HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Multiphase Multicomponent Reactive Transport and Flow Modeling Irina Sin, Jérôme Corvisier
它是一个多学科的开放获取档案，用于科学研究文件的存储和传播，无论它们是否出版。这些文件可能来自法国或国外的教学和研究机构，也可能来自公共或私人研究中心。HAL开放多学科档案旨在存放和传播来自法国或外国教育和研究机构、公共或私人实验室的已发表或未发表的研究级科学文件。多相多组分反应传输和流建模Irina Sin, jerome Corvisier
{"title":"Multiphase Multicomponent Reactive Transport and Flow Modeling","authors":"I. Sin, J. Corvisier","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2019.85.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2019.85.6","url":null,"abstract":"HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Multiphase Multicomponent Reactive Transport and Flow Modeling Irina Sin, Jérôme Corvisier","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"143-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82518735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This volume presents an extended review of the topics conveyed in a short course on Geothermal Fluid Thermodynamics held prior to the 23rd Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference in Florence, Italy (August 24–25, 2013). Geothermal fluids in the broadest sense span large variations in composition and cover wide ranges of temperature and pressure. Their composition may also be dynamic and change in space and time on both short and long time scales. In addition, physiochemical properties of fluids such as density, viscosity, compressibility and heat capacity determine the transfer of heat and mass by geothermal systems, whereas, in turn, the physical properties of the fluids are affected by their chemical properties. Quantitative models of the transient spatial and temporal evolution of geochemical fluid processes are, therefore, very demanding with respect to the accuracy and broad range of applicability of thermodynamic databases and thermodynamic models (or equations of state) that describe the various datasets as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. The application of thermodynamic calculations is, therefore, a central part of geochemical studies of very diverse processes ranging from the aqueous geochemistry of near surface geothermal features including chemosynthesis and thermal biological activity, through the utilization of crustal reservoirs for CO2 sequestration and engineered geothermal systems to the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits and, even deeper, to the de-volatilization of subducted oceanic crust and the transfer of subduction fluids and trace elements into the mantle wedge. Application of thermodynamics to understand geothermal fluid chemistry and transport requires essentially three parts: first, equations of state to describe the physiochemical system; second, a geochemical model involving minerals and fluid species; and, third, values for various thermodynamic parameters from which the thermodynamic and chemical model can be derived. The two biggest current hurdles for comprehensive geochemical modeling of geothermal systems are …
{"title":"Thermodynamics of Geothermal Fluids","authors":"A. Stefánsson, T. Driesner, P. Bénézeth","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2013.76.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2013.76.1","url":null,"abstract":"This volume presents an extended review of the topics conveyed in a short course on Geothermal Fluid Thermodynamics held prior to the 23rd Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference in Florence, Italy (August 24–25, 2013).\u0000\u0000Geothermal fluids in the broadest sense span large variations in composition and cover wide ranges of temperature and pressure. Their composition may also be dynamic and change in space and time on both short and long time scales. In addition, physiochemical properties of fluids such as density, viscosity, compressibility and heat capacity determine the transfer of heat and mass by geothermal systems, whereas, in turn, the physical properties of the fluids are affected by their chemical properties. Quantitative models of the transient spatial and temporal evolution of geochemical fluid processes are, therefore, very demanding with respect to the accuracy and broad range of applicability of thermodynamic databases and thermodynamic models (or equations of state) that describe the various datasets as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition. The application of thermodynamic calculations is, therefore, a central part of geochemical studies of very diverse processes ranging from the aqueous geochemistry of near surface geothermal features including chemosynthesis and thermal biological activity, through the utilization of crustal reservoirs for CO2 sequestration and engineered geothermal systems to the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits and, even deeper, to the de-volatilization of subducted oceanic crust and the transfer of subduction fluids and trace elements into the mantle wedge.\u0000\u0000Application of thermodynamics to understand geothermal fluid chemistry and transport requires essentially three parts: first, equations of state to describe the physiochemical system; second, a geochemical model involving minerals and fluid species; and, third, values for various thermodynamic parameters from which the thermodynamic and chemical model can be derived. The two biggest current hurdles for comprehensive geochemical modeling of geothermal systems are …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83059171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
### REE-minerals Monazite, xenotime, and allanite are REE1-minerals sensu stricto because lanthanides (La…Lu) and yttrium are critical constituents in them. Apatite does not require REE, but because it contains substantial REE in many rocks, it is included in this review. All four minerals also host unusually high radionuclide concentrations, notably Th and U, forming the basis of their utility as geochronometers. This quartet of accessory minerals is playing an increasingly important role in petrochronology because they provide ways to link robust spot ages to petrogenetic ( P–T ) conditions so can lend petrogenetic context to chronology based on other minerals. Part I of this review assembles the basic requisites prior to integrative petrochronologic analysis. Individual characteristics of the four REE-minerals are addressed first, i.e., their crystal chemistry and stability relations. Thermobarometers and trace element geochemistry used for tracing petrogenesis are discussed next, and finally their chronology is summarized. Part II presents case studies to highlight the specific strengths of REE-minerals used to resolve the dynamics of a broad range of processes, from diagenetic to magmatic conditions. Finally, a brief section at the end outlines a few of the current challenges and promising perspectives for future work. To introduce the four REE-minerals in style, let us recall the origins of their names. The three phosphates have well respected Greek grandparents, and allanite has solid Scottish roots, yet of all four of them show idiosyncracies in etymology or type material. Apatite had long puzzled naturalists, as it shows great chemical and physical variability and can resemble other minerals. Once properly identified, Abraham Gottlieb Werner named it apatite. His reasoning referred to the Greek root ἀπατὰω and giving the precise Latin translation: decipio . Taken literally, both mean “I deceive” or “I mislead”, which sounds like an apt confession from this mineral for having fooled …
稀土矿物独居石、xenotime和allanite是严格意义上的稀土矿物，因为镧系元素(La…Lu)和钇是它们的关键成分。磷灰石不需要稀土元素，但由于磷灰石在许多岩石中含有大量的稀土元素，因此被列入本次评述。这四种矿物还含有异常高的放射性核素浓度，特别是Th和U，这构成了它们作为地球计时器的基础。这四种辅助矿物在岩石年代学中发挥着越来越重要的作用，因为它们提供了将可靠的现场年龄与岩石成因(P-T)条件联系起来的方法，从而可以为基于其他矿物的岩石成因年代学提供背景。本文的第一部分介绍了进行综合岩石年代学分析的基本条件。首先分析了四种稀土矿物的个体特征，即它们的晶体化学性质和稳定性关系。接着讨论了用于示踪岩石成因的温度计和微量元素地球化学，最后总结了它们的年代学。第二部分介绍了案例研究，以突出ree矿物的特定优势，用于解决从成岩到岩浆条件的广泛过程的动力学。最后，在最后的简短部分概述了当前的一些挑战和未来工作的前景。为了时髦地介绍四种稀土矿物，让我们回顾一下它们名字的由来。这三种磷酸盐都有受人尊敬的希腊祖先，而allanite则有坚实的苏格兰根源，但这四种磷酸盐在词源或类型材料上都表现出独特性。磷灰石长期以来一直困扰着博物学家，因为它表现出巨大的化学和物理变异性，并且与其他矿物相似。经过鉴定后，亚伯拉罕·戈特利布·沃纳将其命名为磷灰石。他的推理参考了希腊词根“πατ ο ω”，并给出了精确的拉丁语翻译:decipio。从字面上看，两者都意味着“我欺骗”或“我误导”，这听起来像是这种矿物对愚弄的恰当忏悔……
{"title":"Petrochronology Based on REE-Minerals: Monazite, Allanite, Xenotime, Apatite","authors":"M. Engi","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.12","url":null,"abstract":"### REE-minerals\u0000\u0000Monazite, xenotime, and allanite are REE1-minerals sensu stricto because lanthanides (La…Lu) and yttrium are critical constituents in them. Apatite does not require REE, but because it contains substantial REE in many rocks, it is included in this review. All four minerals also host unusually high radionuclide concentrations, notably Th and U, forming the basis of their utility as geochronometers.\u0000\u0000This quartet of accessory minerals is playing an increasingly important role in petrochronology because they provide ways to link robust spot ages to petrogenetic ( P–T ) conditions so can lend petrogenetic context to chronology based on other minerals. Part I of this review assembles the basic requisites prior to integrative petrochronologic analysis. Individual characteristics of the four REE-minerals are addressed first, i.e., their crystal chemistry and stability relations. Thermobarometers and trace element geochemistry used for tracing petrogenesis are discussed next, and finally their chronology is summarized. Part II presents case studies to highlight the specific strengths of REE-minerals used to resolve the dynamics of a broad range of processes, from diagenetic to magmatic conditions. Finally, a brief section at the end outlines a few of the current challenges and promising perspectives for future work.\u0000\u0000To introduce the four REE-minerals in style, let us recall the origins of their names. The three phosphates have well respected Greek grandparents, and allanite has solid Scottish roots, yet of all four of them show idiosyncracies in etymology or type material.\u0000\u0000Apatite had long puzzled naturalists, as it shows great chemical and physical variability and can resemble other minerals. Once properly identified, Abraham Gottlieb Werner named it apatite. His reasoning referred to the Greek root ἀπατὰω and giving the precise Latin translation: decipio . Taken literally, both mean “I deceive” or “I mislead”, which sounds like an apt confession from this mineral for having fooled …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"14 1","pages":"365-418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87853557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garnet could be the ultimate petrochronometer. Not only can you date it directly (with an accuracy and precision that may surprise some), but it is also a common rock-forming and porphyroblast-forming mineral, with wide ranging—yet thermodynamically well understood—solid solution that provides direct and quantitative petrologic context. While accessory phase petrochronology is based largely upon establishing links to the growth or breakdown of key rock-forming pressure–temperature–composition ( P–T–X ) indicators (e.g., Rubatto 2002; Williams et al. 2007), garnet is one of those key indicator minerals. Garnet occurs in a great variety of rock types (see Baxter et al. 2013) and is frequently zoned (texturally, chemically) meaning that it contains more than just a snapshot of metamorphic conditions, but rather a semi-continuous history of evolving tectonometamorphic conditions during its often prolonged growth. In this way, garnet and its growth zonation have been likened to dendrochronology: garnet as the tree rings of evolving tectonometamorphic conditions (e.g., Pollington and Baxter 2010). In some ways, the dream of ‘petrochronology’ all started with garnet (Fig. 1). When Atherton and Edmunds (1965) or Hollister (1966) recognized the chemical zonation in garnet, when Rosenfeld (1968) noted the spiral ‘snowball’ of inclusions in rotated garnet, or when Tracy et al. (1976) drew the first 2-D map of garnet chemical zonation, illuminating those ‘tree-rings’ for the first time, they could only imagine what is now a reality decades later—direct zoned garnet geochronology of those concentric rings of growth. Geoscientists soon thereafter attempted the first garnet geochronology (van Breemen and Hawkesworth 1980), though several factors severely limited the development and wider-spread use of garnet geochronology from that point. These factors included 1) contamination of garnet by micro-mineral inclusions, 2) analytical limitations of small sample size, 3) the requirement of anchoring a garnet age analysis with another point on an isochron, and …
石榴石可能是终极岩石计时器。你不仅可以直接确定它的年代(其准确度和精度可能会让一些人感到惊讶)，而且它也是一种常见的岩石形成和卟啉形成矿物，具有广泛的(但热力学上很好理解的)固溶体，可以提供直接和定量的岩石学背景。副相岩石年代学主要建立在与关键的岩石形成压力-温度-组成(P-T-X)指标的生长或破裂建立联系的基础上(例如，Rubatto 2002;Williams et al. 2007)，石榴石是这些关键指示矿物之一。石榴石出现在各种各样的岩石类型中(见Baxter et al. 2013)，并且经常被分带(在结构上，化学上)，这意味着它不仅仅包含变质条件的快照，而是在其经常延长的生长过程中演化的构造变质条件的半连续历史。通过这种方式，石榴石及其生长带被比作树木年代学:石榴石作为不断演变的构造变质条件的树木年轮(例如，Pollington和Baxter 2010)。在某种程度上，“岩石年代学”的梦想始于石榴石(图1)。当Atherton和Edmunds(1965)或Hollister(1966)认识到石榴石中的化学分带，当Rosenfeld(1968)注意到旋转石榴石中包裹体的螺旋“雪球”，或者当Tracy等人(1976)绘制了第一张石榴石化学分带的二维地图，第一次阐明了那些“树轮”时，他们只能想象几十年后的现实——那些同心圆生长环的直接带状石榴石地质年代学。此后不久，地球科学家尝试了第一个石榴石地质年表(van Breemen and Hawkesworth 1980)，尽管从那时起，几个因素严重限制了石榴石地质年表的发展和广泛使用。这些因素包括:1)微量矿物包裹体对石榴石的污染;2)小样本量的分析限制;3)在等时线上锚定石榴石年龄分析的要求;
{"title":"Garnet: A Rock-Forming Mineral Petrochronometer","authors":"E. Baxter, M. Caddick, B. Dragovic","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.15","url":null,"abstract":"Garnet could be the ultimate petrochronometer. Not only can you date it directly (with an accuracy and precision that may surprise some), but it is also a common rock-forming and porphyroblast-forming mineral, with wide ranging—yet thermodynamically well understood—solid solution that provides direct and quantitative petrologic context. While accessory phase petrochronology is based largely upon establishing links to the growth or breakdown of key rock-forming pressure–temperature–composition ( P–T–X ) indicators (e.g., Rubatto 2002; Williams et al. 2007), garnet is one of those key indicator minerals. Garnet occurs in a great variety of rock types (see Baxter et al. 2013) and is frequently zoned (texturally, chemically) meaning that it contains more than just a snapshot of metamorphic conditions, but rather a semi-continuous history of evolving tectonometamorphic conditions during its often prolonged growth. In this way, garnet and its growth zonation have been likened to dendrochronology: garnet as the tree rings of evolving tectonometamorphic conditions (e.g., Pollington and Baxter 2010).\u0000\u0000In some ways, the dream of ‘petrochronology’ all started with garnet (Fig. 1). When Atherton and Edmunds (1965) or Hollister (1966) recognized the chemical zonation in garnet, when Rosenfeld (1968) noted the spiral ‘snowball’ of inclusions in rotated garnet, or when Tracy et al. (1976) drew the first 2-D map of garnet chemical zonation, illuminating those ‘tree-rings’ for the first time, they could only imagine what is now a reality decades later—direct zoned garnet geochronology of those concentric rings of growth. Geoscientists soon thereafter attempted the first garnet geochronology (van Breemen and Hawkesworth 1980), though several factors severely limited the development and wider-spread use of garnet geochronology from that point. These factors included 1) contamination of garnet by micro-mineral inclusions, 2) analytical limitations of small sample size, 3) the requirement of anchoring a garnet age analysis with another point on an isochron, and …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"15 1","pages":"469-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82134258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A mineral that forms under conditions as variable as diagenesis to deep subduction, melt crystallization to low temperature alteration, and that retains information on time, temperature, trace element and isotopic signatures is bound to be a useful petrogenetic tool. The variety of conditions under which zircon forms and reacts during metamorphism is a great asset, but also a challenge as interpretation of any geochemical data obtained from zircon must be placed in pressure–temperature–deformation–fluid context. Under which condition and by which process zircon forms in metamorphic rocks remains a crucial question to answer for the correct interpretation of its precious geochemical information.In the last 20 years there has been a dramatic evolution in the use of zircon in metamorphic petrology. With the advent of in situ dating techniques zircon became relevant as a mineral for age determinations in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Since then, there has been incredible progress in our understanding of metamorphic zircon with the documentation of growth and alteration textures, its capacity to protect mineral inclusions, zircon thermometry, trace element patterns and their relation to main mineral assemblages, solubility of zircon in melt and fluids, and isotopic systematics in single domains that go beyond U–Pb age determinations.Metamorphic zircon is no longer an impediment to precise geochronology of protolith rocks, but has become a truly indispensable mineral in reconstructing pressure–temperature–time–fluid-paths over a wide range of settings. An obvious consequence of its wide use, is the rapid increase of literature on metamorphic zircon and any attempt to summarize it can only be partial: in this chapter, reference to published works are intended as examples and not as a compilation.This chapter approaches zircon as a metamorphic mineral reporting on its petrography and texture, deformation structure and mineral chemistry, including trace element and isotopic systematics. Linking this information together highlights the potential of zircon as a key mineral in petrochronology.
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M. L. Williams, M. Jercinovic, K. Mahan, G. Dumond
The term petrochronology has increasingly appeared in publications and presentations over the past decade. The term has been defined in a somewhat narrow sense as “the interpretation of isotopic dates in the light of complementary elemental or isotopic information from the same mineral(s)” (Kylander-Clark et al. 2013). Although complementary isotopic and elementary information are certainly a central and critical part of most, if not all, petrochronology studies, the range of recent studies that might use the term covers a much broader scope. The term “petrochronology” might alternatively be defined as the detailed incorporation of chronometer phases into the petrologic (and tectonic) evolution of their host rocks, in order to place direct age constraints on petrologic and structural processes. As noted by Kylander-Clark et al. (2013), the linkage between geochronology and petrology can involve a variety of data including mineral textures and fabrics, the distribution of mineral modes or volume proportions, compositional zoning, mineral inclusion relationships, and certainly major element, trace element, and isotopic composition of the chronometer and all other phases. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) has a central and critical role to play in establishing the linkage between chronometer phases and their host assemblage. The basic instrument is an electron microscope which can be used in either scanning or fixed beam modes, with integrated wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS), energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS), electron detectors (to image secondary and backscattered signals) a light optical system, and optionally cathodoluminescence (CL) detection. The electron microprobe is used to investigate the distribution, composition, and compositional zonation of all mineral phases, the data that underpin thermobarometric analysis and modeling of P–T histories. The microprobe, with μm-scale spatial resolution, can also characterize compositional zonation in very small accessory phases including monazite, xenotime, zircon, allanite, titanite, apatite, and others. This, as discussed below, can be a …
在过去的十年中，岩石年代学这个术语越来越多地出现在出版物和报告中。该术语在某种狭义上被定义为“根据来自同一矿物的互补元素或同位素信息来解释同位素日期”(Kylander-Clark et al. 2013)。虽然互补的同位素和基本信息无疑是大多数(如果不是全部的话)岩石年代学研究的中心和关键部分，但最近可能使用该术语的研究范围涵盖了更广泛的范围。“岩石年代学”一词也可以被定义为将计时相详细地结合到它们的宿主岩石的岩石学(和构造)演化中，以便对岩石学和构造过程施加直接的年龄限制。正如Kylander-Clark等人(2013)所指出的，地质年代学和岩石学之间的联系可能涉及各种数据，包括矿物结构和结构、矿物模式或体积比例的分布、成分分带、矿物包裹体关系，当然还有计时器和所有其他阶段的主元素、微量元素和同位素组成。电子探针显微分析(EPMA)在建立天文钟相及其宿主组合之间的联系方面发挥着核心和关键作用。基本仪器是一台电子显微镜，可用于扫描或固定光束模式，具有集成波长色散光谱仪(WDS)、能量色散光谱仪(EDS)、电子探测器(成像二次和背散射信号)、光学系统和可选的阴极发光(CL)检测。电子探针用于研究所有矿物相的分布、组成和成分分带，这些数据是热气压分析和P-T历史建模的基础。微探针在μm尺度的空间分辨率下，还可以表征单独居石、xenotime、锆石、allanite、钛矿、磷灰石等非常小的附属相的成分分带。正如下面所讨论的，这可能是一个……
{"title":"Electron Microprobe Petrochronology","authors":"M. L. Williams, M. Jercinovic, K. Mahan, G. Dumond","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.5","url":null,"abstract":"The term petrochronology has increasingly appeared in publications and presentations over the past decade. The term has been defined in a somewhat narrow sense as “the interpretation of isotopic dates in the light of complementary elemental or isotopic information from the same mineral(s)” (Kylander-Clark et al. 2013). Although complementary isotopic and elementary information are certainly a central and critical part of most, if not all, petrochronology studies, the range of recent studies that might use the term covers a much broader scope. The term “petrochronology” might alternatively be defined as the detailed incorporation of chronometer phases into the petrologic (and tectonic) evolution of their host rocks, in order to place direct age constraints on petrologic and structural processes. As noted by Kylander-Clark et al. (2013), the linkage between geochronology and petrology can involve a variety of data including mineral textures and fabrics, the distribution of mineral modes or volume proportions, compositional zoning, mineral inclusion relationships, and certainly major element, trace element, and isotopic composition of the chronometer and all other phases.\u0000\u0000Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) has a central and critical role to play in establishing the linkage between chronometer phases and their host assemblage. The basic instrument is an electron microscope which can be used in either scanning or fixed beam modes, with integrated wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS), energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS), electron detectors (to image secondary and backscattered signals) a light optical system, and optionally cathodoluminescence (CL) detection. The electron microprobe is used to investigate the distribution, composition, and compositional zonation of all mineral phases, the data that underpin thermobarometric analysis and modeling of P–T histories. The microprobe, with μm-scale spatial resolution, can also characterize compositional zonation in very small accessory phases including monazite, xenotime, zircon, allanite, titanite, apatite, and others. This, as discussed below, can be a …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"153-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86066870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the core of petrochronology is the relationship between geochronology and the petrological evolution of major mineral assemblages. The focus of this chapter is on outlining some of the available strategies to link inferred reaction sequences and microstructures in metamorphic rocks to the ages obtained from geochronology of accessory minerals and datable major minerals. Reaction sequences and mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks are primarily a function of pressure ( P ), temperature ( T ) and bulk composition ( X ). Several of the major rock-forming minerals are particularly sensitive to changes in P–T (e.g., garnet, staurolite, biotite, plagioclase), but their direct geochronology is challenging and in many cases not currently possible. One exception is garnet, which can be dated using Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf geochronology (e.g., Baxter et al. 2013). Accessory mineral chronometers such as zircon, monazite, xenotime, titanite and rutile are stable over a relatively wide range of P–T conditions and can incorporate enough U and/or Th to be dated using U–Th–Pb geochronology. Therefore, linking the growth of P–T sensitive major minerals to accessory and/or major mineral chronometers is essential for determining a metamorphic P–T–t history, which is itself critical for understanding metamorphic rocks and the geodynamic processes that produce them (e.g., England and Thompson 1984; McClelland and Lapen 2013; Brown 2014). Linking the ages obtained from accessory and major minerals with the growth and breakdown of the important P–T sensitive minerals requires an understanding of the metamorphic reaction sequences for a particular bulk rock composition along a well-constrained P–T evolution. Fortunately, the phase relations and reaction sequences for the most widely studied metamorphic protoliths (e.g., pelites, greywackes, basalts) can be determined using quantitative phase equilibria forward modelling (e.g., Powell and Holland 2008). Comprehensive activity–composition models of the major metamorphic minerals in large chemical systems (e.g., White et al. 2014a) allow …
岩石年代学的核心是地质年代学与主要矿物组合的岩石学演化之间的关系。本章的重点是概述一些可用的策略，将推断的变质岩反应序列和微观结构与从副矿物和可测定的主要矿物的地质年代学获得的年龄联系起来。变质岩中的反应序列和矿物组合主要是压力(P)、温度(T)和体积成分(X)的函数。一些主要的造岩矿物对P-T的变化特别敏感(例如，石榴石、橄榄石、黑云母、斜长石)，但它们的直接地质年代学具有挑战性，而且在许多情况下目前还不可能。一个例外是石榴石，它可以使用Sm-Nd和Lu-Hf地质年代学来确定年代(例如，Baxter et al. 2013)。辅助矿物计时器，如锆石、独居石、xenotime、钛矿和金红石，在相对广泛的P-T条件下是稳定的，并且可以包含足够的U和/或Th，可以使用U - Th - pb地质年代学进行定年。因此，将P-T敏感主要矿物的生长与辅助和/或主要矿物时计联系起来对于确定变质P-T - t历史是必不可少的，这本身对于理解变质岩和产生它们的地球动力学过程至关重要(例如，England和Thompson 1984;McClelland and Lapen 2013;布朗2014)。将从副矿物和主要矿物获得的年龄与重要的P-T敏感矿物的生长和分解联系起来，需要了解特定大块岩石组成的变质反应序列，并遵循良好的P-T演化。幸运的是，研究最广泛的变质原岩(例如，泥岩、灰岩、玄武岩)的相关系和反应序列可以使用定量相平衡正演模拟来确定(例如，Powell和Holland 2008)。大型化学系统中主要变质矿物的综合活动-组成模型(例如，White et al. 2014a)允许…
{"title":"Phase Relations, Reaction Sequences and Petrochronology","authors":"C. Yakymchuk, C. Clark, R. White","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.2","url":null,"abstract":"At the core of petrochronology is the relationship between geochronology and the petrological evolution of major mineral assemblages. The focus of this chapter is on outlining some of the available strategies to link inferred reaction sequences and microstructures in metamorphic rocks to the ages obtained from geochronology of accessory minerals and datable major minerals. Reaction sequences and mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks are primarily a function of pressure ( P ), temperature ( T ) and bulk composition ( X ). Several of the major rock-forming minerals are particularly sensitive to changes in P–T (e.g., garnet, staurolite, biotite, plagioclase), but their direct geochronology is challenging and in many cases not currently possible. One exception is garnet, which can be dated using Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf geochronology (e.g., Baxter et al. 2013). Accessory mineral chronometers such as zircon, monazite, xenotime, titanite and rutile are stable over a relatively wide range of P–T conditions and can incorporate enough U and/or Th to be dated using U–Th–Pb geochronology. Therefore, linking the growth of P–T sensitive major minerals to accessory and/or major mineral chronometers is essential for determining a metamorphic P–T–t history, which is itself critical for understanding metamorphic rocks and the geodynamic processes that produce them (e.g., England and Thompson 1984; McClelland and Lapen 2013; Brown 2014).\u0000\u0000Linking the ages obtained from accessory and major minerals with the growth and breakdown of the important P–T sensitive minerals requires an understanding of the metamorphic reaction sequences for a particular bulk rock composition along a well-constrained P–T evolution. Fortunately, the phase relations and reaction sequences for the most widely studied metamorphic protoliths (e.g., pelites, greywackes, basalts) can be determined using quantitative phase equilibria forward modelling (e.g., Powell and Holland 2008). Comprehensive activity–composition models of the major metamorphic minerals in large chemical systems (e.g., White et al. 2014a) allow …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"13-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89301918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Question : Why “Petrochronology”? Why add another term to an already cluttered scientific lexicon? Answer : Because petrologists and geochronologists need a term that describes the unique, distinctive way in which they apply geochronology to the study of igneous and metamorphic processes. Other terms just won’t do. Such evolution of language is natural and well-established. For instance, “Geochronology” was originally coined during the waning stages of the great Age-of-the-Earth debate as a means of distinguishing timescales relevant to Earth processes from timescales relevant to humans (Williams 1893). Eighty-eight years later, Berger and York (1981) coined the term “Thermochronology,” which has evolved as a branch of geochronology aimed at constraining thermal histories of rocks, where (typically) the thermally activated diffusive loss of a radiogenic daughter governs the ages we measure. Thermochronology may now be distinguished from “plain vanilla” geochronology, whose limited purpose, in the words of Reiners et al. (2005), is “…exclusively to determine a singular absolute stratigraphic or magmatic [or metamorphic] formation age, with little concern for durations or rates of processes” that give rise to these rocks. Neither of these terms describes what petrologists do with chronologic data. A single date is virtually useless in understanding the protracted history of magma crystallization or metamorphic pressure–temperature evolution. And we are not simply interested in thermal histories, but in chemical and baric evolution as well. Rather, we petrologists and geochronologists strive to understand rock-forming processes, and the rates at which they occur, by integrating numerous ages into the petrologic evolution of a rock. It is within this context that a new discipline, termed “Petrochronology”, has emerged1. In some sense petrochronology may be considered the sister of thermochronology: petrochronology typically focuses on the processes leading up to the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks—the minerals and textures we observe …
{"title":"Significant Ages—An Introduction to Petrochronology","authors":"M. Engi, P. Lanari, M. Kohn","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.1","url":null,"abstract":"Question : Why “Petrochronology”? Why add another term to an already cluttered scientific lexicon?\u0000\u0000Answer : Because petrologists and geochronologists need a term that describes the unique, distinctive way in which they apply geochronology to the study of igneous and metamorphic processes. Other terms just won’t do.\u0000\u0000Such evolution of language is natural and well-established. For instance, “Geochronology” was originally coined during the waning stages of the great Age-of-the-Earth debate as a means of distinguishing timescales relevant to Earth processes from timescales relevant to humans (Williams 1893). Eighty-eight years later, Berger and York (1981) coined the term “Thermochronology,” which has evolved as a branch of geochronology aimed at constraining thermal histories of rocks, where (typically) the thermally activated diffusive loss of a radiogenic daughter governs the ages we measure. Thermochronology may now be distinguished from “plain vanilla” geochronology, whose limited purpose, in the words of Reiners et al. (2005), is “…exclusively to determine a singular absolute stratigraphic or magmatic [or metamorphic] formation age, with little concern for durations or rates of processes” that give rise to these rocks.\u0000\u0000Neither of these terms describes what petrologists do with chronologic data. A single date is virtually useless in understanding the protracted history of magma crystallization or metamorphic pressure–temperature evolution. And we are not simply interested in thermal histories, but in chemical and baric evolution as well. Rather, we petrologists and geochronologists strive to understand rock-forming processes, and the rates at which they occur, by integrating numerous ages into the petrologic evolution of a rock. It is within this context that a new discipline, termed “Petrochronology”, has emerged1. In some sense petrochronology may be considered the sister of thermochronology: petrochronology typically focuses on the processes leading up to the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks—the minerals and textures we observe …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89656742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal ionization mass spectrometers, or TIMS, were developed by the pioneers of mass spectrometry in the mid-20th century, and have since been workhorses for generating isotopic data for a wide range of elements. Later-developed mass spectrometric techniques have many advantages over TIMS, including higher spatial resolution with in situ techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS), and greater versatility in terms the elements that can be easily-and well-measured. The reason TIMS persists as an important method for geochronology is that for some key parent-daughter systems (e.g., U–Pb, Sm–Nd), it can produce isotopic data and resultant dates with 10–100 times higher precision and more quantifiable accuracy than in situ techniques, even when sample sizes are very small (such as those that might result from single crystals, or even small portions of zoned crystals). For many questions in the geosciences, the highest achievable precision and accuracy are required to resolve the timescales of processes and/or correlate events globally. As an example, modern TIMS U–Pb geochronology is capable of producing dates with precision and accuracy better than 0.1% of the age for single crystals with only a few picograms (pg) of Pb. Therefore, it is possible to constrain the durations of single zircon crystal growth in magmatic systems over tens to hundreds of kyr in Mesozoic and younger rocks. If these dates and rates can be connected with other igneous processes such as magma transfer, emplacement and crystallization, then it becomes possible to calibrate thermal and mass budgets in magmatic systems and evaluate competing models for pluton assembly and subvolcanic magma storage. As another example, Sm–Nd geochronology of garnet permits dates with precision better than ±1 million years for garnets of any age, including multiple concentric growth zones in single crystals. Such …
{"title":"Petrochronology and TIMS","authors":"B. Schoene, E. Baxter","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.8","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal ionization mass spectrometers, or TIMS, were developed by the pioneers of mass spectrometry in the mid-20th century, and have since been workhorses for generating isotopic data for a wide range of elements. Later-developed mass spectrometric techniques have many advantages over TIMS, including higher spatial resolution with in situ techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS), and greater versatility in terms the elements that can be easily-and well-measured. The reason TIMS persists as an important method for geochronology is that for some key parent-daughter systems (e.g., U–Pb, Sm–Nd), it can produce isotopic data and resultant dates with 10–100 times higher precision and more quantifiable accuracy than in situ techniques, even when sample sizes are very small (such as those that might result from single crystals, or even small portions of zoned crystals). For many questions in the geosciences, the highest achievable precision and accuracy are required to resolve the timescales of processes and/or correlate events globally. As an example, modern TIMS U–Pb geochronology is capable of producing dates with precision and accuracy better than 0.1% of the age for single crystals with only a few picograms (pg) of Pb. Therefore, it is possible to constrain the durations of single zircon crystal growth in magmatic systems over tens to hundreds of kyr in Mesozoic and younger rocks. If these dates and rates can be connected with other igneous processes such as magma transfer, emplacement and crystallization, then it becomes possible to calibrate thermal and mass budgets in magmatic systems and evaluate competing models for pluton assembly and subvolcanic magma storage. As another example, Sm–Nd geochronology of garnet permits dates with precision better than ±1 million years for garnets of any age, including multiple concentric growth zones in single crystals. Such …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"138 1","pages":"231-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86498854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petrochronology is a field of Earth science in which the isotopic and / or elemental composition of a mineral chronometer is interpreted in combination with its age, thus yielding a more synergistic combination of petrology and chronology that can be used to interpret geologic processes. It has recently attracted renewed interest as technologies for mineral analysis have improved. Examples are many, and continue to grow, from the early adoption of U / Th ratios in zircon as an indicator for magmatic vs. igneous crystallization (e.g., Ahrens 1965), to using the Nd isotopic composition in titanite to track source contribution over time (see Applications ; B. R. Hacker, personal communication). Age and chemical information can be obtained by a variety of techniques: electron microprobe (age; major and minor elements; see Williams et al. 2017), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS; age; trace elements; isotopic ratios; see Schmitt and Vazquez 2017), and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS; age; trace elements; isotopic ratios). Laser-ablation ICPMS instrumentation and techniques, the focus of this chapter, have been employed as a petrochronologic tool for decades, starting with separate analyses of ages and elemental and / or isotopic compositions, which were then combined and interpreted. For example, Zheng et al. (2009) employed LA-ICPMS to analyze the trace-element (TE) chemistry, Hf isotopic composition, and age of zircons from kimberlites by using three spots on each zircon grain, one for each type of analysis. This work was relatively time consuming and expensive, given the required number of analytical sessions, but yielded far better confidence in the conclusions, because of the link between physical conditions (petrology) and time (chronology). Instrumentation and techniques which employ LA-ICPMS have continued to improve, particularly in the ease with which petrochronologic data can be obtained. A single LA-ICPMS instrument can now measure both the …
岩石年代学是地球科学的一个领域，其中矿物计时器的同位素和/或元素组成与它的年龄相结合，从而产生岩石学和年代学的更协同的组合，可以用来解释地质过程。最近，随着矿物分析技术的改进，它又引起了人们的兴趣。从早期采用锆石中的U / Th比率作为岩浆与火成岩结晶的指标(例如，Ahrens 1965)，到使用钛矿中的Nd同位素组成来跟踪来源随时间的贡献，这样的例子很多，而且还在不断增加。B. R. Hacker，《个人交际》。年龄和化学信息可以通过多种技术获得:电子探针(年龄;主要和次要元素;参见Williams et al. 2017)，二次离子质谱法(SIMS;年龄;微量元素;同位素比率;参见Schmitt and Vazquez 2017)，以及激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICPMS;年龄;微量元素;同位素比率)。激光烧蚀ICPMS仪器和技术是本章的重点，几十年来一直被用作岩石年代学工具，从年龄和元素和/或同位素组成的单独分析开始，然后将其组合和解释。例如，Zheng等人(2009)利用LA-ICPMS分析了金伯利岩中锆石的微量元素(TE)化学、Hf同位素组成和年龄，方法是在每个锆石颗粒上使用三个点，每个点代表一种分析类型。由于需要进行大量的分析，这项工作比较耗时和昂贵，但由于物理条件(岩石学)和时间(年代学)之间的联系，对结论的信心要高得多。采用LA-ICPMS的仪器和技术不断改进，特别是在获得岩石年代学数据方面的便利性。一台LA-ICPMS仪器现在可以同时测量…
{"title":"Petrochronology by Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry","authors":"A. Kylander‐Clark","doi":"10.2138/RMG.2017.83.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/RMG.2017.83.6","url":null,"abstract":"Petrochronology is a field of Earth science in which the isotopic and / or elemental composition of a mineral chronometer is interpreted in combination with its age, thus yielding a more synergistic combination of petrology and chronology that can be used to interpret geologic processes. It has recently attracted renewed interest as technologies for mineral analysis have improved. Examples are many, and continue to grow, from the early adoption of U / Th ratios in zircon as an indicator for magmatic vs. igneous crystallization (e.g., Ahrens 1965), to using the Nd isotopic composition in titanite to track source contribution over time (see Applications ; B. R. Hacker, personal communication). Age and chemical information can be obtained by a variety of techniques: electron microprobe (age; major and minor elements; see Williams et al. 2017), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS; age; trace elements; isotopic ratios; see Schmitt and Vazquez 2017), and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS; age; trace elements; isotopic ratios).\u0000\u0000Laser-ablation ICPMS instrumentation and techniques, the focus of this chapter, have been employed as a petrochronologic tool for decades, starting with separate analyses of ages and elemental and / or isotopic compositions, which were then combined and interpreted. For example, Zheng et al. (2009) employed LA-ICPMS to analyze the trace-element (TE) chemistry, Hf isotopic composition, and age of zircons from kimberlites by using three spots on each zircon grain, one for each type of analysis. This work was relatively time consuming and expensive, given the required number of analytical sessions, but yielded far better confidence in the conclusions, because of the link between physical conditions (petrology) and time (chronology).\u0000\u0000Instrumentation and techniques which employ LA-ICPMS have continued to improve, particularly in the ease with which petrochronologic data can be obtained. A single LA-ICPMS instrument can now measure both the …","PeriodicalId":49624,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry","volume":"113 1","pages":"183-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78195593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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