Proceedings of the Geologists Association最新文献_第4页

Sites of Special Scientific Interest: Their role and importance in conserving England's geoheritage 具有特殊科学价值的地点：它们在保护英格兰地质遗产中的作用和重要性

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.101095

Colin D. Prosser, Hannah C. Townley

The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act (1949), the first national nature conservation legislation in Great Britain, included provision to designate, for the purpose of nature conservation, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) on account of their flora, fauna, geological or physiographical (geomorphological) features. Although often incorrectly perceived only as a means of conserving flora and fauna, SSSIs remain the primary mechanism for conserving and managing nationally and internationally important geological and geomorphological features in Great Britain. Seventy-five years on, and with questions being raised about how well they conserve flora and fauna given current threats and pressures, the role and effectiveness of SSSIs in conserving the highlights of England's geoheritage are explored. The importance of geological/geomorphological SSSIs, their origin, character, and workings, and the threats and pressures they face are described. The condition of the 1221 existing geological/geomorphological SSSIs in England is described and the strengths and weaknesses of existing SSSI legislation and policy are discussed, leading us to conclude that SSSIs have been, and remain, extremely effective in conserving England's geoheritage. Any future SSSI reform should recognise, build upon and celebrate the success of geological/geomorphological SSSIs, and would provide an opportunity to raise the profile of geoconservation in government policy and to futureproof the SSSI series. For example, simplifying the process for updating SSSI descriptions and site boundaries would make it easier to accommodate advances in scientific understanding and respond to the physical repositioning of geological/geomorphological features resulting from natural processes.

《国家公园和进入农村法》（1949年）是英国第一部全国性的自然保护立法，其中规定，为了自然保护的目的，根据其植物、动物、地质或地理（地貌）特征，指定具有特殊科学价值的地点。虽然经常被错误地认为仅仅是保护动植物的一种手段，但在英国，特殊地理区域仍然是保护和管理国内和国际上重要的地质和地貌特征的主要机制。75年过去了，在当前的威胁和压力下，人们提出了关于它们如何保护动植物的问题，探索了sssi在保护英国地质遗产亮点方面的作用和有效性。描述了地质/地貌学意义上的sssi的重要性，它们的起源、特征和工作方式，以及它们面临的威胁和压力。本文描述了英格兰1221个现有的地质/地貌特殊地理区域的状况，并讨论了现有特殊地理区域立法和政策的优缺点，从而得出结论：特殊地理区域在保护英格兰的地质遗产方面一直非常有效，而且仍然非常有效。任何未来的特殊地点改革都应该承认、建立和庆祝地质/地貌特殊地点的成功，并提供一个机会，在政府政策中提高地质保护的形象，并为特殊地点系列提供未来的保障。例如，简化更新特别重要地理位置描述和地点边界的过程，将更容易适应科学认识的进步，并对自然过程导致的地质/地貌特征的物理重新定位作出反应。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial mound origin for enigmatic, sea-floor, circular structures? Purbeck Limestone Group, offshore Dorset, U.K. 神秘的海底圆形结构的微生物丘起源？英国多塞特近海的Purbeck Limestone Group

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.01.002

Dan Bosence , Jenny Collier , Arnaud Gallois , Ian Watkinson , Chris Dunkerley , Simon Fleckner

This paper describes and interprets diver-collected, offshore samples to establish the origin of enigmatic large (100–200 m across) circular, dome-shaped features imaged using Multibeam Echo-Sounding (MBES) on the sea-floor of Weymouth Bay, Dorset, U.K. The structures occur within the Durlston Formation of the Purbeck Limestone Group (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) that accumulated in a lagoon of variable salinity. A previous morphological study using MBES images alone led to four possible hypotheses for their origin; as isolated erosional remnants, as evaporite-related diapiric structures, as periclinal folds, or as eroded carbonate mounds that grew within the Purbeck lagoon. The petrographic study of seafloor samples taken from the centre of these structures results in their classification into nine sedimentary facies; eight limestones and one chert. The most abundant of these facies are similar to the well-known Purbeck limestones outcropping in nearby cliff sections, however four out of the nine facies have previously unrecorded microbialite components (intraclasts of travertine, stromatolites, laminated filamentous mudstones, and post-depositional, cavity-lining endostromatolites).

This petrographic analysis suggests a microbial carbonate mound origin for these structures that is also supported by their morphology, their restricted occurrence palaeogeographically and stratigraphically to within the Purbeck Limestone, and the occurrence of microbialites at this level in onshore outcrops. Carbonate mounds of this size, in a lagoonal setting, are previously unknown from the Wessex Basin but show some similarities with Early Cretaceous lacustrine build-ups in South Atlantic offshore basins. The work demonstrates how the interpretation of even an extremely well-known stratigraphy such as that of the Purbeck Group can be limited when only part of the marginal environment is exposed for study.

本文描述并解释了潜水员收集的海上样本，以确定英国多塞特郡韦茅斯湾海底神秘的大型（100-200 m）圆形圆顶状特征的起源，该结构发生在Purbeck石灰岩群（晚侏罗世-早白垩世）的Durlston组中，该组沉积在盐度变化的泻湖中。先前仅使用MBES图像进行的形态学研究对其起源提出了四种可能的假设；如孤立的侵蚀残余物、与蒸发岩相关的底辟构造、斜周褶皱或生长在普贝克泻湖内的侵蚀碳酸盐丘。对这些构造中心的海底样品进行岩石学研究，将其划分为9个沉积相；八块石灰石和一块燧石。这些相中最丰富的是与附近悬崖剖面中露头的著名的Purbeck灰岩相似，然而，9个相中有4个具有以前未记录的微生物岩成分（钙华内碎屑、叠层石、层状丝状泥岩和沉积后的腔衬内叠层石）。岩石学分析表明，这些构造的微生物碳酸盐丘成因也得到了它们形态的支持，它们在古地理和地层上局限于Purbeck灰岩内，并且在这一水平上在陆上露头中存在微生物岩。在泻湖环境中，这种规模的碳酸盐丘以前在威塞克斯盆地中是未知的，但与南大西洋近海盆地的早白垩世湖泊堆积有一些相似之处。这项工作表明，当只有部分边缘环境被暴露出来进行研究时，即使是一个非常著名的地层学，如Purbeck组的地层学，也会受到限制。

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引用次数: 0

Discovery of a phosphatic helical-looking microstructure in Sphenothallus (Cnidaria) from the Late Ordovician of Estonia: Implications for phosphatic biomineralization 在爱沙尼亚晚奥陶世Sphenothallus（刺胞属）中发现的一个磷化螺旋状微观结构：磷化生物矿化的意义

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.101096

Olev Vinn , Anna Madison

The tube of Sphenothallus cf. longissimus from the Late Ordovician of Estonia features a phosphatic, broadly laminar structure. It consists of four to five major laminae; each of the laminae is homogenous exteriorly and shows remains of fibres at the bottom. The fibres in most external tube parts exhibit a plywood structure akin to that of Carboniferous Sphenothallus specimens from Russia, whilst the microstructure of a fibrous lamella in the internal part of the tube resembles the aragonitic helical structure found in molluscs. The reinterpretation of the plywood structure as an original biomineral structure of Sphenothallus and the discovery of a phosphatic structure resembling the aragonitic helical structure of molluscs suggest that the biomineralization capabilities of Sphenothallus may have been exceptional among Cnidaria. It now appears possible that phosphatic biomineralization was significantly more advanced than carbonate biomineralization within Cnidaria. This enhanced phosphatic biomineralization could have provided Sphenothallus with evolutionary advantages over similar encrusting tubicolous organisms with less developed biomineralization during the Paleozoic era.

来自爱沙尼亚晚奥陶世的Sphenothallus cff . longissimus的管状结构具有磷化的宽层流结构。它由4 - 5个主要的纹层组成；每一层表面都是均匀的，底部有纤维的残余。大多数试管外部部分的纤维呈现胶合板结构，类似于来自俄罗斯石炭纪蝶形标本的纤维结构，而试管内部纤维薄片的微观结构类似于软体动物中发现的文石螺旋结构。将胶合板结构重新解释为Sphenothallus的原始生物矿物结构，并发现类似软体动物文石螺旋结构的磷酸盐结构，这表明Sphenothallus的生物矿化能力可能在刺胞动物中是例外的。现在看来，在刺胞菌中，磷酸盐生物矿化可能比碳酸盐生物矿化要先进得多。与古生代生物矿化程度较低的类似壳状管状生物相比，这种增强的磷生物矿化作用可能为蝶藻提供了进化优势。

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引用次数: 0

Late Cretaceous-Paleocene ostracods and foraminifera assemblages from the Fguira Salah section (Fahs region, northern Tunisia): Biostratigraphy and palaeogeography 突尼斯北部Fahs地区Fguira Salah剖面的晚白垩世-古新世介形类和有孔虫组合：生物地层学和古地理

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.01.003

Ahlem Amri, Nesrine Ouchir, Sofien Alyahyaoui

The biostratigraphical study of planktic and benthic foraminifera, and ostracod assemblages in the Fguira Salah section (Fahs area, Zaghouan region, NE Tunisia) aims to determine the age of these series for the first time. The vertical distribution of the ostracod species allows to distinguish five successive ostracod assemblages spanning the Santonian, Campanian and Paleocene intervals; with the Maastrichtian interval remaining unrecognised. These assemblages correspond to favourable environments for the ostracods diversity considering their adaptability to various environments. The studied assemblages that support the usefulness of ostracods are precious tools for biostratigraphical correlation and palaeoecological reconstructions. In the Fguira Salah section they contribute to highlighting particular palaeoecological factors, including changes in salinity, water depth, temperature, and hydrodynamism towards the whole palaeoenvironmental evolution in the region and its broader implications.

对Fguira Salah剖面（突尼斯东北部Zaghouan地区Fahs地区）浮游、底栖有孔虫和介形虫组合进行生物地层学研究，目的是首次确定这些系列的年龄。介形虫种类的垂直分布可以区分出跨越三东期、坎帕期和古新世的五个连续的介形虫组合；马斯特里赫特间隔仍未被识别。考虑到介形类对各种环境的适应性，这些组合对应着有利于其多样性的环境。所研究的组合支持介形类的有用性，是生物地层对比和古生态重建的宝贵工具。在Fguira Salah剖面，它们有助于突出特定的古生态因素，包括盐度、水深、温度和水动力的变化，从而影响该地区的整个古环境演化及其更广泛的影响。

引用次数: 0

Impact of the EECO on mammalian faunas: New Ypresian localities from Montpellier (France), a multidisciplinary approach EECO对哺乳动物群的影响：来自法国蒙彼利埃的新埃及地区，多学科方法

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.01.001

Fabrice Lihoreau , Johan Yans , Mouloud Benammi , Flavia Girard , Gregory Ballas , Hélène Bourget , Cindy Boyrie , Jacinthe Caillaud , Anne-Lise Charruault , Killian Gernelle , Floréal Solé , Xavier Valentin , Quentin Vautrin , Monique Vianey-Liaud , Rodolphe Tabuce

An integrative chronological study on a new terrestrial sedimentary sequence north of Montpellier (southern France) yields an age ranging from 52.1 to 49.7 Ma. This sequence contains three new mammalian fossil localities, for the first time described in this study, and is associated with the nearby specifically rich site of Mas de Gimel (MP10 — European Mammalian Paleogene Reference Scale [MP]). This study constrains the age of the Grauvian ELMA [European Land Mammal Age] with respect to the geological time scale, suggesting that it is more contemporary with the EECO (Early Eocene Climatic Optimum) than previously considered, and in particular with the period of High Amplitude Climate Fluctuations. These new faunas and data allow us to discuss the relevance of the European Mammalian Paleogene Reference Scale [MP] and to propose new continental biozones for the late Ypresian. It also demonstrates that the late Neustrian fauna (MP8 + 9) is contemporary with the onset of the EECO and that there may be several late- and post-EECO faunas in southern France. Our study moreover suggests phases of diversification during the warm periods, and extinction during the cooling, as observed in North America. Future refined dating of the European fossil localities of this key period will help to discuss the impact of global warming on mammalian communities in the frame of further intercontinental comparisons.

对法国南部蒙彼利埃北部一个新的陆相沉积序列进行了综合年代学研究，发现其年龄在52.1 ~ 49.7 Ma之间。该序列包含本研究首次描述的三个新的哺乳动物化石位置，并与附近的Mas de Gimel （MP10 -欧洲哺乳动物古近系参考尺度[MP]）特别丰富的遗址相关联。这项研究限制了Grauvian ELMA（欧洲陆地哺乳动物时代）在地质时间尺度上的年龄，表明它与EECO（早始新世气候最佳期）比以前认为的更接近，特别是与高振幅气候波动时期。这些新的动物群和数据使我们能够讨论欧洲哺乳动物古近系参考尺度[MP]的相关性，并为晚伊波斯提出新的大陆生物带。研究还表明，晚期Neustrian动物群（MP8 + 9）与EECO的发生是同时代的，在法国南部可能存在几个晚期和后EECO动物群。此外，我们的研究还表明，正如在北美观察到的那样，在温暖时期有多样化的阶段，在寒冷时期有灭绝的阶段。未来对这一关键时期欧洲化石地点的精确测年将有助于在进一步的洲际比较的框架内讨论全球变暖对哺乳动物群落的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Quaternary sea level landforms and sediments in southern England: Description of Geological Conservation Review sites 英格兰南部第四纪海平面地貌和沉积物：地质保护评审地点描述

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2022.06.004

Rebecca M. Briant , B. Andrew Haggart , Danielle C. Schreve , Colin A. Whiteman

The Hampshire Basin of southern England contains a number of sites, reviewed here, that contain evidence for former sea levels over a period of c. 0.5 million years and can also be used to aid in understanding of uplift over time and human activity in the landscape. They include three sites where fossiliferous sediments overlie a palaeo shore platform in either Chalk (Boxgrove and Black Rock) or softer sediments (Bembridge), which are the most robust evidence of former sea levels. The other four sites are less useful as palaeo sea level indicators, but contain rich fossil sequences (e.g., Selsey East Beach, Boxgrove, Earnley, Stone Point) or abundant archaeological artefacts (Boxgrove, Priory Bay). Black Rock is most significant for the very rare cold-stage deposits overlying the raised beach and their associated fauna.

英格兰南部的汉普郡盆地包含许多遗址，这里回顾一下，这些遗址包含了50万年以来海平面上升的证据，也可以用来帮助理解随着时间的推移和人类活动在景观中的作用。它们包括三个地点，化石沉积物覆盖在白垩（博克斯格罗夫和黑岩）或较软沉积物（本布里奇）的古海岸平台上，这是以前海平面的最有力证据。其他四个地点作为古海平面指标的作用不大，但包含丰富的化石序列（如Selsey East Beach， Boxgrove, Earnley, Stone Point）或丰富的考古文物（Boxgrove, Priory Bay）。黑岩最重要的是非常罕见的冷期沉积物覆盖在凸起的海滩上及其相关的动物群。

引用次数: 0

Periglacial landforms and landscape development in southern England 英格兰南部的冰川地貌和景观发展

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.04.006

Colin A. Whiteman

The south-central and south-east England Geological Conservation Review region is unique in Britain in lying completely outside the margins of Quaternary ice sheets. In view of this, the area has been described as a ‘relict periglacial landscape’. This implies that the region has evolved its current form substantially under the influence of seasonal and/or perennial frost. In fact, modern research has demonstrated that permafrost, either continuous or discontinuous, likely existed across probably the whole of the region at different times during the Quaternary. This has important implications for ground permeability and the strength of sediments and soils and this has, without doubt, influenced landscape development. Whilst the whole region appears to have experienced cold environmental conditions, the landforms, structures and sediments of some sites are particularly associated with periglacial processes. Allington Quarry, Spot Lane Quarry, Oaken Wood, Chiddingly Wood (known locally as Chiddinglye Wood), High Rocks and Rusthall Common have exhibited typical cambering structures with open or closed gulls. The latter three sites also display a fine range of surface weathering features. Hubbard's Hill is characterised by solifluction and active-layer detachment slides and associated subsurface shear structures, whilst the sarsen trains at Fyfield Down and Valley of Stones are also attributed to solifluction processes. Birling Gap and Pegwell Bay exhibit spectacular sediment brecciation and involutions. Pegwell Bay is also known for its thick layer of periglacial loess, a sediment that is also a feature of North Cliff, Broadstairs. Unfortunately, the dating of these landscape features has, so far, proved possible only at Hubbard's Hill and Pegwell Bay. Nevertheless, the sites reviewed here provide exceptional, and in some cases internationally important, indications of landscape development in cold, often permafrost, environments which justifies their status as GCR sites.

英格兰中南部和东南部地质保护评论区在英国是独一无二的，它完全位于第四纪冰盖的边缘之外。鉴于此，该地区被描述为“冰川边缘景观”。这意味着该区域在季节性和/或常年霜冻的影响下演变成目前的形式。事实上，现代研究表明，无论是连续的还是不连续的永久冻土，在第四纪的不同时期可能存在于整个地区。这对地面渗透性、沉积物和土壤的强度有重要影响，毫无疑问，这影响了景观的发展。虽然整个地区似乎经历了寒冷的环境条件，但一些遗址的地貌、结构和沉积物与冰周作用特别相关。阿林顿采石场、Spot Lane采石场、Oaken Wood、Chiddinglye Wood（当地称为Chiddinglye Wood）、High Rocks和Rusthall Common都展示了带有开放式或封闭式海鸥的典型弧形结构。后三个地点也显示出一系列良好的地表风化特征。哈伯德山的特点是溶蚀和活动层分离滑动以及相关的地下剪切结构，而Fyfield Down和Valley of Stones的sarsen火车也归因于溶蚀过程。伯灵峡和佩格维尔湾表现出壮观的沉积角化和对合。佩格韦尔湾也因其厚厚的冰缘黄土而闻名，这种沉积物也是布罗德斯特尔斯北崖的一个特征。不幸的是，到目前为止，这些景观特征的年代测定只能在哈伯德山和佩格维尔湾进行。尽管如此，这里审查的遗址提供了特殊的，在某些情况下具有国际重要性的，在寒冷环境（通常是永久冻土）中景观发展的迹象，这证明了它们作为GCR遗址的地位。

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引用次数: 0

An Introduction to the Quaternary of southern England Geological Conservation Review sites 英国南部地质保护评价点第四纪介绍

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.08.006

Rebecca M. Briant , Colin A. Whiteman , B. Andrew Haggart

引用次数: 0

Chalk Landforms of Southern England and Quaternary Landscape Development 英国南部白垩地貌与第四纪景观发展

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.05.002

Colin A. Whiteman , B. Andrew Haggart

The Chalklands are conspicuous in the landscape of the south-central and south-eastern England GCR region, especially the prominent escarpments of the North and South Downs and the extensive upland of Salisbury Plain. One of the most obvious features of Chalk landscape is the dense distribution of dry valleys which characterise both its dip and scarp slopes. Two groups of dry-valley sites are considered here, a morphology group (Bratton, Devil’s Dyke, and Rake Bottom), and a group noted for its sediments (Asham Quarry, Cow Gap, Devil’s Kneadingtrough, Holywell Coombe and Upper Halling). The morphology of the valleys considered in the first group, is spectacular. Each of these GCR sites is apparently associated with river capture. They display a complex morphology involving breaks of slope, sharply angular courses and, apparently, entrenched springs. Devil’s Dyke and Rake Bottom possess generally smooth slopes in contrast to the Bratton site where the slopes are incised by a wide range of channels. The formation of these valleys has attracted considerable controversy, mainly concerning the degree to which periglacial conditions, rather than ‘normal’, temperate fluvial conditions, are involved. The second group of Chalkland GCR sites is associated with relatively simple valleys or embayments in which natural or artificial exposures have revealed complex sediments that provided detailed environmental information, mainly from molluscan remains, but also from pollen and coleoptera in the case of the spectacular Holywell Coombe. Human artefacts were retrieved from Cow Gap, Devil’s Kneadingtrough and Holywell Coombe. At each site except perhaps Upper Halling where the record may extend back to the Mid-Devensian, the period represented by the sediments is late Devensian to Holocene time, according to conventional and AMS radiocarbon dating.

在英格兰GCR地区的中南部和东南部，特别是南北唐斯的突出悬崖和索尔兹伯里平原的广阔高地，垩克兰非常引人注目。白垩地貌最明显的特征之一是密集分布的干谷，这是其倾斜和陡坡的特征。这里考虑了两组干谷遗址，一组是形态学组（布拉顿，魔鬼堤岸和雷克底），另一组以其沉积物（阿沙姆采石场，牛沟，魔鬼揉面槽，霍利韦尔库姆和上大厅）而闻名。在第一组中考虑的山谷的形态是壮观的。每一个GCR站点显然都与河流捕获有关。它们表现出复杂的形态，包括斜坡的断裂，尖锐的角度，显然还有根深蒂固的弹簧。魔鬼堤岸和耙底拥有一般平滑的斜坡，而布拉顿遗址的斜坡被广泛的渠道切割。这些山谷的形成引起了相当大的争议，主要涉及冰川周围条件的程度，而不是“正常”的温带河流条件。第二组Chalkland GCR遗址与相对简单的山谷或海湾有关，在这些山谷或海湾中，自然或人工暴露揭示了复杂的沉积物，这些沉积物提供了详细的环境信息，主要来自软体动物遗骸，但在壮观的Holywell Coombe，也来自花粉和鞘蛉。从牛沟、魔鬼揉面槽和霍利韦尔库姆回收了人类文物。根据常规和AMS放射性碳定年法，除了可能追溯到中德世的上霍尔以外，在每个地点，沉积物所代表的时期都是晚德世到全新世。

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引用次数: 0

Quaternary rivers, tufas and mires of southern England: Description of Geological Conservation Review sites 英格兰南部第四纪河流、凝灰岩和泥潭：地质保护评审地点描述

IF 1.2 4区地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Proceedings of the Geologists Association

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2024.10.002

Rebecca M. Briant , Colin A. Whiteman , B. Andrew Haggart , David R. Bridgland , Ella Egberts , Michael J. Grant , Marcus Hatch , Peter G. Knowles , Danielle C. Schreve , Philip S. Toms , Francis F. Wenban-Smith , Mark J. White

Southern England contains a wealth of sites, reviewed here, that contain evidence for past deposition in freshwater environments over a period of over 0.5 million years and have been designated as Geological Conservation Review sites for their representativeness of a range of such environments. They include nine sites from two complete terrace sequences (the Solent in Hampshire [Solent Cliffs West, Calshot Cliffs, Hillhead Cliffs, Dunbridge Pit, Wood Green Gravel Pit] and Stour in Kent [Fordwich Pit, Sturry Gravel Pits, Wear Farm Pit, Chislet, Bishopstone to Reculver Cliffs]), alongside a further fluvial gravel site at Aylesford, in the valley of the Medway in Kent. Sites from the Thames catchment, although geographically nearby, are not included, having been previously described by Bridgland (1994). Many of these sites contain abundant Palaeolithic artefacts and some also fossils of multiple groups. A further four sites record fluvial landforms (Mole Gap, Surrey) and ancient ‘high-level gravels’ that may relate to very Early Pleistocene river activity (Upper Common, Mountain Wood, Upper Hale). Tufa and mire sites are relatively rare in this region, making those which are preserved more significant. The tufa sites at Blashenwell Farm and Wateringbury provide context for adjacent archaeological sites and record landscape development in the early and mid Holocene. The mire deposits at Cranes Moor, Mark Ash Wood, Cothill Fen and Rimsmoor together record vegetation history from key regional ecosystems for the entirety of the Holocene.

英格兰南部拥有丰富的遗址，这里回顾一下，这些遗址包含了过去50 万 年以上淡水环境中沉积的证据，并因其在一系列此类环境中的代表性而被指定为地质保护审查遗址。它们包括来自两个完整阶地序列的9个地点（汉普郡的索伦特[索伦特悬崖西，卡尔肖特悬崖，Hillhead悬崖，Dunbridge坑，Wood Green砾石坑]和肯特郡的斯图尔[Fordwich坑，Sturry砾石坑，Wear Farm坑，Chislet， Bishopstone到Reculver悬崖]），以及位于肯特郡梅德韦山谷的艾尔斯福德的河流砾石遗址。来自泰晤士河流域的地点，虽然地理上很近，但不包括在内，之前由布里奇兰（1994）描述过。这些遗址中许多都有大量的旧石器时代的人工制品，有些还包括多个群体的化石。另外四个地点记录了河流地貌（鼹鼠沟，萨里）和可能与更新世早期河流活动有关的古代“高层砾石”（Upper Common, Mountain Wood, Upper Hale）。本地区凝灰岩和泥沼遗址相对稀少，因此保存下来的遗址更为重要。Blashenwell农场和Wateringbury的凝灰岩遗址为相邻的考古遗址提供了背景，并记录了全新世早期和中期的景观发展。crane Moor、Mark Ash Wood、Cothill Fen和Rimsmoor的泥沼沉积物共同记录了整个全新世主要区域生态系统的植被历史。

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引用次数: 0