ii) Mg has more than two isotopes (24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg) allowing to study processes leading to various types of mass fractionation (Young et al. 2002; Young and Galy 2004; Davis et al. 2015) and (iii) 26Mg excesses produced by the radioactive decay of short-lived 26Al (T1/2=0.73 Ma) (Lee et al. 1976) are a key tool for early Solar system chronology (see reviews by Dauphas and Chaussidon 2011; Chaussidon and Liu 2015). Note that in addition, significant Mg isotopic …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"65 1","pages":"127-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83453555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review focuses on the rapidly growing field of natural 238U/235U variability, largely driven by the technical advances in the measurement of U isotope ratios by mass spectrometry with increasing precision over the last decade. A thorough review on the application of the U-decay series systems within Earth sciences was published in Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) volume 52 in 2003, and will not be discussed further within this review. Instead, this article will first focus on the basic chemical properties of U and the evolution of 238U/235U measurement techniques, before discussing the latest findings and use of this isotopic system to address questions within geochronology, cosmochemistry and Earth sciences. ### Uranium occurrence and properties Uranium constitutes one of the principal long-lived radioactive elements that was formed over the lifetime of the galaxy, then injected into the solar system and Earth when they formed more than 4.5 billion years ago (Ga; Dicke 1969). The discovery of the three naturally occurring radioactive decay chains of U and Th occurred around the start of the twentieth century (Becquerel 1896). The heat production from U decay, together with the decay of Th and K, provides the major radioactive heat source on Earth (e.g., Jaupart and Mareschal 2010). The ultimate decay of U to stable isotopes of Pb also forms the basis of one of the most important geochronometers for dating the Earth and solar system, namely the U–Pb or Pb–Pb dating systems (e.g., Patterson et al. 1955). In nature, U commonly occurs in two oxidation states, U+4 and U+6 (e.g., Langmuir 1978). Intermediate U+5 also occurs naturally, but is generally assumed to be unstable through disproportionation and therefore it is short-lived and uncommon in nature (e.g., Grenthe et al. 1992). Chemical species of U+4 are generally …
这篇综述的重点是快速增长的自然238U/235U变率领域，这主要是由于在过去十年中，质谱法测量U同位素比率的技术进步，精度越来越高。关于铀衰变系列系统在地球科学中的应用的全面综述发表在2003年的《矿物学和地球化学评论》(RiMG)第52卷中，本综述将不再进一步讨论。相反，本文将首先关注铀的基本化学性质和238U/235U测量技术的演变，然后讨论该同位素系统的最新发现和使用，以解决地球年代学，宇宙化学和地球科学中的问题。铀的出现和性质铀是主要的长寿命放射性元素之一，它是在星系的一生中形成的，然后在45亿年前太阳系和地球形成时被注入其中。迪克1969)。三种自然发生的放射性衰变链U和Th的发现发生在20世纪初(Becquerel 1896)。U衰变产生的热量以及Th和K的衰变提供了地球上主要的放射性热源(例如，Jaupart和Mareschal 2010)。U最终衰变为Pb的稳定同位素也构成了地球和太阳系测年最重要的地球计时器之一的基础，即U - Pb或Pb - Pb测年系统(例如，Patterson et al. 1955)。在自然界中，铀通常以两种氧化态出现，即U+4和U+6(例如，Langmuir 1978)。中间体U+5也会自然产生，但通常认为它由于歧化而不稳定，因此寿命短，在自然界中并不常见(例如，Grenthe et al. 1992)。U+4的化学种类一般是…
{"title":"Uranium isotope fractionation","authors":"M. B. Andersen, C. Stirling, S. Weyer","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.19","url":null,"abstract":"This review focuses on the rapidly growing field of natural 238U/235U variability, largely driven by the technical advances in the measurement of U isotope ratios by mass spectrometry with increasing precision over the last decade. A thorough review on the application of the U-decay series systems within Earth sciences was published in Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) volume 52 in 2003, and will not be discussed further within this review. Instead, this article will first focus on the basic chemical properties of U and the evolution of 238U/235U measurement techniques, before discussing the latest findings and use of this isotopic system to address questions within geochronology, cosmochemistry and Earth sciences. ### Uranium occurrence and properties Uranium constitutes one of the principal long-lived radioactive elements that was formed over the lifetime of the galaxy, then injected into the solar system and Earth when they formed more than 4.5 billion years ago (Ga; Dicke 1969). The discovery of the three naturally occurring radioactive decay chains of U and Th occurred around the start of the twentieth century (Becquerel 1896). The heat production from U decay, together with the decay of Th and K, provides the major radioactive heat source on Earth (e.g., Jaupart and Mareschal 2010). The ultimate decay of U to stable isotopes of Pb also forms the basis of one of the most important geochronometers for dating the Earth and solar system, namely the U–Pb or Pb–Pb dating systems (e.g., Patterson et al. 1955). In nature, U commonly occurs in two oxidation states, U+4 and U+6 (e.g., Langmuir 1978). Intermediate U+5 also occurs naturally, but is generally assumed to be unstable through disproportionation and therefore it is short-lived and uncommon in nature (e.g., Grenthe et al. 1992). Chemical species of U+4 are generally …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"81 1","pages":"799-850"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83911605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chlorine played a prominent role in the discovery of isotopes. The famous Cavendish Laboratory scientists were fascinated with the atomic mass of Cl. Most elements have a mass that is a close approximation of the multiple of hydrogen (e.g., Aston 1927). By 1920, it was recognized that the atomic weight of Cl was ~35.5, which appeared to violate Francis Aston’s whole number rule. Sir Joseph J. Thomson started the famous “Discussion on Isotopes” (Thomson et al. 1921) with the following: “I will plunge at once into the most dramatic case of the isotopes—the case of chlorine”. The discussion that followed between three Nobel Prize winners pitted Thomson against Aston and Frederick Soddy, the latter two in defense of multiple isotopes of a single element. And so the game began. Aston (1919, 1920) argued that the mass spectra of Cl-bearing compounds (e.g., HCl, COCl) supported the existence of at least two isotopes of Cl, 35Cl and 37Cl. However, Thomson contended that the spectra may be the result of different compounds of Cl and not necessarily different isotopes of Cl (Thomson et al. 1921). Ultimately, Aston was proven correct (e.g., Harkins and Hayes 1921; Harkins and Liggett 1923) and is now credited with the discovery of the two stable isotopes of Cl, which is notable for the unusually large abundance of its “rare” isotope. The relative abundances of 35Cl and 37Cl are currently accepted to be 75.76% and 24.24%, respectively (Berglund and Wieser 2011). It was not until ~75 years after the discovery of the stable isotopes of Cl that they become more “routinely” analyzed and the chlorine isotope compositions of various chlorine reservoirs were beginning to be determined. Here we summarize the current state of chlorine isotope standards, analytical methods, and fractionation, as well …
氯在同位素的发现中起了重要作用。著名的卡文迪什实验室的科学家们着迷于氯的原子质量。大多数元素的质量近似于氢的倍数(例如，阿斯顿1927)。到1920年，人们认识到氯的原子量是~35.5，这似乎违反了弗朗西斯·阿斯顿的整数规则。约瑟夫·j·汤姆逊爵士在著名的《同位素讨论》(汤姆逊等人，1921年)的开头是这样说的:“我将立即深入探讨同位素中最引人注目的例子——氯的例子”。随后三位诺贝尔奖得主之间的讨论使汤姆森与阿斯顿和弗雷德里克·索迪形成了对立，后者为单一元素的多种同位素辩护。游戏就这样开始了。Aston(1919,1920)认为含Cl化合物(如HCl, COCl)的质谱支持Cl至少有两种同位素的存在，即35Cl和37Cl。然而，Thomson认为光谱可能是不同Cl化合物的结果，而不一定是不同Cl同位素的结果(Thomson et al. 1921)。最终，阿斯顿被证明是正确的(例如，哈金斯和海耶斯1921;Harkins和Liggett, 1923)，现在因发现Cl的两种稳定同位素而受到赞誉，其“稀有”同位素的丰度异常之大而引人注目。目前公认的35Cl和37Cl的相对丰度分别为75.76%和24.24% (Berglund and Wieser 2011)。直到发现氯的稳定同位素约75年后，人们才开始“常规”地分析它们，并开始测定各种氯储层的氯同位素组成。本文综述了氯同位素标准、分析方法、分馏等方面的研究现状。
{"title":"Chlorine Isotope Geochemistry","authors":"J. Barnes, Z. Sharp","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.9","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorine played a prominent role in the discovery of isotopes. The famous Cavendish Laboratory scientists were fascinated with the atomic mass of Cl. Most elements have a mass that is a close approximation of the multiple of hydrogen (e.g., Aston 1927). By 1920, it was recognized that the atomic weight of Cl was ~35.5, which appeared to violate Francis Aston’s whole number rule. Sir Joseph J. Thomson started the famous “Discussion on Isotopes” (Thomson et al. 1921) with the following: “I will plunge at once into the most dramatic case of the isotopes—the case of chlorine”. The discussion that followed between three Nobel Prize winners pitted Thomson against Aston and Frederick Soddy, the latter two in defense of multiple isotopes of a single element. And so the game began. Aston (1919, 1920) argued that the mass spectra of Cl-bearing compounds (e.g., HCl, COCl) supported the existence of at least two isotopes of Cl, 35Cl and 37Cl. However, Thomson contended that the spectra may be the result of different compounds of Cl and not necessarily different isotopes of Cl (Thomson et al. 1921). Ultimately, Aston was proven correct (e.g., Harkins and Hayes 1921; Harkins and Liggett 1923) and is now credited with the discovery of the two stable isotopes of Cl, which is notable for the unusually large abundance of its “rare” isotope. The relative abundances of 35Cl and 37Cl are currently accepted to be 75.76% and 24.24%, respectively (Berglund and Wieser 2011). It was not until ~75 years after the discovery of the stable isotopes of Cl that they become more “routinely” analyzed and the chlorine isotope compositions of various chlorine reservoirs were beginning to be determined. Here we summarize the current state of chlorine isotope standards, analytical methods, and fractionation, as well …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"15 3 1","pages":"345-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80079177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
> “The Answer to the Great Question... Of Life, the Universe and Everything... > > Is... Forty-two,” said Deep Thought, with infinite majesty and calm… > > “I checked it very thoroughly,” said the computer, “and that quite definitely is the answer.” > > — Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy Molybdenum (Mo)—the element with atomic number 42—possesses unique properties that make it the answer to many questions in the geosciences, life sciences, and industry. In the geosciences, the redox sensitivity of Mo makes it particularly useful for answering questions about environmental redox conditions. In particular, it was first suggested as an ocean paleoredox proxy over 30 years ago (Holland 1984; Emerson and Huested 1991)—an application that finally came to fruition in the late 1990s and 2000s when understanding of Mo geochemical behavior in modern environments improved significantly (e.g., Crusius et al. 1996; Helz et al. 1996, 2011; Morford and Emerson 1999; Erickson and Helz 2000; Barling et al. 2001; Siebert et al. 2003, 2005; Arnold et al. 2004; Vorlicek et al. 2004; Morford et al. 2005; Nagler et al. 2005; Algeo and Lyons 2006; McManus et al. 2006; Poulson et al. 2006; Anbar et al. 2007; Wille et al. 2007; Pearce et al. 2008; Archer and Vance 2008; Neubert et al. 2008; Scott et al. 2008; Gordon et al. 2009; Poulson Brucker et al. 2009). In the life sciences, nature settled on Mo as the answer to the challenge of biological-N2 fixation at least ~ 2 billion years ago (Boyd et al. 2011), with the evolution of the Mo-dependent nitrogenase enzyme. Molybdenum is also at the heart of nitrate reductase enzymes, which are essential for assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction (Glass et al. 2009). Therefore, Mo is central …
>“这个伟大问题的答案……关于生命、宇宙和万物……> >是……深思带着无比的威严和平静说……> >“我查得非常彻底，”电脑说，“这就是答案。> >——道格拉斯·亚当斯《银河系漫游指南》钼(Mo)是原子序数为42的元素，它具有独特的性质，使它成为地球科学、生命科学和工业中许多问题的答案。在地球科学中，钼的氧化还原敏感性使其在回答有关环境氧化还原条件的问题时特别有用。特别是，它在30多年前首次被认为是海洋古还原度的代用物(Holland 1984;Emerson和Huested, 1991)——在20世纪90年代末和21世纪初，当对现代环境中Mo地球化学行为的理解显著提高时，这一应用最终取得了成果(例如，Crusius等，1996;Helz et al. 1996, 2011;Morford and Emerson 1999;Erickson and Helz 2000;Barling et al. 2001;Siebert et al. 2003, 2005;Arnold et al. 2004;Vorlicek et al. 2004;Morford et al. 2005;Nagler et al. 2005;Algeo and Lyons 2006;McManus et al. 2006;Poulson et al. 2006;Anbar等人，2007;Wille et al. 2007;Pearce et al. 2008;Archer and Vance 2008;Neubert et al. 2008;Scott et al. 2008;Gordon et al. 2009;Poulson Brucker et al. 2009)。在生命科学领域，至少在约20亿年前，随着依赖钼的氮酶的进化，大自然将钼作为应对生物固氮挑战的答案(Boyd等人，2011)。钼也是硝酸还原酶的核心，而硝酸还原酶对吸收和异化硝酸还原至关重要(Glass et al. 2009)。因此，莫是中心……
{"title":"The Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Molybdenum","authors":"B. Kendall, T. Dahl, A. Anbar","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.16","url":null,"abstract":"> “The Answer to the Great Question... Of Life, the Universe and Everything... > > Is... Forty-two,” said Deep Thought, with infinite majesty and calm… > > “I checked it very thoroughly,” said the computer, “and that quite definitely is the answer.” > > — Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy Molybdenum (Mo)—the element with atomic number 42—possesses unique properties that make it the answer to many questions in the geosciences, life sciences, and industry. In the geosciences, the redox sensitivity of Mo makes it particularly useful for answering questions about environmental redox conditions. In particular, it was first suggested as an ocean paleoredox proxy over 30 years ago (Holland 1984; Emerson and Huested 1991)—an application that finally came to fruition in the late 1990s and 2000s when understanding of Mo geochemical behavior in modern environments improved significantly (e.g., Crusius et al. 1996; Helz et al. 1996, 2011; Morford and Emerson 1999; Erickson and Helz 2000; Barling et al. 2001; Siebert et al. 2003, 2005; Arnold et al. 2004; Vorlicek et al. 2004; Morford et al. 2005; Nagler et al. 2005; Algeo and Lyons 2006; McManus et al. 2006; Poulson et al. 2006; Anbar et al. 2007; Wille et al. 2007; Pearce et al. 2008; Archer and Vance 2008; Neubert et al. 2008; Scott et al. 2008; Gordon et al. 2009; Poulson Brucker et al. 2009). In the life sciences, nature settled on Mo as the answer to the challenge of biological-N2 fixation at least ~ 2 billion years ago (Boyd et al. 2011), with the evolution of the Mo-dependent nitrogenase enzyme. Molybdenum is also at the heart of nitrate reductase enzymes, which are essential for assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction (Glass et al. 2009). Therefore, Mo is central …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"203 1","pages":"683-732"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85489354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nickel is an iron-peak element with 5 stable isotopes (see Table 1) which is both cosmochemically abundant and rich in the information carried in its isotopic signature. Significantly, 60Ni is the radiogenic daughter of 60Fe, a short-lived nuclide (t1/2 = 2.62 Ma; Rugel et al. 2009) of a major element. 60Fe has the potential to be both an important heat source and chronometer in the early solar system. 60Ni abundances serve to document the prior importance 60Fe and this is a topic of on-going debate (see Extinct 60 Fe and radiogenic 60 Ni ). The four other stable Ni nuclides span a sizeable relative mass range of ~10%, including the notably neutron-rich nuclide 64Ni. The relative abundances of these isotopes vary with diverse stellar formation environments and provide a valuable record of the nucleosynthetic heritage of Ni in the solar system (see Nucleosynthetic Ni isotopic variations ). Ni occurs widely as both elemental and divalent cationic species, substituting for Fe and Mg in common silicate structures and forming Fe/Ni metal alloys. The Ni isotope chemistry of all the major planetary reservoirs and fractionations between them can thus be characterized (see Mass-Dependent Ni isotopic Variability ). Ni is also a bio-essential element and its fractionation during low-temperature biogeochemical cycling is a topic that has attracted recent attention (see Mass-Dependent Ni isotopic Variability ). ### Notation Much of the work into Ni has been cosmochemical, focussing on the nucleosynthetic origins of different meteoritic components. Such studies have primarily investigated mass-independent isotopic variations, both radiogenic and non-radiogenic, which require choosing a reference isotope pair for normalization. Throughout this work we use 58Ni–61Ni as the normalizing pair, in keeping with current practice in the field. An alternative 58Ni–62Ni normalization scheme has previously been used for bulk …
镍是一种铁峰元素，有5种稳定的同位素(见表1)，从宇宙化学的角度来看，镍的同位素特征所携带的信息丰富。值得注意的是，60Ni是60Fe的放射性产物，60Fe是一种短寿命核素(t1/2 = 2.62 Ma;Rugel et al. 2009)的一个主要元素。在早期太阳系中，铁具有成为重要热源和计时器的潜力。60Ni丰度证明了60Fe的重要性，这是一个持续争论的话题(见灭绝的60Fe和放射性成因的60Ni)。其他四种稳定的Ni核素的相对质量范围约为10%，其中包括显著的富中子核素64Ni。这些同位素的相对丰度随着不同的恒星形成环境而变化，并提供了太阳系中Ni核合成遗产的宝贵记录(参见核合成Ni同位素变化)。Ni作为单质和二价阳离子广泛存在，在常见的硅酸盐结构中取代Fe和Mg，形成Fe/Ni金属合金。因此，所有主要行星储层的镍同位素化学和它们之间的分馏可以被表征(见依赖质量的镍同位素变率)。镍也是一种生物必需元素，其在低温生物地球化学循环中的分馏是近年来引起人们关注的一个话题(参见质量相关的镍同位素变异)。对镍的大部分研究都是宇宙化学的，集中在不同陨石成分的核合成起源上。这些研究主要是研究与质量无关的同位素变化，包括放射性成因和非放射性成因，这需要选择一个参考同位素对进行归一化。在整个工作中，我们使用58Ni-61Ni作为正火对，以保持目前在该领域的实践。另一种58Ni-62Ni归一化方案先前已用于批量…
{"title":"The Isotope Geochemistry of Ni","authors":"T. Elliott, R. Steele","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.12","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel is an iron-peak element with 5 stable isotopes (see Table 1) which is both cosmochemically abundant and rich in the information carried in its isotopic signature. Significantly, 60Ni is the radiogenic daughter of 60Fe, a short-lived nuclide (t1/2 = 2.62 Ma; Rugel et al. 2009) of a major element. 60Fe has the potential to be both an important heat source and chronometer in the early solar system. 60Ni abundances serve to document the prior importance 60Fe and this is a topic of on-going debate (see Extinct 60 Fe and radiogenic 60 Ni ). The four other stable Ni nuclides span a sizeable relative mass range of ~10%, including the notably neutron-rich nuclide 64Ni. The relative abundances of these isotopes vary with diverse stellar formation environments and provide a valuable record of the nucleosynthetic heritage of Ni in the solar system (see Nucleosynthetic Ni isotopic variations ). Ni occurs widely as both elemental and divalent cationic species, substituting for Fe and Mg in common silicate structures and forming Fe/Ni metal alloys. The Ni isotope chemistry of all the major planetary reservoirs and fractionations between them can thus be characterized (see Mass-Dependent Ni isotopic Variability ). Ni is also a bio-essential element and its fractionation during low-temperature biogeochemical cycling is a topic that has attracted recent attention (see Mass-Dependent Ni isotopic Variability ). ### Notation Much of the work into Ni has been cosmochemical, focussing on the nucleosynthetic origins of different meteoritic components. Such studies have primarily investigated mass-independent isotopic variations, both radiogenic and non-radiogenic, which require choosing a reference isotope pair for normalization. Throughout this work we use 58Ni–61Ni as the normalizing pair, in keeping with current practice in the field. An alternative 58Ni–62Ni normalization scheme has previously been used for bulk …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"88 1","pages":"511-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76780717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The isotopic compositions of natural materials are determined by their parent reservoirs, on the one hand, and by fractionation mechanisms, on the other hand. Under the right conditions, fractionation represents isotope partitioning at thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, the isotopic equilibrium constant depends on temperature, and reflects the slight change of free energy between two phases when they contain different isotopes of the same chemical element. The practical foundation of the theory of mass-dependent stable isotope fractionation dates back to the mid-twentieth century, when Bigeleisen and Mayer (1947) and Urey (1947) proposed a formalism that takes advantage of the Teller–Redlich product rule (Redlich 1935) to simplify the estimation of equilibrium isotope fractionations. In this chapter, we first give a brief introduction to this isotope fractionation theory. We see in particular how the various expressions of the fractionation factors are derived from the thermodynamic properties of harmonically vibrating molecules, a surprisingly effective mathematical approximation to real molecular behavior. The central input data of these expressions are vibrational frequencies, but an approximate formula that requires only force constants acting on the element of interest can be applied to many non-traditional isotopic systems, especially at elevated temperatures. This force-constant based approach can be particularly convenient to use in concert with first-principles electronic structure models of vibrating crystal structures and aqueous solutions. Collectively, these expressions allow us to discuss the crystal chemical parameters governing the equilibrium stable isotope fractionation. Since the previous volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry dedicated to non-traditional stable isotopes, the number of first-principles molecular modeling studies applied to geosciences in general and to isotopic fractionation in particular, has significantly increased. After a concise introduction to computational methods based on quantum mechanics, we will focus on the modeling of isotopic properties in liquids, which represents a bigger methodological challenge than …
{"title":"Equilibrium Fractionation of Non-traditional Isotopes: a Molecular Modeling Perspective","authors":"M. Blanchard, E. Balan, E. Schauble","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.82.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.82.2","url":null,"abstract":"The isotopic compositions of natural materials are determined by their parent reservoirs, on the one hand, and by fractionation mechanisms, on the other hand. Under the right conditions, fractionation represents isotope partitioning at thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, the isotopic equilibrium constant depends on temperature, and reflects the slight change of free energy between two phases when they contain different isotopes of the same chemical element. The practical foundation of the theory of mass-dependent stable isotope fractionation dates back to the mid-twentieth century, when Bigeleisen and Mayer (1947) and Urey (1947) proposed a formalism that takes advantage of the Teller–Redlich product rule (Redlich 1935) to simplify the estimation of equilibrium isotope fractionations. In this chapter, we first give a brief introduction to this isotope fractionation theory. We see in particular how the various expressions of the fractionation factors are derived from the thermodynamic properties of harmonically vibrating molecules, a surprisingly effective mathematical approximation to real molecular behavior. The central input data of these expressions are vibrational frequencies, but an approximate formula that requires only force constants acting on the element of interest can be applied to many non-traditional isotopic systems, especially at elevated temperatures. This force-constant based approach can be particularly convenient to use in concert with first-principles electronic structure models of vibrating crystal structures and aqueous solutions. Collectively, these expressions allow us to discuss the crystal chemical parameters governing the equilibrium stable isotope fractionation. Since the previous volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry dedicated to non-traditional stable isotopes, the number of first-principles molecular modeling studies applied to geosciences in general and to isotopic fractionation in particular, has significantly increased. After a concise introduction to computational methods based on quantum mechanics, we will focus on the modeling of isotopic properties in liquids, which represents a bigger methodological challenge than …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"153 1","pages":"27-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77484134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In high-temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, highly siderophile and strongly chalophile elements can be defined as strongly preferring metal or sulfide, respectively, relative to silicate or oxide phases. The highly siderophile elements (HSE) comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, and Au and are defined by their extreme partitioning (> 104) into the metallic phase, but will also strongly partition into sulfide phases, in the absence of metal. The HSE are highly refractory, as indicated by their high melting and condensation temperatures and were therefore concentrated in early accreted nebular materials. Within the HSE are the platinum-group elements (PGE), which include the six elements lying in the d -block of the periodic table (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6), i.e., Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh and Pd. These six elements tend to exist in the metallic state, or bond with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) or pnictogens (P, As, Sb, Bi). Rhenium and Au do not necessarily behave as coherently as the PGE, due to their differing electronegativity and oxidation states. For these reasons, a clear definition between the discussion of the PGE and the HSE (PGE, Re and Au) exists in the literature, especially in economic geology, industrial, or bio-medical studies. The strongly chalcophile elements can be considered to include S, Se, and Te. These three elements are distinguished from other chalcophile elements, such as Cd or Pb, because, like the HSE, they are all in very low abundances in the bulk silicate Earth (Fig. 1). By contrast with the HSE, S, Se, and Te all have far lower melting and condensation temperatures, classifying them as highly volatile elements (Table 1). Moreover, these elements are not equally distributed within chondrite meteorite groups (Fig. 2). Since their initial distribution in the Solar nebula, planetary formation and differentiation …
{"title":"INTRODUCTION TO HIGHLY SIDEROPHILE AND STRONGLY CHALCOPHILE ELEMENTS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE GEOCHEMISTRY AND COSMOCHEMISTRY","authors":"J. Harvey, J. Day","doi":"10.1515/9781501502095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502095","url":null,"abstract":"In high-temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, highly siderophile and strongly chalophile elements can be defined as strongly preferring metal or sulfide, respectively, relative to silicate or oxide phases. The highly siderophile elements (HSE) comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, and Au and are defined by their extreme partitioning (> 104) into the metallic phase, but will also strongly partition into sulfide phases, in the absence of metal. The HSE are highly refractory, as indicated by their high melting and condensation temperatures and were therefore concentrated in early accreted nebular materials. Within the HSE are the platinum-group elements (PGE), which include the six elements lying in the d -block of the periodic table (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6), i.e., Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh and Pd. These six elements tend to exist in the metallic state, or bond with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) or pnictogens (P, As, Sb, Bi). Rhenium and Au do not necessarily behave as coherently as the PGE, due to their differing electronegativity and oxidation states. For these reasons, a clear definition between the discussion of the PGE and the HSE (PGE, Re and Au) exists in the literature, especially in economic geology, industrial, or bio-medical studies. The strongly chalcophile elements can be considered to include S, Se, and Te. These three elements are distinguished from other chalcophile elements, such as Cd or Pb, because, like the HSE, they are all in very low abundances in the bulk silicate Earth (Fig. 1). By contrast with the HSE, S, Se, and Te all have far lower melting and condensation temperatures, classifying them as highly volatile elements (Table 1). Moreover, these elements are not equally distributed within chondrite meteorite groups (Fig. 2). Since their initial distribution in the Solar nebula, planetary formation and differentiation …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83471011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since V.M. Goldschmidt’s pioneering work, chalcophile elements have been identified as showing the greatest affinity for sulfur. Goldschmidt (1954) attempted to chart the distribution of these elements between the silicate (lithophiles), metal (siderophiles) and sulfide (chalcophiles) portions of meteorites by using sulfidation curves of metal 2M + S2 ⇌ 2 MS. Using a similar approach, Arculus and Delano (1981) suggested the following decreasing order of chalcophilic behavior: Ga >Cu>Mo >Fe >Ni >W >Co >Sn >Pb >Ag >Pt >Ir >Os >Sb >Ge >Re. Clearly such classifications are not suitable for discussing mantle chalcophiles. Siderophile and chalcophile elements have intermediate electronegativities and tend to form covalent or metallic bonds that are predominant in sulfide structures. Most elements that are siderophile are usually also somewhat chalcophile and vice versa. For example, highly siderophile elements (HSE) such as platinum-group elements (PGEs: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd), Re and Au are strongly concentrated in the sulfide phases, compared to nominally chalcophile elements (e.g., Pb, Ga, Ni) in terms of mass balance. Highly siderophile elements are assumed to be controlled by sulfide phases in the source of most mantle rocks and mantle-derived melts examined so far, because the uppermost mantle is not saturated with respect to Fe–Ni metal (Rohrbach et al. 2007). For this reason, the broad definition of chalcophile elements in the mantle should include all of the elements that are collected into sulfides, i.e., including highly siderophile elements (HSE), i.e., the platinum-group elements (PGE), Re, Au, Ag and the chalcogenides Se and Te. One way of sorting chalcophiles is by considering their sulfide melt/silicate melt partitioning behavior ( D sulfide melt/ silicate melt = the weight fraction of metal in sulfide melt/ the weight fraction of metal in silicate melt). Empirically and experimentally determined D sulfide melt/ silicate melt increase from …
{"title":"Chalcophile and Siderophile Elements in Mantle Rocks: Trace Elements Controlled By Trace Minerals","authors":"J. Lorand, A. Luguet","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2016.81.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2016.81.08","url":null,"abstract":"Since V.M. Goldschmidt’s pioneering work, chalcophile elements have been identified as showing the greatest affinity for sulfur. Goldschmidt (1954) attempted to chart the distribution of these elements between the silicate (lithophiles), metal (siderophiles) and sulfide (chalcophiles) portions of meteorites by using sulfidation curves of metal 2M + S2 ⇌ 2 MS. Using a similar approach, Arculus and Delano (1981) suggested the following decreasing order of chalcophilic behavior: Ga >Cu>Mo >Fe >Ni >W >Co >Sn >Pb >Ag >Pt >Ir >Os >Sb >Ge >Re. Clearly such classifications are not suitable for discussing mantle chalcophiles. Siderophile and chalcophile elements have intermediate electronegativities and tend to form covalent or metallic bonds that are predominant in sulfide structures. Most elements that are siderophile are usually also somewhat chalcophile and vice versa. For example, highly siderophile elements (HSE) such as platinum-group elements (PGEs: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd), Re and Au are strongly concentrated in the sulfide phases, compared to nominally chalcophile elements (e.g., Pb, Ga, Ni) in terms of mass balance. Highly siderophile elements are assumed to be controlled by sulfide phases in the source of most mantle rocks and mantle-derived melts examined so far, because the uppermost mantle is not saturated with respect to Fe–Ni metal (Rohrbach et al. 2007). For this reason, the broad definition of chalcophile elements in the mantle should include all of the elements that are collected into sulfides, i.e., including highly siderophile elements (HSE), i.e., the platinum-group elements (PGE), Re, Au, Ag and the chalcogenides Se and Te. One way of sorting chalcophiles is by considering their sulfide melt/silicate melt partitioning behavior ( D sulfide melt/ silicate melt = the weight fraction of metal in sulfide melt/ the weight fraction of metal in silicate melt). Empirically and experimentally determined D sulfide melt/ silicate melt increase from …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":"441-488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81519170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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